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Pages News14 314— We use a sampling strategy adapted to the Karez building and maintenance technique, and, by way of what does ah mean in chinese names, information given by local farmers oral tradition. Learn to count — Spanish numbers 1 to One of the fundamentals of learning any language is learning to count. Once you hit nxmes, as with many languages, you simply need to know the names for 30, 40, 50, and so on. Water History, 3, — Wudaolin Karez is also known as Datou Karez, located in Shanghu village and 2 km southeast of the village committee. Tired of reading and ready to jump in?

Age and origin of ancient famous Karez water systems in the oases of the Turpan Basin are open questions in geoarchaeological and historical research. Our study dates, for the first time, 8 Karez systems by 14 C from plants buried during the formation of Karez mounds, and interviews in order to record oral tradition. We found that the oldest investigated Karez systems originated in the Uyghurian Huihe dynasty — ADwhich coincides with the oral tradition. In conclusion, hypothesis d that oldest Karez systems were built during Qing dynasty has to be rejected because they are at least years old.

Instead, during the 3rd Chinese expansion in the 19th century AD the Karez system expanded and got maintenance. A review of regional palaeoclimatic proxies suggests that the origin and the maintenance of the Karez systems took place rather in more humid periods than in more arid ones. However, more research is needed on other Karez systems to test the pending hypotheses of a much older age. Download chapter PDF. The Karez systems of Turpan Xinjiang what does ah mean in chinese names, NW China are one of the most extensive agglomerations of ancient subterranean tunnel-wells in the world Englishand demonstrate an impressive version of ancient water harvesting technology.

Similar systems are known from Mexico from Spanish times galerias; Kortum All in all, such systems are known from more than 34 countries in the world see Fattahi and references therein. Many local terms exist in different regions of the world for a full list, see Salih and for a discussion of the history see Briant BP, when the first Qanat systems have been invented probably in the surroundings of Tehran or somewhere in Persia Kobori ; Lightfoot Some aakash fees for class 11 and 12 neet capitals were based on Qanat irrigation, e.

Palmyra Kobori However, the exact dating of the origin of these systems is difficult. Fattahi et al. If the first dating is correct, the oldest known Karez dates further back to — yrs. Also Bailiff et al. It is still under debate how and when the technology was transferred further to the Mahgreb in the west and along the Silk Roads to Afghanistan, Kazakhstan Remini et al. Additionally what does ah mean in chinese names remains unclear if there was a single center of innovation or if the systems were developed independently at different places instead Fattahi This hypothesis predicates on the description of irrigation in the Turpan oases in Chinese literature.

The author of the Chinese compendium Nongzheng quanshuADXu Guangqi, a water expert, also did not mention the Karez system, hence why Trombert assumes that they were absent during this time. Furthermore, neither the term Karez or the chinese Kan er jing nor a description of specific gravity-fed underground channels can be found before the Qing dynasty. According to a critical study and interpretation of Chinese historical sources, Trombert dates the Karez of Turpan to the early 19th century.

Therefore, due to ambiguous historical sources, a precise and representative numeric dating of the Karez systems is needed, in order to identify the period of first construction and the subsequent dynamics of Karez use in the Turpan Basin. Four hypotheses exist Trombert :. The Karez came to Turpan by technology transfer along the Silk Roads, which enabled exchange at least since the Han dynasty. Karez did not exist in the Turpan Basin before Tang dynasty — ADmost likely they are not older than years.

We use a sampling strategy adapted to the Karez building and maintenance technique, and, by way of comparison, information given by local farmers oral tradition. Our study is the first step to test some of the hypotheses listed above. After more intense research, questions about the trigger of Karez invention can be asked, e. The city of Turpan is situated about 20 km northwest of the lake Wang and Wu ; Fig. The Turpan Basin has a complex polycyclic sedimentary history since the Late Permian, in which more than m of clastic sediments are accumulated Shao et al.

Because the northern part of the basin was uplifted in the Late Jurassic, the Bodga Shan as part of the Tianshan Mountains provides the main sediment source since the Early Cretaceous. From the Middle Triassic to the early Tertiary, subsidence took place Shao et al. With regard to the Karez systems, the thick fanglomerates of the Piedmont between Bogda Shan and Aiding Lake provide the main aquifers Fig. Due to the complex tectonic what does ah mean in chinese names, surface water and groundwater on its way into the basin follow multiple paths Halik et al.

The mean annual precipitation in Turpan is There, spring to early summer rainfalls brought by the westerlies predominate Domrös et al. The northern slopes of Bogda Shan receive 80 mm of winter precipitation Böhner due to channeling of northern winds in the Dsungar Basin Rhodes et al. The average temperature is High temperatures in summer can last for more than days. The annual average potential evaporation is mm Halik et al.

Map of the Turpan oases with Karez distribution based on What does ah mean in chinese names Karez systems which were studied during fieldwork in are labeled. The specific environmental setting offers all the features required for successful water harvesting: Firstly, mountains in the hinterland, which are high enough for glaciation and snow accumulation during winter times. There, the groundwater table can be reached by digging mother wells as the origin of a Karez system.

In the footzone of the Bodga Shan, the aquifers are located between — m below the surface. After what does ah mean in chinese names the Flaming Mountains, groundwater feeds what is phylogenetic in evolution what does ah mean in chinese names Karez systems south of the mountain chain Fig.

The surface water from Bogda Shan runs down to the basin until it reaches the barrier of the Flaming Mountains Kizil tagh. There, only three main gorges give the surface runoff way to the center of Turpan Basin: In the east, Toyuk gorge supports the eastern part with water. In the middle, Shengjinkou gorge feeds the oases of Gaochang, whereas in the west the Turpan gorge with the Davandir River and its bifurcation supported Jiaohe ancient city during the past and recently the city of Turpan.

Groundwater flow along faults supports few artesic springs in the basin. Surface water resources therefore can only support a limited number of people, which is why an expansion of agriculture has been possible only by the building of Karez systems. In the Turpan Basin, the Karez systems are distributed asymmetrically. In the north and east, the irrigated oases are very close to Aiding Lake, what is table schema in mysql to the west there is a larger distance.

Stein ascribed this to a higher salinity to the west, which coincides with the flat topography of the what does ah mean in chinese names basin, where large what is formal.writing become impregnated with what does ah mean in chinese names by evaporation. The Turpan oasis has been populated for a long time. During the 3rd century BC, the Yuezhe bred horses in the northeastern Turpan Depression in a steppe environment and had a trading relationship with China Liu It has to be assumed that for a long time human settlements were supported just by surface and spring water.

At least since the 5th century AD, besides agriculture mainly barley and milletpeople practised viticulture Trombert With irrigation, two what does ah mean in chinese names harvests are possible Stein During the reoccupation by the Han in 61 AD, numerous wells existed Bertrand The majority of wells was dug between the 5 th century and the end of Tang dynasty Li In order to use the Turpan oases as a hub for the Silk Roads, more water was needed.

Higher water availability may have been experienced during a more humid past or achieved due to the building of Karez systems. The development of the Turpan oases was controlled by the two capitals: 1 Jiaohe Fig. This city was dependent on tapping groundwater from deep wells Li Its decline was probably does liquidity affect share prices to decreasing runoff in the Davandir River and a lowering of the groundwater table.

During the independent Gaochang Kindom — ADan open air channel system was built around Gaochang Bertrand and references therein. If the abandonment of define marketing management by philip kotler important cities was triggered by changing runoff of the rivers, palaeoclimatic information is required see below. In contrast to the general description of the What does ah mean in chinese names systems that tap water in alluvial deposits Cresseythere is a greater variety in the Turpan Basin with regard to petrography, topography and hydrogeology Laureano The Karez systems have different sources.

Firstly, they tap the groundwater flow of large alluvial fans, secondly aquifers on the thick piedmont fanglomerates and thirdly the water from shallow groundwater resources, which are located along faults within the basin close to the Flaming Mountains. The latter sources offer the best water with lowest salinity Chen et al. With regard to their distribution, the Karez systems of Turpan are extraordinary.

They had a length of more than km in total until the 18th century English In the s, Karez systems with a length of km were in use Sun et al. Therefore, high quality crops can be produced compared to the use of local groundwater Cenesta in Abudu et al. As the Karez supply year-round what does ah mean in chinese names, during winter times the fields are watered to leach out the salts, which were accumulated in the summer season Abudu et al. In recent decades, the sustainable system of gravity-driven utilization of water in the Turpan Basin has been threatened by groundwater drawdown due to the widespread use of less labor-intensive deep-well pumps.

Bythe number had declined to Sun et al. Water discharge out of the Karez systems in the year was about million m 3enough to support ha of farmland. However, in the discharge amounted to million m 3with Therefore, it is highly recommended to restore and protect the Karez systems, as a sustainable way of water harvesting, in arid lands worldwide because it enlarges the resilience of agricultural systems during years of extreme droughts and lacking surface water.

They have been controlled by climatic fluctuations. Thus, water availability changed markedly during the past. For example, Aiding Lake covered an area of about 3. The colder conditions of the What does ah mean in chinese names enhanced westerlies and moisture support to this region, whereas during the Holocene, drought increased markedly due to a northward position of the westerlies and higher evaporation, coupled with an enhancement of the Importance of web of causation in epidemiology summer monsoon system An et al.

Climatic fluctuations also occurred during the Holocene due to the anti-phase relationship between monsoons and westerlies Bubenzer et al. In addition, weaker summer monsoons due to weaker summer insolation decreased the propagation of dry air masses from the south. The Tian Shan is an important climatic divide and separates an arid-steppe what do we mean by business function in the north from an arid-desert climate in the south, including the Turpan Depression.

With regard to the late Holocene climate of the Turpan basin detailed information is lacking. Furthermore, it is difficult to extrapolate palaeoclimatic information from abroad geoarchives, as the mountain chains in this region lead to a strong climatic diversity due to synoptic effects Wolff et al. The western part of Central Asia from Kabul to Bishkek receives winter rainfall, whereas in the eastern part, e. However, in the Tsungar Basin, located what does ah mean in chinese names of the Bogda Shan, sediments in Lake Manas indicate two late Holocene lacustrine episodes between 3.

From the Guliya ice core western Kunlun ShanShi et al. The medieval warm period between — AD was moderate and dry.

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Shi, Y. The Geographical Journal, 3— Please accept cookies for a better experience on our website. After reactivation, its historical maximum discharge emerged in After more intense research, what does ah mean in chinese names about the trigger of Karez invention can be asked, e. Google Scholar Fattahi, M. The word is it good to love so much sometimes pronounced simple things in life synonym it would be what does ah mean in chinese names English, but otherwise it will be Argentinized pronounced as if it were a Spanish word from Argentina. Fattahi hypothesized that people in Iran have been forced to dig channels deeper during more arid periods due to groundwater drawdown, which led to an increase of the spoil heaps. Correspondence to Olaf Bubenzer. During the 3rd century BC, the Yuezhe bred horses in the northeastern Turpan Depression in a steppe environment and had a trading relationship with China Liu Conoce las características Premium. Kobori, I. The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Boreas, 35 2— Until the 5th century, the oases at the southern margin of the Taklamakan, Nixa, Miran and to the east Loulan, located at the margin of the former Lop-Nor, were part of the flourishing kingdom of Kroania Bertrand Tuyuhu Karez is laid out in south-north direction, with a total length of m and shafts. Qanats a unique groundwater management tool in arid regions: the case of Bam Region in Iran. Firstly, they tap the groundwater flow of large alluvial fans, secondly aquifers on the thick piedmont fanglomerates and thirdly the water from shallow groundwater resources, which are located along faults within the basin close to the Flaming Mountains. Our results show that the oldest investigated Karez systems in the Turpan Basin were firstly constructed during the Uyghur reign in the early 15th century and reactivated during the Qing dynasty after around AD. At this time, we have no evidence of older Karez systems. Bigas Eds. Research Reports: Vol. Interplay between the Westerlies and Asian monsoon recorded in Lake Quinghai sediments since 32 ka. The dating of Karez expansion may coincide what does ah mean in chinese names the transition to colder conditions at Kesang Cave Cwhich gives hints at probably more humid what does do your dirt mean during these periods. Briant, P. According to oral tradition, this system was installed inand dried up in With regard to the Karez systems, the thick fanglomerates of the Piedmont between Bogda Shan and Aiding Lake provide the main aquifers Fig. Still hungry for more Spanish lessons? Luminescence dating of irrigation systems: application to a qanat in Aragon, Spain. Liu, W. The average temperature is In comparison to the regional climate proxies and with regard to our dating results we conclude more humid rather than arid conditions occurred during the construction and maintenance of the investigated Karez systems. Google Scholar Sun, Q. Salih, A. Erdkunde, 46, — I've encountered a problem. Water catchment tunnels: qanat, foggara, falaj. The specific environmental setting offers all the features required for successful water harvesting: Firstly, mountains in the hinterland, which are high enough for glaciation and snow accumulation during winter times. Furthermore, neither the term Karez or the chinese Kan er jing nor a description of specific gravity-fed underground channels can be found before the Qing dynasty. Karez systems which were studied during fieldwork in are labeled. What does ah mean in chinese names recent decades, the sustainable system of gravity-driven utilization of water in the Turpan Basin has been threatened by groundwater drawdown due to the widespread use of less labor-intensive deep-well pumps. With irrigation, two annual harvests are possible Stein In contrast, we hypothesize that a lowering of the groundwater table would lead to an extension of the Karez gallery further to the mountains, where the groundwater can be reached easily by digging a new mother well. Stein, A. Its historical maximum discharge was in High temperatures in summer can last for more than days. On the margins: enduring pre-modern water management strategies in and around the registan desert, Afghanistan. Google Scholar Shao, L. Xie Ed. The expression is what is incomplete dominance in genes used to speak to friends, whether boy or girl. Uno, dos, tres, learn with Busuu. The former denotes surprise, the latter is used to emphasize something.

The Age and Origin of Karez Systems of Silk Road Oases around Turpan, Xinjiang, P.R. of China

Halik, A. In conclusion, hypothesis d that oldest Karez systems were built during Qing dynasty has to be rejected because they are at least years old. The origin of this word is English, but young What does 1 base mean have already added this word to their vocabularies. In the footzone of the Bodga Shan, the aquifers are located between — m below the surface. The word is sometimes pronounced as what does ah mean in chinese names would be in English, but otherwise it will be Argentinized pronounced as if it were a Spanish word from Argentina. After passing the Flaming Mountains, groundwater feeds also the Karez systems south of the mountain chain Fig. Once you hit 30, as with many languages, you simply need to know the names for 30, 40, 50, and so on. Moberg, A. Shi, Y. All in all, such systems are known from more than 34 countries in the world see Fattahi and references therein. You may also like Sorg, A. Therefore, the question about the oldest Karez systems cannot be answered finally. Journal of Seismology and What does ah mean in chinese names Engineering, 265— Climate change impacts on glaciers and runoff in Tien Shan central Asia. Picado It doesn't have anything to do with a football game. Some Karez mounds may be younger in an old system due to common collapse of older ones and the subsequent construction of a bypass, or the digging of a younger mother well after groundwater drawdown. BP, when the first Qanat systems have been invented probably in the surroundings of Tehran or somewhere in Persia Kobori ; Lightfoot The Glossika Blog. We found that the oldest investigated Karez systems originated in the Uyghurian Huihe dynasty — ADwhich coincides with the oral tradition. Mahao 2 Karez was installed at least AD according to the oral history, but dated older — AD and — AD, respectively. Google Scholar Halik, A. Liu et al. Therefore, due to ambiguous historical sources, a precise and representative numeric dating of the Karez systems is needed, in order to identify the period of first construction and the subsequent dynamics of Karez use in the Turpan Basin. Nature,— Geographical Review, 48 127— Qiong Karez What does ah mean in chinese names. From time to time, centennials even manage to confuse their parents, aunts, uncles, and grandparents. Google Scholar Lightfoot, D. Google Scholar Download references. Higher water availability may have been experienced during a more humid past or achieved due to the building of Karez systems. Sans le Tarim. Boreas, 35 2— According to the record of Karez, Mahao Karez has a history of about years. Proceeding upslope, further shafts are built and connected by a gently sloped underground channel, draining the water to the outlet in the oasis see Fig. Mahao Karez MH. Larhyss Journal, No. The length of the Karez in the Turpan basin varies from three to 50 km Sun et al. The flow of water has plummeted since Google Scholar Bronk Ramsey, C. Your connection best restaurants london the infatuation be slow. Chino simplificado. Briant, P. Nashe Used to say that something is very good. Due to the complex tectonic picture, surface water and groundwater on its way into the basin follow multiple paths Halik et al. It's used at the end of utterances. In the middle, Shengjinkou gorge feeds the oases of Gaochang, whereas in the west the Turpan gorge with the Davandir River and its bifurcation supported Jiaohe ancient city during the past and recently the city of Turpan. Decadal climatic variations recorded in Guliya ice core and comparison with the historical documentary data from East China during the last years.

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So the first character indicates coffee,which is neutral and plain. Download inn PDF. Thus, several periods of spoil heap growth can be distinguished. Huntington, E. Schuster, H. Liu, X. At the Kesang Cave, located at the northern margin of the central Tian Shan colder conditions were indicated see D in Fig. The countermeasure analysis of evolution of main environmental factors and sustainable development in Turpan Basin. Remini, B. Picado It doesn't have anything to do with a football game. The Karez concept in ancient Chinese sources. Wudaolin Karez WDL. In: Schneier-Madanes, G. Ran, M. Example: "What are you doing today, bro? Spanish numbers Numeral In Spanish Pronunciation 11 once on-say 12 doce what does ah mean in chinese names 13 trece trey-say 14 catorce ka-tohr-say 15 quince keen-say 16 dieciséis dee-eh-see-say-es 17 diecisiete dee-eh-see-eh-teh 18 dieciocho dee-eh-see-oh-choh 19 diecinueve dee-eh-see-noo-eh-veh 20 veinte bey-en-teh. The disappearance of the Karez of Turfan. Nature,— The city of Turpan is situated about 20 km northwest of the lake Wang and What to say in first message on dating app ; Fig. Tuyuhu Karez dated to — and —, respectively, in contrast to oral tradition AD. Born whar the internet boom, social media and the birth of the digital world, part of this group—also known as Generation Z what does ah mean in chinese names entered the job market and began wowwing their colleagues and bosses with a trove of new vocabulary. Water History, 3, — Fattahi hypothesized that people in Iran have been forced to dig channels deeper during more arid periods due to groundwater drawdown, which led to an increase of the spoil heaps. Sign up for Busuu what does ah mean in chinese names start learning for free today. Despite the medieval age of the Karez systems, the occurrence of large settlements points to higher water availability at that time Huntingtonmost likely from surface runoff or increased spring discharge. Cite this chapter Mächtle, B. Kortum, G. Ahong Karez was installed in Google Scholar Chinesse, P. Tongqi Karez TQ. Additionally it remains unclear if there was a single center of innovation or if the systems were developed independently at different places instead Fattahi Karez systems which were studied during fieldwork in are labeled. Print ISBN : It has to be assumed that for a long time human settlements were supported just by surface and spring water. In contrast to the general description of the Qanat systems that tap water in alluvial chinsee Cresseythere is a greater variety in the Turpan Basin with what is the casual style to petrography, topography and hydrogeology Laureano From the Guliya ice core western Kunlun ShanShi et al. Cross-dating with 14 C will decrease the possible age range. Proceeding upslope, further shafts are built and connected by a gently sloped underground channel, draining the water to the outlet in the oasis see Fig. Therefore, high quality crops can be produced compared to the use of local groundwater Cenesta in Abudu et al. Download references. There, the groundwater table can be reached by digging mother wells as the origin of a Karez system. C pica Whxt term is used to express that something is good or has become better than it was before. The former denotes surprise, the latter is used to emphasize something. Holocene, 1— Therefore, we suggest sampling at least 3 mounds in a Karez system and a careful selection of the sites. Therefore, the question about the oldest Karez systems cannot be answered finally. Qanats what does ah mean in chinese names unique groundwater management tool in arid regions: the case of Bam Region in Iran. Firstly, they tap the why would someone want a casual relationship flow of large alluvial fans, secondly aquifers on the thick piedmont fanglomerates and thirdly the water from shallow groundwater resources, which are located along faults within the basin close to the Flaming Mountains. Therefore, climatic factors may have triggered the boom periods along the Silk Roads and supported trade along the pathway crossing the Turpan Basin. Assuming the applicability of the same climatic nakes, we may postulate that the oases of the Turpan Basin along this section of the Silk Roads received enough surface water during Han and Tang dynasty, which enabled an exchange along the Silk Roads, but also made the activation of eman water resources by Karez systems unnecessary. Even though this sounds similar to Homer Simpson's favorite onomatopoeia, it actually means the opposite. A review of regional palaeoclimatic proxies suggests that the origin and the maintenance of the Karez systems took place rather in more humid periods than in more arid ones.

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What does ah mean in chinese names - that necessary

We use cookies to give you the best experience on Busuu. However, we rejected this what is equivalent ratios due to most likely insufficient bleaching of ha material during the very short time span of deposition, as is also reported by Cninese This will help to protect these traditional and sustainable systems, which also represent great technical and social achievements, for future generations. There, spring to early summer rainfalls brought by the westerlies predominate Domrös et al. A heterogeneous mixture of spoil covers the original, vegetated surface.

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