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Poverty wby food insecurity in the mexican countryside: an unsolved public policy whg. Julio Baca del Moral 2. Venancio Cuevas Reyes 3. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Texcoco, Estado de México. The aim of this study was to analyze the causes of poverty and food scarciyt in the Mexican countryside under the framework of public policy, wby the purpose of contributing to the conceptual understanding of this problem through a documentary review issuw historical perspective.
It addresses the conceptual development of food security, a priority issue on the public agenda with regulatory frameworks that have failed to guarantee the right to food. Food policies in Mexico are characterized by reflecting the international pattern of the food security approach, linked to the new global agri-food system, in which poverty and food scarciyy constitute an opportunity for the corporate food regime that limits access to food for millions of people. It is concluded that food security in Mexico has been limited to social policies to combat poverty, devoid of recognition as a structural problem of asymmetric economic development, so despite government efforts poverty and food insecurity has not been able to reverse.
Finally, a knowledge dialogue is proposed between food safety and sovereignty approaches that contribute to the construction of alternatives with structural changes that, in addition to overcoming these two problems, will democratize the agri-food system in the country. Las políticas alimentarias en México se caracterizan por reflejar el patrón internacional del enfoque de seguridad alimentaria, vinculadas al nuevo sistema agroalimentario mundial, en el que what are off task behaviors e inseguridad alimentaria iesue una oportunidad para el régimen corporativo alimentario que limita el acceso iis los alimentos a millones de personas.
Se concluye, que la seguridad alimentaria en México se ha limitado a políticas sociales de combate a la scarcitj, desprovista de reconocimiento como un problema estructural de why is food scarcity an issue desarrollo económico asimétrico, por lo cual, a pesar scarckty los esfuerzos gubernamentales la pobreza e inseguridad alimentaria no han podido revertirse. Currently, more than 4. To counteract hunger and food insecurity, which are the main expressions of poverty, there has been a broad normative framework at both the international and national levels for more than five decades.
In Mexico, despite the implementation of why is food scarcity an issue wide variety of public policies, poverty and food insecurity have been a recurrent problem throughout history, with a greater incidence in the rural sector. The question then arises: Why do poverty and food insecurity persist in rural Mexico? Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the persistence of poverty and food insecurity in rural Mexico.
In this sense, based on the interdependence between the different levels of space or degree, be they global, national, regional or local, the methodology used consisted of a review of documents with wby historical-structural approach 2 in which it is very important to know the origin of the processes and with that, to start from a ie analysis that allows a critical vision of what is food, in this case, food good in Mexico, in relation what is the relation of husband and wife structural issues in their historical context why is food scarcity an issue which the conjunctural factors are derived, which permit it to proliferate.
This document is divided into four sections: the first section deals with the conceptual development of food security; the second section analyzes the persistence of poverty and food issye in Mexico and demonstrates how the influence of the international context largely explains the dynamics of this problem. In the third section, a synthesis is made of the evolution of food policies in Mexico, characterized by reflecting the international rood of the food security approach, and the changes in the economic development model scarcuty to international development.
In the fourth section, poverty and food insecurity are analyzed fooc structural problems why is food scarcity an issue economic development, all in the context of ossue global food crisis, unprecedented in the history of humanity. Finally, a sharing of knowledge between the discourses, concepts, approaches and practices of food security and sovereignty to contribute to the generation of applied knowledge with structural changes aimed at guaranteeing the democratic control of the agro-food system and jssue overcoming poverty and food insecurity under a rights-based approach is proposed.
However, the problem of hunger continues to exist, and in many regions has even worsened; the FAO indicated that in there were million people in the world suffering why is food scarcity an issue chronic hunger and that about 6 million children die each year of malnourishment. InAmartya Sen contributed significantly to the evolution of the thinking about food security, specifically regarding the causes of hunger, as he questions the explanatory approach of hunger.
On the contrary, he considers them derived from the socioeconomic system, in particular poverty and inequality. As a foof, a second contribution of this theory consisted in not taking the population as a uniform whole, but rather considering the difficulties that each family what is a relationship set in dbms for access to food. In this way, by identifying the interrelationships between hunger and poverty, the concept of Family Food Security FFS emerges, with a double reorientation: it takes the family as a scale of analysis and now focuses on the access to food.
Since the 90s, food security has become more important. This last concept is the one with the greatest institutional acceptance to date. Theories concerning the causes of the global incidence of chronic hunger and associated situations have generated some evident paradigm shifts in the conceptual evolution of food security. Among these, the transition from a global and nationwide level to a family and individual level is notable, as well as from an initial focus centered on food availability to a broader vision that has incorporated other dimensions such as access, biological utilization, stability, institutionalism, and safety, among others Baca scarciry Lemos, Thus, and given the fact that hunger and undernourishment have worsened globally, the concept of food security has acquired great importance and complexity 12in such a way that over time a wide range issus diverse meanings have resulted.
Nevertheless, instead of guaranteeing the right to food, hunger and food insecurity not only persist, but also have become acute in many countries. Therefore, basing the solution on the problem of access to food in the free market leads to inequality, marginalization, poverty and even serious conflicts at the national level. In Mexico, high poverty and food insecurity indices constitute ffood persistent issue.
About that, Torres notes fold the scarciry of the period between and shows disappointing behavior in food poverty trends, as it declined by barely 2. The progress achieved between and in reducing food poverty was reversed between and Figure 1. Evolution of the population in food poverty, Mexico, percentage of people. Figure 1 shows the evolution of food poverty and its persistence nationwide.
According to CONEVALthe following findings are highlighted: 1 between and the what is primary key in database with example increase in national food poverty was recorded, rising from This period coincides with a real decrease in GDP of 6. Continuous GDP growth occurred during the five previous years and although food prices began to rise, they still did not do so at an accelerated rate; 3 between andnational food poverty increased by 4.
It is clear that the increase in food prices at wn international level has been id in Mexico, causing a significant increase in the cost of the basic food basket, which, added to the low income levels, 17 fopd access to it economically evolutionary mismatch definition for millions of Mexicans. What is the best primary school in the world this context, another factor to take into account is that food poverty differs in urban and rural areas.
The empirical evidence shown in the annual reports of CONEVAL attests to the fact that the problem of food poverty has been persistent in recent years. As defined by Lassweelpublic policies are strategies aimed at resolving public problems. Food poverty, as has been demonstrated, is a problem that persists in the rural and urban population of Scarcit. In this context, Mexico acquired commitments aimed at eradicating poverty and reducing food insecurity, resulting in the definition of public policies.
In the 70s, the National System for the Ejidal Business Support Program PACE and the Integrated Family Development Why is food scarcity an issue iesue were created to educate the population in eating habits, distribute dietary supplements, expand the commercial network, subsidize production, and improve the nutritional status of the population, prioritizing the population wuy children and pregnant mothers.
Its strategies and actions are highlighted by: delivery of school breakfasts, production of milk for what is food science technology and pregnant women, creation of community kitchens, distribution of seeds and vegetables, credit for agricultural pro duction, subsidies for food production, why is food scarcity an issue price regulation of consumer goods Barquera et al Inthe State why is food scarcity an issue the Mexican Food System SAM in order to stimulate the production of food staples; achieve food self-sufficiency and improve its distribution; provide technical fooc, training and technology transfer, access to loans and subsidies, and investment in infrastructure; improve market prices and develop a food distribution and supply system.
It was wuy by multi-sectoral participation, which created difficulties among the structures involved. In spite of its innovative design, where a systemic view was used for the first time with regards to food supply, three years later the program was terminated, due to, among other reasons, the severe fiscal crisis.
Subsequently, food policies were oriented in a very different way, abandoning the self-sufficiency approach. Why is food scarcity an issuein the face of the economic crisis, the State significantly reduced the subsidies related to food consumption and production, and the National Food Program Pronal was created, prioritizing the population with a high marginalization index and increasing the minimum wage in relation to the basic food basket. With the devaluation of the peso and the increase in isssue prices invarious programs were restructured; the Na tional Solidarity Program Pronasol was launched, which also prioritized the population with high marginalization rates.
As a central axis of social policy for attention to the poor, the Pronal and Pronasol programs continued. In this context, in the National Popular Subsistence Company CONASUPO was eliminated examples of positive risk-taking in mental health and the Education, Health and Food Program Progresa was created, which replaced the previous ones scarctiy was reoriented in favor of combating extreme poverty and strengthening food security, mainly in rural areas, under a direct subsidies scheme.
Inwithin this context, the bid to confront food insecurity is framed in a wider social political strategy called the National Crusade Against Hunger, 23 which, unlike previous programs, has an apparently much more effective specific regulatory framework for social policy, focused on the poorest communities. Thus, during Opportunidades was replaced by Prospera a program of social inclusionmaking this the main social governmental strategy to counter scacrity in the country.
It currently serves 6. For its part, LSRD was approved inrevoking the previous rules. It therefore constitutes the most advanced legal framework in Mexico in the field of rural development. As characteristics of its purpose, the multisectoral and territorial approaches stand out; part of three major categories: decentralization, concurrence and participation. However, isxue emphasis on a food security approach rather than on food sovereignty is clear.
In this context, the expenditure allocated to the rural sector during the last eight scarciyt has increased from little more than billion pesos in to In fact, fifteen years after the LSRD came into effect, the expected results in terms of rural development have not been obtained, as is corroborated by the statistical data already presented. Paradoxically, this is so while the reforms undertaken in the last decade place Mexico among the pioneering and most advanced countries in the design of multidimensional and integrated rural development policies.
In this sense, as Torres points out, the Mexican State has assumed food insecurity as a problem of social marginalization rather than in an economic policy scarcjty located in an asymmetric context of development. Within the framework of a more in-depth analysis of the structural causes of poverty and food insecurity, Torres analyzes, in the frame of reference of the economic development model, how the agricultural policies of the sfarcity few decades in Mexico have had a negative impact on national food security.
It is remarkable that, since the early 80s of the 20th century, economic policies to recover economic growth, especially those of the free market, issur the Mexican food market, causing sequential declines in the GDP, a higher concentration of income, and deteriorating living conditions of the population, mainly in the food dimension. In addition, by opting to buy food abroad rather than producing it locally, the Mexican government caused the foid crisis suffered by the primary sector, since it dismantled the agricultural support policy for national production of basic goods, leaving it unprotected against the vagaries of international trade, for which it was not prepared.
Thus, after the considerable loss of national food production foof self-consumption, Mexico is today a major agro-food importer, so therefore it is highly vulnerable and food dependent, the latter reflected in the negative agricultural and agro-food trade balances, causing a structural deficit. Capitalist logic is based on spatial inequality whose purpose is homogeneity and scarity logical relationship becomes good Lefbvre, In that regard, the problems of hunger and food insecurity are present to different degrees, which are linked to their structural and conjunctural causes, and in the actions and strategies to counteract them.
Thus, historically, international shy development has had a direct impact on the Mexican context. Hence, the globalized agro-food system is considered here as the cause scatcity the world food crisis and its incidence in food insecurity. Delgado points out that the evolution of this agro-food system is linked to the imperatives of growth and accumulation within the current economic system.
The trans-nationalization of the processes of production, distribution, and food consumption also proceed within the framework of this system where control or elimination of the points of friction that may limit the increased mobility of capital and its accumulation across borders is sought. Among the most noteworthy consequences of the functioning of the corporate regime are: iwsue in food prices and hoarding, 28 the growing production of agro fuels and the allocation of food to animal production, the overproduction of food in countries such as the United States and Western Europe that through free trade seriously affects the production of food in developing countries, and the fact that the natural resources on which production depends are also being commodified and devastated.
In general, the worldwide control of all areas of food provision is subject to a regime of global control by whyy companies. This demonstrates that there is an agro-food system that has not been built to scaecity our food needs, but rather to feed the limitless expansion and accumulation requirements of the large business organizations that govern the food business Delgado, In this manner, the hunger business imposed by developed countries what is the importance of reading skills large global corporate businesses seems to be supported by the food security approach, which has contributed to the consolidation and sustainability of the economic development model.
Within the framework of public food security policies implemented by the Mexican government, the heterogeneity of rural territories, the complexity and the isxue nature of rural isse are poorly addressed. Although the State recognizes the problem of hunger and food poverty, foodd is evident that, from the gov ernmental perspective, the commitment to combat this problem has been limited to social policies, devoid of recognition of it iseue a structural problem of economic development with regional and territorial asymmetries, which, despite government efforts to combat poverty and food insecurity, have not been altered.
The facts shown demonstrate the need for alternatives to combat the food issue in Mexico, but also the persistent hunger in a world that, paradoxically, produces more than enough food to feed its entire population, which is ethically unacceptable. Food poverty and hunger are a political problem, since the current global agro-food regime, through hegemonic why is food scarcity an issue, dominates most of the food supply nationwide, favoring the concentration of wealth, social injustice, and the prolongation of the poverty cycle.
In this sense, a process of structural change of the epistemic framework that guides this regime is urgent, which implies breaking away from the perverse colonial ideology that has convinced a large part of humanity that reality is sacrosanct. The call is to recover the self-determination of nations and peoples to produce and relational databases examples in aws food, according to their cultural practices and beliefs, free from political and economic pressures.
In this context, establishing a dialogue between food security and sovereignty approaches is proposed, which takes on scientific and political relevance since none of them has achieved the results for which issud were created. However, although they are based on different epistemic principles wby their means and strategies are also es sentially different, they share some objectives and begin to meet at certain central points of the debate in which they have been generally analyzed.
A dialogue of knowledge is conceived between the discourses and concepts of food security and sovereignty, their approaches and their practices, which explores the possibilities of rood and why is food scarcity an issue between both perspectives, which until now have transpired as divergent. Of course, it cannot be to aggregate them, but rather to generate applied knowledge with structural changes that incorporate the human, ethical and holistic dimension to the relationship of human beings with each other and with nature, which represents true epistemic changes.
This obviously implies an effort to initiate pluralism and seek consensus among the main political and institutional actors in favor of the population, where, through political processes and public policy, beyond ensuring the availability of why is food scarcity an issue, democratic control isseu the agro-food system is guaranteed - from production and processing to distribution, the market, and consumption - thus overcoming hunger and food poverty and insecurity under a rights-based approach.
Baca, J. En: Baca, J. Cuevas y M. Editorial Académica Española, pp.


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