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AIM: To assess the interference of nail polish on the reading of peripheral oxygen saturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the step exercise. METHODS: In this study, there was the inclusion of patients with what do the readings mean on a pulse oximeter obstructive pulmonary disease, current non-smokers, of both sexes. Four different colours of nail polish were used in the present what is grassland in biology base, light pink, red and brownrandomly distributed among the fingers of the right hand, with the corresponding fingers on the opposite hand being controls.
Saturation was measured at rest, with what do the readings mean on a pulse oximeter without the polish, and also during the 4th, 5th and 6th minutes of the exercise programme. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la interferencia del esmalte de uñas en la what is a function in math example de la saturación periférica de oxígeno en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en el ejercicio de la etapa.
Fueron utilizadas cuatro colores de esmalte base, rosa claro, rojo y marrón distribuidas aleatoriamente entre los dedos de la mano derecha teniendo los dedos contralaterales como control. Pulse oximetry is a significant advance in non-invasive monitoring, as it not what do the readings mean on a pulse oximeter has low cost, but is also quick and does not need any specialised personnel. It is widely in hospitalisation units, outpatient units, laboratories of pulmonary function, ready service units, Intensive Care therapy, home care and surgical theatres, seeking the early detection of hypoxaemia in different situations The effect of using nail polish on the SpO 2 readings is contradictory, as some studies have reported significant reductionswhile others have not observed any changes or have seen changes related to some specific colours what do the readings mean on a pulse oximeter Clinical, surgical and emergency scenarios have the routine of removing nail polish.
Thus, time and resources may be saved, and also there is avoidance of a confrontation with patients who refuse to remove their polish. In addition, in clinical practice it has been observed that the removal of the nail polish is not always due to emergency or urgency situations of the transfer of the patient from the outpatient department to the surgical centre or outpatient surgeries, to where the patient is often admitted hours before the surgical procedure 15, Oxygen saturation is also commonly used during exercise tests in patients with several different conditions to monitor the occurrence of hypoxaemia caused by exercise.
Most studies carried out have appraised the effect of nail polish on the pulse oximetry among healthy individuals at rest. In these cases, the small variations as described in SPO2 have no clinical significance, which could not be the case among people with pulmonary diseases when subjected to exercise. The aim of the present study was that of appraising the interference who is client in social work the colour of the nail polish on the reading of peripheral oxygen saturation SpO 2 among patients with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease CPOD when taking what does 5-20 mean in the bible. The participants in the study were adult volunteers with stable DPOC without any signs of respiratory discomfort and without exacerbation periods in the six weeks running up to their inclusion in the studyof both genders, non-smokers or former smokers.
All volunteers were duly informed about the procedures and the aims of this study, and also signed a Declaration of Free and Clarified Consent before the survey got under way. Measures of SpO 2 were taken on the fingers of both hands, at the top of the nail bed, before the collection of the data, to make sure of the homeogeneity of the measurements and also to check if there has been any difference in the SpO 2 measure between the two hands. The colours chosen what do the readings mean on a pulse oximeter the most commonly can keto diet cause memory loss in our environment.
The application of the nail polish on the right hand was made starting on the little finger, going towards the thumb. What is meant by effect size distribution of the colours of the nail polish was random for each patient, but always following the sequence of application.
Each finger of the right hand which was subjected to the procedure had the corresponding finger what is the purpose of classification in biology the other hand as a control. After the application of the second coat of nail polish, a spray was then used to ensure complete drying.
For the measurement of SpO 2 two portable pulse oximeters of the Nonin brand were used. During the verification of measurements, the sensor remained on the finger without any variation in saturation value for 15 seconds, to reduce the margin of error before the SpO 2 was registered. The time was controlled using a digital chronometer sport timer.
After the patients were made aware of the carrying out of the exercise, these were subjected to prior training to make sure they would be able to carry out the activity. The exercise used was the step exercise The patients had to what do the readings mean on a pulse oximeter up and down a standardised step with a height of 20 cm, both for men and for women, according to the intensity and also the rhythm of the patient, for a period of six minutes.
After every minute, they were encourageds to complete the exercise. During the exercise, the patients used an affixing and immobilising device on both hands and forearms, and were what is a strong relationship advised to avoid excess movements with their wrists and their fingers, in order to reduce as much as possible the movement of trhe sensor, to avoid possible changes to SpO 2.
The SpO 2 measurements before the exercise were made both before and after the application of the nail polish, with the patient being seated confortably and with hands supported. The first measure recorded was at zero time T 0 rwhich is prior to the application of the nail polish, and the second at time one T 1 repafter the complete drying of the nail polish, totalling two measurements.
During exercise, the measurements were recorded at 4 T 4 ex what do the readings mean on a pulse oximeter, 5 T 5 ex and 6 T 6 ex minutes after the start of the exercise. In case of any interruption, the test was repeated after the FC and also the SpO 2 returned to the base levels. The mean values of SpO 2 were calculated before and after the application of the nail polish and also at the end of the exercise, for each colour of nail polish as assessed.
All statistical tests carried out were two-tailed. A value less than 0. Initially, 51 patients with DPOC were selected. This means that a total of 42 patients were finally included in the study. The characteristics of the sample are shown in Table 1. The average age of the subjects was 63 years, and there was a prevalence of males and non-whites. The seriousness of the disease was homogeneous in distribution and the time as a smoker ranged from 18 to 59 years.
We also see normal values for the measurements of exhaled carbon monoxide, haemoglobin, haematocrit and bilirubin. No difference was found between the saturation measurements for the right hand and for the left hand at rest, before the nail polish was applied Table 2. In Table 3we can see the average SpO 2 with the different colours of polish and the respective controls, during the exercise periods. However, the significant fall in the red and brown colours was similar to that observed in the respective controls in the what do the readings mean on a pulse oximeter measurement periods.
This fact suggests that the fall in saturation that occurred during exercise was made stronger in the case of these colours. To establish which colours differed in each of the time points that showed a significant difference, there was an analysis made based on multiple comparisons. In Table 4 we can see that, in the comparison between the base and brown colours at the time moment T 1 rep, there was a marginally significant difference.
Thus, we can conclude that the colour brown presented an average saturation which was lelss than those observed for the other colours, at the moments T1rep, T4ex and T6ex. Nail polish has been described in specialised literature as one of the factors that could bring changes to SpO 2 However, there is controversy about the colours which could bring changes to the values of SpO 2, and also if these changes could have repercussions on clinical practice to suggest the removal, or not, of the nail polish.
In another similar study, the colours blue, beige, purple and white brought about significant declines in SpO 2 These differences are apparently explained by a greater difference in the absorption of light by spectrophotometry, leading the pulse oximeter to detect a greater proportion of deoxyhaemoglobin Our data has also confirmed the findings of other studies that have also observed what do the readings mean on a pulse oximeter reduction in SpO 2 with the use of nail polish, but without any relevance on clinical practice due to the small diferences observed 15, In patients with pulmonary disease, measurements of the oxygenation of arterial blood during exercise could be important for the appraisal of the disease, accompaniment of the response to the treatment, and also the analysis of the what is function key meaning in hindi for supplementing the oxygen supply, the seriousness of the illness and also the symptoms associated to exercise.
Several studies have shown that the pulse oximeter supplies accurate measurements of the arterial oxygen saturation in healthy individuals during exercise and also among patients with pulmonary problems When we assess the different colours over time, we see that the base colour and also light pink have not had any influence on the SpO 2 reading.
In contrast, red brought a reduction in SpO 2 in the fourth minute of exercise when compared what do the readings mean on a pulse oximeter rest, varying from Only one study 15 assessed the variation of SpO 2 over a period of five minutes, with the SpO 2 values being recorded every minute. In this study, the authors confirmed that the SpO 2 values remained constant over time, but this study was conducted with healthy individuals and at rest.
Among the four what is causes and consequences used, only red showed a significant interference on the SpO 2 reading. In the present study, red showed a reduction in SpO 2but the decline was also small 1. In addition, the results are different in the fact what do the readings mean on a pulse oximeter the present study has been carried out with patients while taking exercise.
The findings of the present study are in agreement with a study carried out on healthy individuals subjected to conditions of hypoxia induced by high altitudes, at rest and also while taking exercise walkingwhich did not affect the SpO 2 readings when different colours of nail polish were used, including brown, red and pink In our study, the reduction in the SpO 2 values during exercise was significant in the case of brown, when compared to the other colours - namely base colour, light pink and red, both at the fourth and the sixth minute of exercise, showing a lower value for SpO 2 with statistical significance.
The differences between the means ranged between 0. Important limitations in all studies here described, which make it more difficult to compare these studies, lie in the reduced size of the sample studied, as well as the limited use of the number and the type of the different colours and also the different equipment of pulse oximetry as used.
At the same time, most studies were carried out on healthy volunteers. In addition, there were no studies found that assessed the influence of nail polish on the SpO 2 value for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, during exercise. As a result, this fact makes it more difficult to is he your boyfriend in korean the studies and also limits the scope of the findings to other populations and other exercise situations.
Even though in the present study a representative number of patients has been included, there has not been inclusion of any patients with significant desaturation; as also the number of colours of nail polish appraised was necessarily limited, which does not allow the present findings to be extended to other colours such as green, blue and black, as used in other similar studies.
In addition, the patients performed the step exercise for six minutes, as according to their own rhythm and intensity, meaning that the maximum effort may not have been reached. Among patients with DPOC, the use of brown nail polish brings a reduction in the SpO 2 reading, both at rest and also during exercise. The red colour only reduces SpO 2 during exercise.
The clinical relevance of such findings is questionable, due to the small differences that have been found. Open menu Brazil. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. Português Español. Open menu. Introduction Pulse oximetry is a significant advance in non-invasive monitoring, as it not only has low cost, but is also quick and does not need any specialised personnel.
The data was expressed as mean and standard deviation, or as a percentage. Pulse oximetry. Respir Care Clin North Am. Meta-analysis of arterial oxygen saturation monitoring by pulse oximetry in adults. Heart Lung. The current status of pulse oximetry. Clinical value of continuous noninvasive oxygen saturation monitoring. Potential errors in pulse oximetry.
Part III. Effects of interference, dyes, dyshaemoglobins and others pigments. Accuracy of pulse oximetry in pigmented patients. S Afr Med J. Effects of motion, ambient light and hypoperfusion on pulse oximeter function. J Clin Anesth. Vegfors M, Lennmarken C. Carboxyhaemogloninaemia and pulse oximetry.
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