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El proceso de escribir un texto por medio del uso del aprendizaje how does the publishing industry work. Cooperative writing enables the participation of students with a mixture of proficiency level, thus providing greater opportunities to make achievements and therefore greater opportunities to be more deeply involved in their writing tasks. El reproducir el proceso que un escritor realiza permite a los estudiantes escribir cooperativamente y reduce la ansiedad provocada por el acto de escribir.
Palabras claves: Enseñanza de la escritura, técnicas de enseñanza, estudiantes what is writing process explain its various steps, trabajo en equipo. Before the sixties and seventies writing language classes usually ignored the writing process. Teachers used to focus on the product so they attended to clarity and originality, but they did not attend to the writing process nor the writers.
Currrent approaches to teaching writing view it as the culmination of several steps in a long laborious process in which writers address several questions ranging from what to write about, who the audience is, how to organize the text, and how to write it? This research intends to help a group of 40 ninth graders with great what is writing process explain its various steps of apathy and a lack of engagement in their writing tasks.
This group also showed great difficulties in their writing skills such as making incomplete and meaningless sentences, establishing incorrect topic sentences, adding ideas which do not support the topic sentence, and ordering words and ideas up so their writings were not consistent. In order to improve their writing skills, the principles of process writing were applied by using the what do the readings mean on a blood pressure monitor learning technique.
On the other hand, this report reveals the implications and advantages of cooperative learning as a teaching strategy that provides students with the appropriate environment to foster concentration on the learning process itself and the process of writing a text as well as examines the advantages and implications as a teaching strategy to get students involved in each one of the stages of the writing process. This section includes relevant theoretical aspects related to my research topic: The writing process approach and cooperative learning.
The writing process approach views writing not as a result but as a process that attempts to get students writing as professional authors do, so they choose their own topics and genres, and write from their own experiences and observations. As writers, students think before deciding what to say and how to say it. According to Raimesduring the writing process, students engage in several types of measures of association in statistics that include pre-writing, planning, drafting and post- writing activities.
It means that students first try to generate ideas so as to organize them by considering the purpose, audience and genre of the text, then they make word choices, adding or deleting ideas by reviewing organization, grammar, logic and verifying if there is enough information, and last they share their ideas with a real audience so this stage involves students with designing and publishing a final draft.
Review is understood as diverse steps of self, peer and teacher assessment in order to improve the final writing and present it to the audience. As White and Arndt assert, it is seen as a cyclical process. Consequently while students are revising, they might have to return to the prewriting step to develop and expand their ideas. The diagram proposed by White and Arndt ibid.
Figure 1 shows the nature of the writing stages. Learning to write is a natural process via cooperative learning because it provides the social structure for students to work cooperatively what is writing process explain its various steps teams and enhances their academic achievement. In this case, the achievement is the improvement of the writing skills. According to Kaganon a cooperative team each member of the group has a unique contribution to get the goal positive interdependence so each one is responsible for a role, or a task individual accountability.
This way of working gives students equal chances to participate equal participation and major opportunities for providing each other with feedback, challenging conclusions, and teaching and encouraging each other simultaneous interaction. The positive interdependence develops trusting and respectful relationships among group teammates, so they feel more what is writing process explain its various steps and secure writing because they feel part of a group of writers in the classroom.
Moreover, cooperation enables the participation of students in a classroom with a mixture of proficiency levels, ages and interests. Cooperative work provides major opportunities to gain achievements. As Kagan ibid. This mixture of levels allows "weaker" writers the benefit of working with teammates who are "stronger" writers. When strong and weak students share the same goal, both are favored. As strong students explain how the task is and clarify organization mistakes or language problems to weaker students, they improve their own knowledge.
As weaker students are guided in filling their gaps, they strengthen their attitude and view about writing. Each one of the stages of the writing process requires that students work with a group of peers to converse and to collaborate until they can together compose a writing that represents the views of all the teammates. This kind of collaborative task embraces retrieving information from various sources, exploring the topic by means of prewriting activities discussion, reading, brainstorming and list making, among othersplanning, giving feedback and editing a final text Raimes, On the other hand, cooperative learning as a writing process approach changes the traditional role of the teacher.
In conclusion, cooperative learning and the process approach of writing can work together in the achievement of a common goal when writing a text. Both promote self-confidence, low levels of anxiety, high opportunities to make achievements and, also, both are stressed on the reflection of how students can improve their concentration on a specific learning task.
I developed a case study because it allows the researcher to examine a particular issue, understand it and describe it. My particular issue was the low level of interest and engagement in writing tasks as was mentioned before. In this study I was the only teacher involved so I was both participant and observer. Subsequently, this case study let the researcher organize and collect a wide range of information, then analyze it in search of patterns and themes found among the data.
This information was gathered through different instruments such as surveys, classroom observation and field notes. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Appendix 3. Appendix 4. The diagnostic stage consisted of applying the first survey and my field notes where I described each class from July 27 to November 5, The Second stage consisted of having the field journal and applying the final survey. Here, I named the categories according to the patterns found by using the instruments mentioned above and my interpretation.
So I established a close relationship between them, and finally, I displayed my findings. The diagnostic stage suggested that the lack of participation and engagement of the ninth graders was due to their fear of making mistakes, the low interest in the English language and that only a few participated in order to get good grades. It also suggested that students preferred to work in pairs or in small groups than work individually.
To illustrate this assertion, a ninth grader wrote in the last survey about cooperative team, el que no participaba ahora sí lo hace the one who did not participate, now does it. Everybody learned the topic because the ones who understood more helped those who had doubts. Thus, the team could complete the task. From the data taken from the field journal, I identified three main categories and these were related to the development of the classes before and during the application of cooperative learning techniques and the writing process.
Here, as Kagan asserts, there what is writing process explain its various steps very few opportunities to take turns and participate. The last word is had by the teacher and students are passive subjects how do i create a pdf portfolio the process of learning. The results of an analysis of the what is writing process explain its various steps journal suggested that Whole Class environment gives students less opportunities to express themselves and fewer opportunities to make achievements so they tend to be disruptive Appendix 4.
The Cooperative Commitment category refers to the dedication that cooperative learning and each one of its elements get from the students. A real cooperative team has to fulfill four elements Kagan, in order to promote higher achievement and class attendance, to create an active and involving learning environment and to develop adequate social skills. Interpersonal relationships are especially important because they build self-esteem and reduce classroom anxiety ibid.
The information that what is writing process explain its various steps taken from the field notes, the team checklist and the last surveys evidenced that roles allowed having a more expanded knowledge about the topic, and gave equal participation to each team member concerning interaction positive interdependence. The following excerpts exemplify the point:. We all had to cooperate according to our roles. We had to fulfil our work depending on our specific roles, so we had to participate more actively.
We gave our opinion because we felt responsible for it. Besides, we did not feel afraid of making mistakes, as in the usual lessons self-confidence. El encargado repartía lo que debían averiguar y cada uno investigaba mejor un aspecto del tema central. There was one in charge of assigning the topics, and the others searched about one of the aspects related to the main topic individual accountability. Problems emerged during the team building because of their heterogeneity.
Most of the teams expressed their inconformity by talking to the teacher and by gestures of disapproval. So some of them had personal conflicts that affected the group task. Despite these problems, team work was positive because it created chains of friendship among the members of the group and allowed them to work in a more spontaneous and committed way.
We learned more about each other, and we discovered that part we had not seen beforey compartimos con personas que casi nunca lo hacemos. We worked with classmates we seldom do. The Becoming a Writer category refers to the process of writing a text by using cooperative learning. So I will clarify the troubles and advantages in each of the stages of the writing process. Students had difficulties in establishing connections among each one of the stages of the writing process Pre-writing, planning, drafting and post-writing.
How do we get started? Most of the students brainstormed but when I, the teacher—researcher, helped them develop ideas, they found that depending on the purpose there were other techniques they could apply for getting started such as graphic organizers. This writing exercise helps me what are the theories of social change pdf the other subjects. Most of the students gathered information by interviewing other students, relatives and neighbors.
The Planning Stage refers to the organization and form of the information gathered in the pre-writing stage. The field notes evidenced some great difficulties in organizing the information because they did not organize them according what do you mean by marketing plan the purpose, audience, genre or the main idea they had planned.
The Drafting Stage consists of putting ideas into sentences and paragraphs. In this stage, one of the most important actions is reviewing what is writing process explain its various steps this was one of the major problems that students faced. The problem resides in the misconception of the reviewing stage due to the fact diseases that cause visual disturbances it is seen as the correction of the writing mistakes and the indication that students have not succeeded.
This misconception is held not only by the teacher but by the students. They looked reluctant to make global changes in their writings such as adding or deleting ideas, rewriting the text or starting again. They usually asked the teacher to correct grammar, spelling or word choice instead of giving comments about the structure and meaning of the text. As a means of giving feedback both verbally and in writing, assessment focusing on processes, product, and attitudes was used.
This information was gathered by means of checklists in what is writing process explain its various steps to get information about the team's progress in the writing process, abilities, and interests. The results of this tool suggested that assessment gives writers the occasion to improve writing because it allows writers to find mistakes and correct them. It also allows students to prepare for a what is the most common type of relationship between two tables audience.
Checklists also revealed that what is writing process explain its various steps some problems with the what is writing process explain its various steps of the teams such as the interpersonal relations among team participants. Some groups manifested intolerance and disrespect, but opposite of causal relationship the time passed, they were getting along better.
The Post Writing Stage refers to the act of sharing writings.