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What is reading comprehension brainly Sanitaria acepta para su publicación artículos en español e inglés. Nuevos costes de publicación a partir del 1 de febrero de SJR es una prestigiosa métrica basada en la idea de que todas las citaciones no son iguales. SJR usa un algoritmo similar al page rank de Google; es una medida cuantitativa y cualitativa al impacto de una publicación.
The TackSHS project aims to comprehensively elucidate the impact that exposure to second-hand smoke SHS from cigarettes and second-hand aerosols SHA from electronic cigarettes have on the respiratory health of the European population according to socioeconomic characteristics and other determinants. The TackSHS project involves a series of coordinated studies carried out by 11 academic and public health organisations from what does gallus mean in scots European countries.
The project will investigate: a the determinants of SHS and SHA exposure assessed at the individual level surveys on what does gallus mean in scots general population samples and in common environments environmental sampling in specific settings should sports be allowed in school essay b the overall disease burden, mortality and morbidity attributable to such exposure; and c its economic impact in terms what does gallus mean in scots direct health care costs.
The project will also examine specific acute respiratory health changes in healthy individuals and patients with respiratory diseases exposed to SHS and SHA. In addition, the project will examine the effectiveness of a novel intervention to reduce SHS exposure in households where smoking is permitted. All these studies are inter-related and involve collaborative coordination among the participant organisations.
The comprehensive, integrated approach of the TackSHS project will enable a significant step forward from the current status quo in the understanding of the impact of SHS and SHA exposure on health and provide the basis for health policy recommendations to help European countries to further reduce the harm caused by SHS and SHA exposure. Research produced during the past three decades has provided substantial evidence of the harm that short- and long-term exposure to second-hand smoke SHS represents to respiratory and cardiovascular health of adults and children.
One of them is a scarcity of studies objectively measuring markers of SHS in settings where smoking is not regulated, such as private and outdoor public places. In addition, electronic cigarettes e-cigarettes have irrupted into the market of tobacco products in the past decade, creating an on-going are there male bots on tinder among the research community on their health effects and potential impact on public health.
The TackSHS project intends to comprehensively elucidate the impact that SHS and SHA exposure have on the European population and how health impacts vary according to socioeconomic and other demographic characteristics, with a particular emphasis on specific vulnerable groups. The TackSHS project is organised in 11 work-packages WP of which eight are research-oriented and correspond to what is causal reasoning in speech studies, with a further three WPs involved in providing support coordination, instrument calibration, and results dissemination during the 48 months of the project November — October The overall structure of the project is depicted in Figure 1.
SHS: Secondhand smoke; e-cig: electronic cigarettes. Private settings studied will include homes and cars, while outdoor settings will include terraces of hospitality venues, children playgrounds and entrances to primary school buildings. Around environmental measurements will be collected: measurements from homes in 9 countries and measurements from outdoor settings in the 11 countries involved in the study; and environmental measurements will be collected in cars in two countries Spain and the United Kingdom.
These countries were selected considering differences in smoking legislation in cars. A convenience sample will be obtained considering neighbourhoods from different socioeconomic status, which will be assessed using local ecological synthetic indexes. SHS will be assessed through the measurement of airborne nicotine.
Nicotine samplers, which consist of a mm diameter plastic cassette containing a filter treated with sodium bisulphate, will be used. A passive sampling will be performed in homes 7-day sampling and cars hour sampling. Sampling will be done avoiding the warmest and the coldest months of the year. This is a European cross-sectional study, led by the Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Italythat aims whats a cause-and-effect paragraph 1 estimate the prevalence and the determinants of smoking, e-cigarette use, and exposure to SHS and SHA; 2 analyse attitudes, perceptions and behaviours of the adult European population towards smoke-free policies in their countries; and 3 compare selected smoking-related data originated in this study and a previously conducted pan-European survey i.
The TackSHS survey will be representative of the country-specific what does gallus mean in scots using a similar methodology of a previous project. A standard questionnaire developed ad hoc from existing validated questionnaires will be used to collect information on cigarette smoking, use of e-cigarettes and emergent heated tobacco products. The questionnaire focuses particularly on the exposure to SHS and the passive exposure to SHA from e-cigarettes in different indoor and outdoor settings.
WP3 will also examine compliance with the current country-specific smoke-free legislations, attitudes and perceptions towards various tobacco control policies, including smoking ban regulations that are already adopted, and an extension of these regulations to other outdoor public places. This is an intervention study, led by the University of Stirling Scotland, UKaiming to encourage behaviour-change towards a smoke-free home environment. The study will provide the participants smokers who smoke at home and take care of at least one child regular feedback in the form of personalised air quality measurements made in their homes.
This study will develop a targeted intervention with socioeconomically deprived smokers in four countries Greece, Italy, Scotland, and Spain based on a previously piloted intervention. Participants will have particle counting instruments to measure in real time particulate matter concentration PM 2. These devices will allow data acquisition in real-time with a 3G internet connection.
During this period, personalised feedback will be provided to, and discussed with, the smoker along with target-setting and exploration of suitable methods of behaviour-change. Personalised feedback will be given via text messages to mobile phones, email messages and through telephone calls. This is a clinical research study, led by TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, aiming to assess the acute respiratory what is evolution management thinking effects that result from short-term SHS exposure among patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD.
In many European countries, the introduction of smoke-free laws has prompted the proliferation of outdoor areas where smoking is permitted, and there exist places where non-smokers are still exposed to some levels of SHS. The health effects of such exposures are uncertain as to date there is only anecdotal evidence; some effects can be expected but it may be difficult to demonstrate unless in naturalistic, real-life conditions.
This study will aim to involve 60 patients volunteers from three European countries: the Czech Republic, Ireland, and Spain 20 patients in each participating country: 10 COPD and 10 asthma patients. Participants will be trained to keep a diary record of any noted changes and medication usage and perform pre- and post-peak flow, spirometry, and carbon monoxide measurements. Such patients will wear personal monitors to continuously measure exposure to particulate matter PM 1PM 2.
These novel measurements will determine the individual level of SHS exposure with spatially-resolved estimation of personal dosage of PM and the identification of acute respiratory effects from such exposure. There is also a recording of each breath sound which can be recognised and matched with time, location and level of exposure with identification of any lags in time that may occur. This study, led by the Hellenic Cancer Society Greeceis aimed at characterizing exposure to e-cigarette aerosols among healthy non-smoker volunteers.
An experimental study with cross-over design will be implemented in a laboratory. Three trial arms what does the word time signal mean be performed no exposure vs. The study sample will consist of 40 adult volunteers that will be randomized to the sequence of three exposures to e-cigarette aerosol. In total, person-exposures will take place, leading to pre- and post- measurements.
Recruitment will take place in Athens Greece. Exposures will last 30 minutes and will take place in a standardised exposure chamber. Firstly, a systematic review of the published studies on passive exposure to e-cigarette aerosols will be performed. Airborne nicotine and PM 2. Based on the differences detected in a previous pilot study 11 and standard assumptions, this study will aim to include participants.
The objectives of this WP, led by the Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica Italyare: 1 to review the methods used in the literature, with special focus on Europe, to calculate what does gallus mean in scots mortality and morbidity to What does gallus mean in scots and the results published to date for EU what does gallus mean in scots 2 to develop algorithms of calculation of attributable mortality and morbidity to SHS; and 3 to update attributable mortality and morbidity to SHS for EU countries based on SHS exposure prevalence collected in the WP3.
In order to estimate attributable mortality and morbidity to SHS, mortality and morbidity data asthma, COPD, lung cancer, stroke, ischaemic heart disease, breast cancer and diabetes in adults; low birth weight, lower respiratory infections, otitis media, asthma and sudden infant death syndrome in children will be collected from 28 EU countries on SHS-related diseases, along with information on prevalence of SHS exposure in EU countries.
For attributable mortality and morbidity estimates, data on the prevalence of SHS exposure will be used from two sources: information collected in the WP3 of this what does gallus mean in scots and from Eurobarometer surveys. Finally, sensitivity analyses of attributable mortality and morbidity to SHS will be conducted. This study, led by the Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Spainwill produce economic models for the analysis of the return on investment of policies aimed at reducing SHS exposure in EU countries.
Nevertheless, these models consider the effects of SHS exposure by assuming that each successful quit contributes a fractional reduction in the disease burden associated with SHS, they do not include policies specifically aimed at reducing SHS other than curbing smoking prevalence. The information on SHS exposure in European countries obtained in the WP3 and the epidemiological evidence on attributable mortality and morbidity to SHS obtained in the WP9 will be combined with data on the cost consequences of disease to obtain country-specific versions of the return on investment models.
The models will consider the lag between exposure and effect and therefore will use appropriate short- and medium-term horizons 2, 5, and 10 years and long-term horizons 20 years and lifetime. With these models, the economic burden caused by SHS exposure and the return on investment of some what does gallus mean in scots will be estimated. Different perspectives health system, overall public sector and wider society will be adopted. The model outcomes will comprise not only standard cost-effectiveness and cost-utility non trivial graph example but also a fully disaggregated list of health outcomes and resource use consequences so that the budgetary impact of what does gallus mean in scots at local, regional and national scale will be appraised.
The Dylos DC is an optical particle counter instrument that counts the small and large particles present in the surrounding environment. All these devices are portable and stationary, capable to operate and memorise the data with or without connection to the internet. For calibration, comparison of different measurements what does gallus mean in scots be performed by the generation of exposures using a range of cigarettes and e-cigarettes in a real-life environment in a room of 48 m 3.
The BAM will be operated and the optical particle counters will be calibrated in parallel for the time necessary to simulate concentration changes in order to verify the accuracy and precision of the instruments within the whole range of measurements specified by the manufacturers and to compensate for coincidence losses.
The TackSHS project involves a comprehensive and innovative approach to develop a scientific understanding of second-hand exposure to smoke from cigarettes and aerosols from e-cigarettes. For the first time, this project will consider the integration of data on SHS exposure from a validated, homogenous survey, as an instrument for the subjectively perceived exposure what does gallus mean in scots wide populations in several EU countries, how to play the drum set with its objective assessment using environmental and biological markers.
Whilst this is the core objective of the TackSHS project, additional WPs will address specific questions regarding exposure to SHS and SHA, including its impact on health and its economic burden in specific populations and patients with chronic lung and respiratory diseases. At the societal level, we aim to raise awareness of the risks from SHS exposure and their associated health burden.
The project will also provide new evidence to further inform the debate about the scale of risk from SHA exposure. TackSHS team will also invest considerable effort in disseminating the obtained results, not only to the scientific community, policy makers and stakeholders, but also to patient and consumer organisations at the national and European level. The initial publication plan includes 20 papers with the main findings, considered as priority publications. Further publications, with results at the country level and combining the results from different studies will be produced after the initial primary publications.
In addition, a comprehensive report, as well as policy briefs, will be launched in the final conference and distributed to stakeholders, including policymakers, patients, the scientific community and the general public. López designed the overall framework of the project protocol. López, S. Gallus, S. Semple, L. Clancy, P. Behrakis, A. Ruprecht, G. Gorini, C. Radu-Loghin, J. Soriano and A. All the TackSHS project investigators have participated in different phases of the project, contributed to this manuscript and gave final approval.
All authors have participated in writing the manuscript, its critical review and have approved what does months mean in spanish final version. All of them are jointly responsible for adequate revision and discussion of all aspects included in the manuscript. We thank Ms. Cristina Rajo, formerly at the Research Support Office of the Catalan Institute of Oncology, for her valuable help throughout the process for the grant application and negotiation.
In memory of Dr. Manel Nebot and Dr. Giovanni Invernizziwhose work and friendship guided us in this and other projects. This project has received funding from the European What does gallus mean in scots Horizon research and innovation programme under grant agreement No
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