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Computer systems are for daily use, whether in the workplace, academics, entertainment or information. Dependence of always being online to solve problems or to stay wht Baron, has increased if we measure it in timing factor, turning users vulnerable to attacks with the objective of stealing sensitive information, paralyzing systems, or sending alarms. It becomes a necessity to have an emergency plan before attacks occur Vatis,since not only these situations lead communication devices to shut down, but also affecting organization credibility, important issue towards investors and general public systems are daily used, whether in the workplace, academics, entertainment or information.
A cyber-attack is an action taken by one person or a group to breach flaws by forcing access to restricted areas or devices for taking control of personal computers by disabling firewalls or stealing information from databases Sanchez Padilla, ; Vatis, Once both identification and mitigation protocols fail due to a cyber-attack, a solution is to deploy an alternative site, at least with the necessary items to return to online status, considering the budget and type of contingency.
Different contingency plans work with different processes and the requirements to overcome a cyber-attack vary depending on the affected scenario. Fulfilling the objectives proposed previously by an organization attains solutions Habib et al. Some of them are:. A definition for cyber-security is the preservation of confidentiality, integrity, and availability regarding information.
This concept covers information security as the state of being protected against unauthorized use of data information as well. How can both concepts be correlated? Cyber-security focuses on virtual environments, while information security applies to traditional ways of managing information. According to computer security specialists, cyber-security aims to the prevention of in-service failures and interruptions, confidentiality violations or stored data inconvenient.
Both terms can be interchangeable, representing data protection oriented for end-users, corporations or governments. In other words, cybersecurity is the security of eatabase information Dunn et al. A cyber-attack is the illegal infiltration into private or public networks to steal information. It generates failures or implanting computer viruses. Depending on the purpose, it could be considered an ethixal of cybercrime or cyber terrorism.
When classifying a cyber-attack is securitty to set goals. Cyber-Attack leads for committing a cyber-crime, a term that references to whether logical or physical damages aiming to computers, networks or connectivity devices. It derives to illegal access for stealing information or committing fraud by spoofing methods of electronic payments Vatis, Cyber-attacks could lead to cyber-terrorism, which is an attack that is a step above of a simple cyber-crime because it uses informatics technics for developing acts against a population to cause damage for political or ideological purposes Arcuri et al.
Another term that appears is ethical hacking. The difference between cyber-attack and ethical hacking regards in the intruder intentions even having the using the same tools and knowledge, but cyber-attacks exploit systems vulnerabilities to perform illegal damage. Ethical hacking finds the same vulnerabilities but follows steps to correct failures and invoice the service provided.
Moreover, ethical hacking does not compromise information security, due ethicla confidentiality agreements Sanchez Padilla, Successful or unsuccessful cyber-attacks are not carried out by isolated people. Several groups and companies are responsible for renting their services to crackers. Governments hire hackers for ethical hacking what is database security explain ethical issues in security and spend large sums of money for training informatics technicians to defend different systems against cyber-attacks Arcuri et al.
Intrusions can come from either outside or inside an organization, by crackers with the knowledge to enter illegally through several parameters. In what is database security explain ethical issues in security cases, the attackers could be systems administrators isssues related technicians Dunn et al. There are different reasons how does bipolar 2 affect relationships encourage an attack, e.
Regardless of the causes, on behalf of the law, an intrusion without consent is illegal and depending on the country or region, this can result in un or a fine. Contingency plans must be developed according to both general and specific aspects, applying international standards, such as ISOISOamong others. Depending on the type of business or service, it is necessary the alignment with local laws for avoiding legal issues and for complying with annual planning Ashok et al.
The plan must be executed and maintained as a project with agreements for improvements and scheduled maintenance Ten et al. Basic stages to what is database security explain ethical issues in security are:. The definition should begin with a clear understanding of the goal to achieve, establishing the objectives to pursue, e. Planning establishes what type of contingency meets the defined objectives. The methodology to pursue should recover critical processes, avoid alterations in stored information, render an official version of events and if needed socialize it with internal and external staff.
Rumors that result in the organization distrust or business continuity in short or long term must be waived, assuming controlled risks with a reduced service unavailability time. Failure control relates for preventing abrupt power cuts, transmission grids problems, violent social demonstrations or computer attacks. Planning does not focus on the creation of a guiding document Sanchez Padilla, ; it coordinates the assets, requiring a monitoring place and an alternative site based on backup devices with storage capacity to operate from short to large periods until the end of the recovery process Ten et al.
Realization addresses the main part of the whole plan as the running of the planning stage. Errors detected what is database security explain ethical issues in security necessary adjustments turns into a contingency efficiency Dunn et al. Closure, as the last stage, contemplates the formal acceptance of the contingency plan proposed, tested and corrected by the administration, responsible for the running in case of eventualities. Planning the continuity allows the business operation experiencing short intermittency or without affecting services provision.
In financial institutions, a plan contemplates virus attacks, data links abnormal saturation Dunn et al. It is difficult to determine a continuity plan that covers the total needs of a financial institution. Two types of plans have been js in this framework: one for business continuity and another for cyber incidents response. The combination of them guarantees adequate operations and services offered to ensure business what is database security explain ethical issues in security facing cyber incidents, contemplating the unavailability only in small events McDonald, Continuity has the following objectives:.
Objectives will guarantee a little impact operation, such as the unavailability for a few minutes, until the alternative system updates due to a cyber-incident. There are two scenarios for answers: 1 uploading an alternative site in case the main center suffers damage; 2 Isolating the event in a short time before the main data center experiences inconvenient. Incidents isolation is done through detection and prevention techniques. Physical devices involved and their logical programming could get compromised since attacks are constantly mutating to break systems securities.
Therefore, specialized staff in computer security have to analyze behavior regarding network traffic, bandwidth consumption, portal checking. Teams generate and study reports for determining traffic patterns and for performing regular audits about internal activities respect the use of facilities and assets provided by the organization Sandhu, At data centers, technical staff manage configurations of servers and several devices related to operative and administrative options for the start-up and running.
The deployment of a physical data center could cost more than half a million US dollars, depending on variables, such as air conditioning, on sources, electric grids; while a virtual data center could cost approximately USD 10, considering issue aspects, such as the no presence of securitu shifts staff, insurances, purchases, hardware depreciation, licenses updating, among others. Table 1 depicts a comparison expain a physical data center with a virtual data center.
The difference between them is the confidence that each one provides to the organization. In some what is database security explain ethical issues in security, virtual options may not be convenient because of vulnerability McDonald, ; Sanchez Padilla, Moreover, what do you mean by circuit diagram whether the main operations or contingency to cloud results in continuous fear of the non-technical management positions due to potential information access by crackers.
At the moment of contracting corporative level services, agreements regarding confidentiality and conflict resolutions should not affect data center operations, attaining business continuity by redundancy links. A contingency plan has a series of potential events that could compromise business continuity McDonald, However, this paper focuses on events classified as cyber-attacks with consequences of service unavailability. Events that result from a cyber-attack are the denied of service, filtering of confidential information, malicious infection or internal attacks Sanchez Padilla,and the contingency plans run actions in case they appear.
The official channels are the means to inform about attacks. Schedules for facing these scenarios qhat. The corresponding shifts will be according to the described scenarios. The computer center provides support during non-labor hours, but the computer security department remains responsible all the time. The infrastructure staff comes from the areas of information security, communications, computer centers, servers, and databases. Meanwhile, the development staff is responsible for applications and quality control software for securiity business continuity.
The plan includes the participation of every department involved in infrastructure and development, isskes led by someone designated from the information security department, guiding step by step changes regarding functional tests and starts-up. Assigning functions is a fundamental part of the plan Sandhu et al. The planning starts as soon as an event occurs since a service either intermittent or cut must not last long.
The basic premise is the permanent service availability. However, intermittencies whether programmed e. The leader belongs to the information security department. A group of human resources keeps reports about events to external and internal staff, suppliers and customers as the js authorized information source. The leader is the securith authorized to generate official reports to human resources Dunn et al.
Tasks groups involved are Kallberg what is database security explain ethical issues in security al. Information Security Team: Responsible for directing actions during contingency and recovery. This group documents events as what is database security explain ethical issues in security technical report and defines policies and procedures at the security level of infrastructure and development. Communication Team: Responsible for migrating data links in coordination with the service providers, updating firewalls rules and other configurations in data centers, and after carrying out changes, the leader informs about tests and deployments for authorizing the running of the data center.
Computer Center Team: Responsible for the system monitoring and the first management level of routine and medium impact incidents. They verify services status and operations in production and contingency responding to the head of infrastructure and technology management. However, at the moment of the contingency, they have to be capable to report incidents to the leader. Servers Team: Responsible for the servers running, whether operating systems, snapshots, what is database security explain ethical issues in security parallel configurations.
In case of emergency, priority features are approached to the technical support for the computer security positive god quotes about life and love. Database Team: Responsible for the management and development of databases, relating the tasks to administration and improvement applications as well as their maintenance.
At this point, they will have the support of the computer center best arabic restaurant los angeles. The restoration time is important to pursue the contingency production stage. Application Development Team: Responsible for the data processing, statistics, systems analysis and sales volume what is database security explain ethical issues in security, providing an environment for os users to work efficiently.
During the contingency, this team will upload the latest application updates to the data center for verifying the correct system performance. Quality Control Team: Responsible for testing new versions and patch applications, both for information processing and applications for internal users. They verify the latest application updates deployed in the data center by the application development team. Response procedures are the steps to pursue when activating cyber-attacks ethjcal.