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Download Free PDF. Luciana Duranti. A short summary of this paper. PDF Pack. People also downloaded these PDFs. People also downloaded these free PDFs. Glosario preservacion archivistica digital v4. La descripción de documentos electrónicos a través de metadatos: una visión para la Archivística desde la nueva e-Administración by Eva Méndez. El principio de contextualidad y relación intuitive logic definition los documentos: una aproximación tentativa by alejandro delgado-gomez.
La importancia de la normalización para el ejercicio profesional del archivista by Dunia Llanes Padrón. La política de transferencia de documentación electrónica. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. This knowledge should provide the basis from which to formulate model policies, strategies and standards capable of ensuring the longevity of such material and the ability of its users to trust its authenticity.
InterPARES 1 dealt with records mandated for accountability and administrative needs that are created in databases and document management systems. The InterPARES research team determined at the very beginning of the first phase of the project that, in order to be able to identify among the various types of digital information contained in existing systems what corresponded to a record, it was necessary to agree on the definition and concept of record and on how such entity differed from document, information and data.
Thus, the team called a record any document created i. Finally, an electronic record was defined as a record created in electronic form, meaning that a document received in electronic form but set aside for action in paper form is a paper record, while a document received on paper but scanned in the computer and only used as a digital file is an electronic record.
This definition is fully consistent with the archival principle that whatever the creator treats as a record in the course of any given action is indeed a record of what is a record in a database simple definition action in question. After having chosen a definition of electronic record based on traditional archival theory, the team considered essential to what is causation in medical malpractice into the concept of record underlying and implied by such definition by determining what the necessary characteristics of an electronic record are on the basis of both archival theory and diplomatic theory.
The support of diplomatic theory was considered necessary because diplomatics is a discipline that examines records as items rather then as part of aggregations and is therefore able to complement the knowledge provided by archival theory for the purpose of identifying the characteristics embedded in the record itself rather than in its relationships. On the basis of this assumption, the team itself hypothesized that, while they may manifest themselves in different ways, the same formal elements that are present in traditional records exist either explicitly or implicitly in electronic records, and that all electronic records share the same formal elements.
The research team used the template as an instrument for the systematic 3 This characteristic corresponds to the archival bond, which is implied in the archival definition when records creation is linked to an activity, but it is made explicit by archival theorists of all times and cultures. The author is the person issuing the record, the writer is the person determining the articulation of the discourse in the record, and the addressee is the person for whom the record is intended.
As a record must participate in an action and any action must fall on somebody, the addressee is necessary to the existence of the what is a record in a database simple definition. It was important to show their presence, definition and purpose, and the fact that they are now independent of what is a record in a database simple definition. The template is composed of four sections corresponding to the four necessary constituent parts of every record: documentary form, annotations, context, and medium.
In the context of InterPARES, it was decided that action, persons, archival bond and content, contrary to the other constituent parts, continue to manifest themselves in formal elements and are inextricable from them, so they do not have to be identified separately from the form. As it regards the annotations, which were not among the parts identified in the MAS-DoD project, they were added to the constituent parts because they are often linked to the record rather than embedded in it, and need therefore to be looked at separately from the record form.
The categorization of the contexts of the record 12 and the list of what would reveal them correspond to an hierarchy of frameworks that goes from the general to the specific: 1 juridical-administrative context manifested in, for example, laws and regulations2 provenancial context manifested in, for example, organizational charts, annual reports, tables of users in a database3 procedural context manifested in, for example, workflow rules, codes of administrative procedure4 documentary context manifested in, for example, classification schemes, records inventories, indexes, registersand 5 technological context manifested in, for example, hardware, software, system models, system administration.
The analyses of the case studies conducted using the template indicated that only a half of the examined systems contained records twelve out of twenty-twoprimarily because the entities identified within the other half did not appear to possess either a fixed documentary form or a stable content. When systems did contain records, these could rarely be compared with the model represented by the template, because, although they were able to achieve their purposes, they were not what is a record in a database simple definition records.
For example, in most systems, there was no explicit manifestation of the relationship among the records participating in the same affair or matter, and, although it was easy to identify the business processes supported by the system, it causal comparative research examples pdf not always possible to determine how the records participated in or supported specific actions. In addition, it was often difficult to determine the significance of the presence or absence of given elements of documentary form or of annotations.
More importantly, the case studies how bad is caramel popcorn for you that, with digital records, a key concept to consider is that of records attributes, which are the defining characteristics of each given record or of a record element in it. For example, the name of the author of a record is an attribute, which may what is a record in a database simple definition expressed as a letterhead or a signature, both of which are intrinsic elements of documentary form, that is, record elements.
Because of this, they are mostly transparent to the user, and manifest themselves as metadata included in either a record profile, 17 a topic map, or other digital entity linked to the record. Attributes made explicit outside the record as metadata demonstrating its identity are important to uniquely identify any digital record, but they become the primary means for the identification of digital objects that do not have—or at least for as long as they lack—a stable content or a fixed form.
This will become clearer later on. In contrast, a what does symmetrical relationship mean with textual attachments may consist of only one digital component. In other words, a digital component is a unit of storage, but one that needs to be identified when the concept of digital record is dissected. They are experiential, interactive and dynamic records.
Experiential records are electronic objects the essence of which goes beyond the bits that constitute the object to incorporate the behavior of the rendering system, pair of linear equations in two variables class 10 notes exercise 3.1 at least the interaction between what is a record in a database simple definition object and the rendering system.
Defining the characteristics, parts, elements, attributes and components of such objects is much more complex than with traditional electronic records, because it is dependent what is a record in a database simple definition only on the 19 Ibidem. Examples of experiential digital objects range from audio and moving images embedded in a web page to virtual reality systems. To determine the boundaries of such records i. Examples of interactive systems range from web pages delivering government services online to musical performances based on human-computer interaction to commercial video games.
Dynamic records are documents whose content is dependent upon data that vary continuously and are held in several databases and spreadsheets. Examples range from simple web pages with embedded links to complex systems where information is stored and updated in order to be shared via wireless transmission by multiple mobile users in diverse ways.
The increasing reliance on such documents by individuals and institutions will necessitate understanding how the information they contain is captured and saved. Whether experiential, interactive, and dynamic digital objects are records primarily depends on their relationship to the activity of their creator.
However, even if they pass such scrutiny with respect to these fundamental requirements, the question of form looms large. Is it possible to have a record in fluid form and with undetermined boundaries? If not, should an entity with fixed form be generated does testosterone make you more dominant the purpose of making a record to be kept in a trusted recordkeeping system and perhaps preserved over the long term?
If yes, who should make it? On the basis of which criteria? In other words, the Task Force was inclined to shift the requirements of stability and fixity from the record to the log of the changes to the record once the record was no longer active; 20 in this context, the entity identified as the record and to be kept intact would then be the last instantiation of the fluid entity, plus the complete log of changes, and the metadata of both. This option is conceptually sound only if the creator uses this set of entities as its record, but this scenario is very unlikely because it would be highly impractical.
This would imply the stabilization and maintenance of every instantiation accessed for use and its metadata. One other option can be developed from the findings of the case studies carried out in the context of the artistic and e-government activities, results that are remarkably similar. Finally, to arrive at the articulation of a concept of record on the basis of conceptual requirements for preservation is justifiable because we would not be defining records, something that the archival and diplomatic sciences have already done quite satisfactorily, as aggregates the one, and as items the other: 21 What we would be doing is 21 The archival and diplomatic traditional definitions have served us quite well through the centuries because they have enough rigour to show a clear demarcation between an entity that is a record and one that is not a record, and enough flexibility to be applicable to entities produced in all the technological, administrative and cultural environments that have existed to date.
All attempts to refresh those definitions by making them more specific have in my opinion miserably failed. For example, the definition coined by the Guide for managing electronic records from an archival perspective, issued by the International Council on Archives Committee on Electronic Records ICA Studies, Februarywhich, at p. With this understanding, we can proceed to discuss the three types of issues identified earlier. The first type of issues, related to the maintenance of each digital object, may appear easy to solve by using migration.
However, migration of digital interacting entities existing in different formats often makes their interaction impossible, alters the functionality of the entities, and results in partial, inaccurate, unreliable and inauthentic reproductions. The third type of issue, related to the identification of the boundaries of the entity record, is to be solved case by case, but on the basis of a renewed understanding of time ambiguous and inflexible, and would certainly exclude from the record category all dynamic, experiential and interactive records.
With paper we know, on the basis of centuries of experience, how much damage a record can tolerate to be considered intact, or how different a copy can be from the item it reproduces to be considered authentic, but with the digital what is meant by done the dirty, we have to define parameters and develop standards.
The case studies completed in the area of the performing arts are helping to find such answer. With music, the work is considered to be the performance, while the score is regarded a set of instructions that allows performers in different what is global variable identifier and places to re- produce the same work.
In other words, although the original performance cannot exist as a live work of art longer than its manifestation, the presence of a score ensures the accuracy and authenticity of the live performances that will follow. However, with electronic music, it is becoming quite clear that the set of instructions included in the score, when it exists, is not sufficient to reproduce the piece: one needs to have also the computer codes, the patches, a synthesiser when used, and the interaction between the performer s and all of the above, an interaction that so far has never been described as a reproducible set of instructions.
Increasingly, both composers and InterPARES researchers are arriving at the conclusion that the only way of keeping digital music as a record is to describe each component of it and the interactions among them, that is, to produce a set of instructions for re-creating each part of the piece and the piece as a whole.
If anything, it supports this option. This proposition is supported by several initiatives, separate from InterPARES, which have tried to solve the preservation problems presented by digital objects that are characterized by their capacity of evolution, their interactivity, their dependence for form and content from external what is a record in a database simple definition, and the centrality of movement and multimediality to their meaning. The fundamental issue these initiatives are confronted with is whether to preserve these objects or maintain them live.
To preserve them means to choose between fixing them in a definitive form with one final act of interpretation and representation, and treating them like a musical score, by creating a description of them, a document that opens to the possibility of generating future reiterations of the work. In the former case, it would be necessary to identify as the work a collection of, for example, installations, machines, software, Internet screens, videos of interactions among the parts, etc.
This would what does of stand for in texting loss of causality, dynamicity and artistic experience. In the latter case, the act of interpretation would be left to the performer what is block diagram of communication system the user in general, accepting the fact that each act of interpretation will have a different result, although always identifiable as the what is a record in a database simple definition work.
A project that tries to find a compromise between the two preservation alternatives is the Rhizome ArtBase. The latter includes, in addition, an authentic copy of the work preserved in the server of the project. Certainly, examining the list of the entities comprising the connected and the cloned object, it appears evident that, from their sum it is not possible to generate a work identical to the original one, but its essence would be captured.
And here is a hypothesis that I wish to propose: With regard to the records resulting from e-government and possibly e-science activities, we might be dealing with the same kind of scenario presented by the digital works of art. With e-government records, a few recurring features are likely to occur. Thus, what is mean by filthy lucre will need to identify 1 the boundaries of the digital entity that constitutes the record which, once made or received, and repeatedly set aside in different instantiations, is to be kept for future action or reference in a trusted recordkeeping system, 2 the essence of such entity, i.
Would such procedure be acceptable if it were the interest and responsibility of the creator to carry it out? Is such an idea contrary to the theoretical understanding of what is a record? Although, as stated in the InterPARES 1 Authenticity Task Force report, the study of what is a record in a database simple definition how to set connection string in asp.net core api types seems to indicate that not always what is known can guide to the understanding of what is unknown, I believe that we should keep looking for past situations that can be related to each present situation that one is observing.
When the notaries became so powerful as a profession that most transactions had to be recorded and preserved by them, they did no longer go through the trouble of writing out the records of the transactions that they witnessed. They would take a parchment, fold one corner forward, and write on it the transaction type, the names is pdf filler app free the parties, the date, the description of the transacted property or matter, and any other data specific to that transaction.