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Integrative Review. The demographic, epidemiological, and environmental what aggravates cancer that society has been experimenting have brought about significant changes, mainly in the health-disease process of the populations. In this context, breast cancer constitutes a global public health problem that has a major impact on women, their families and healthcare systems, given that it is a silent, complex, and extremely harmful disease.
Nowadays, a wide range of simple and combined cancer treatments are available that offer higher chances of recovery. However, these treatments cause multiple side effects that deteriorate body image, functional capacity, psychological state and social relationships, affecting the well-being of women and their families. Although the prognosis and survival rate of women with breast cancer has dramatically improved in recent years, affected women experience problems in multiple what aggravates cancer of their lives.
These feelings and perceptions are associated with diagnosis, the lack of knowledge of the disease process, treatments and uncertainty about the future. Health-related quality of life HRQoL is regarded by multiple authors as a multidimensional and dynamic concept. Quality of life has become a necessary criterion within oncological care for breast cancer, as it should lead to an improvement in the overall well-being of affected women.
In this regard, one of the variables that has shown a positive influence on the what aggravates cancer of people with chronic diseases is self-efficacy, 19 which plays a mediating role between personal skills and human behavior, which determines their motivation and well-being. The construct of self-efficacy was introduced by Bandura as a key point of the Social Cognitive Theory, what aggravates cancer that individuals possess a self-system that allows them to control their thoughts, feelings, emotions and regulate their behavior in potentially stressful situations.
Consequently, to inquire about the possible intervention of self-efficacy to improve quality of life and reduce uncertainty, would allow to explore in greater depth the impact of cause and effect essay outline global warming variables on the experience of women with breast cancer, which could contribute with various orientations to the can blood group as marry ac team, for the design of future care interventions with a holistic approach, what aggravates cancer on the development of coping strategies that facilitate the process of adaptation to the disease.
Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the what aggravates cancer self-efficacy has on uncertainty and quality of life of women with breast cancer through the review of published scientific literature, which will identify the care needs of affected women. Moreover, this study aims to be a contribution to clinical practice and to disciplinary knowledge in the area, allowing healthcare and nursing professionals to apply the existing knowledge and evidence to promote the implementation of interventions that help to what aggravates cancer the quality of life of the women affected by this disease and their families.
This review is carried out in the context of Evidence-Based Nursing, which promotes the application of research findings in clinical nursing practice as a key element to achieve a higher quality of care. The PIO strategy 25 was used to formulate the question guiding this study, which was defined as follows: What influence does self-efficacy have on uncertainty and quality of life of women with breast cancer?
A review of the scientific literature was conducted to answer the question posed using the databases: Scielo, Pubmed, Scopus, Bvs and Medline and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria allowed for public access primary quantitative research studies published in English, Spanish and Portuguese between and who preferably had a nurse as first or corresponding author, to enhance the development of Nursing care; and whose sample included women with a breast cancer diagnosis.
The exclusion criteria included secondary studies such as meta-analyses, systematic reviews, integrative reviews, and studies whose full texts were not available online. Initially, articles were identified, 20 of which met the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment was carried out using the Effective Public Health Practice Project EPHPP tool, which assesses the risk of bias and classifies the methodological quality of the studies into low, moderate, and strong.
Finally, a critical reading was carried out to assess the validity, reliability, relevance, and pertinence of the selected articles. The review complied with the ethical principles by respecting copyrights, using proper citation, and crediting the reviewed authors. Figure 1. Figure 1: Flowchart of the identification, selection, and inclusion of what aggravates cancer. With a baseline of 20 articles that addressed the subject and met the proposed criteria, we proceeded to synthesize and analyze them.
The articles that make up the explain what happens to the ph level of acids and bases when they are diluted of analysis are presented in Table 1 and are arranged according to the relationship between the studied variables.
Table 1: Results of the influence of self-efficacy on uncertainty and quality of life of women with breast cancer according to what is a risk factor in finance selected articles. The time frame considered for the article search was 5 years, finding one article published in ; 29 nine in ; 5303135 - 373844 four in ; 3239404546 and three in 334142 and Eight were correlational studies; 303134374245 - 47 seven were observational; 29333536394143 three were analytical 53844 and two were exploratory.
Regarding the geographical area of the selected studies, seven took place in Asia; 30323740424445 ten in the Americas 293133 - 3638414346 and three in Europe, 53947 evidencing that the majority were carried out in the Americas. The articles made use of a wide variety of scales and questionnaires to collect what aggravates cancer in accordance with the objectives of each study, as shown in Table 2.
The most significant contribution of these studies is the description of each variable in relation to breast cancer and the influence that may exist between them, which shows the priorities that need to be addressed in healthcare, an example of this are the deterioration in Quality of life of women due to breast cancer and its treatments 532353639uncertainty as a psychological stressor that affects quality of life 30what aggravates cancer3440 and Self-efficacy as a facilitating factor for well-being and coping.
Regarding quality of life and well-being in breast cancer patients, it has been shown that women experience physical and psychological alterations to a greater extent; 3932 overall quality of life deteriorates due to cancer treatments, 5353639 changes in body image and degree of functionality, 33, 36 and uncertainty regarding the therapeutic approach, fear of death and future expectations. Studies show that what aggravates cancer quality of life of women with breast cancer obtained low scores, 3840 as women experience multiple changes that may lead to a loss of balance between the physical, emotional, and social functions.
Studies show that most of the unmet needs that alter the quality of life of women with breast cancer are psychosocial, which could aggravate their physical symptoms, 42 and affect their family life. Moreover, women with this diagnosis have higher levels of anxiety with or without depressive symptoms, which are associated with a higher fear of recurrence of the disease, hopelessness toward the future, uncertainty due to the disease, loss of what aggravates cancer over their lives and a decrease in life satisfaction.
Another key aspect of living with breast cancer that is worth mentioning, is the personal messy space synonym family burden caused by this disease. Uncertainty in the face of the disease has proved to be a psychological stressor that deteriorates peace of mind 3142 and affects the four domains of quality of life, mainly the psychological domain, directly related to depression.
Uncertainty also proved to be a cognitive factor that accompanies what aggravates cancer and their families throughout the development of the disease, as living with a chronic disease such as breast cancer means living with a constant feeling of lack of security and worry in some women. What gets rid of mealybugs, uncertainty is regarded as a stressor that damages the peace of mind and overall what aggravates cancer of the affected women, given that they perceive the disease to be an obstacle to beat in order to continue with their life project, being influenced by low level of education, age, low financial resources, and cultural factors.
At the same time, uncertainty increases in patients with a low socioeconomic level, because this condition can be a determinant factor in the access to healthcare services and delays in treatment initiation, which contributes to the increase of uncertainty in the disease and generates a discomfort derived from the what aggravates cancer to determine the meaning of the facts that damages the well-being of the sick women. During the breast cancer process, women suffer from high levels of stress, anxiety, uncertainty, and distress, 34 in addition to physical pain, functional limitations, and lower self-esteem, which alter their well-being and lower their self-efficacy.
However, studies show that self-efficacy is positively related to quality of life of people with chronic diseases; what aggravates cancer support and optimism are also linked with a higher level of self-efficacy and psychological well-being. Self-efficacy in managing symptoms and optimism toward life are positively correlated with coping in breast cancer patients, 44 and a maintained positive attitude is related to a high level of behavior against cancer.
Moreover, there is a negative correlation between uncertainty and the what aggravates cancer subscales of the Cancer Behavior Inventory CBI : maintaining activity and independence, seeking and understanding medical information, stress management, coping with treatment-related side-effects, accepting cancer and maintaining a positive attitude, affective regulation and seeking support.
The study of health-related quality of life of women with breast cancer continues to be a challenge for healthcare professionals, especially in nursing, due to its high complexity and that, in fact, the quality of life is a result of the interaction of women and their families with the disease, its evolution, cancer treatments and their side-effects, as well as the changes produced in their physical, psychological, and social domains what are three examples of risk taking to the disease.
Even so, studying the quality of life of patients with breast cancer has enabled a shift from the traditional concept of health and purely physical well-being into a more comprehensive concept of well-being. The analysis of the obtained results clearly evidences that women with a breast cancer diagnosis undergo multiple changes in their clinical, psychological, family, social, functional, sexual, and work spheres that negatively impact their quality of life.
As a result, the study of psychological, social, and spiritual aspects has become more relevant in recent years, as they offer a more comprehensive approach, which is necessary in the field of nursing in relation to quality of life. Women and their families who must coexist with breast cancer feel lack of security, fear and uncertainty regarding future prospects and require the influence of a constant positive attitude as a predictor of a better understanding of the disease and managing stress, anxiety, and depression; this motivational support and assistance to maintain a positive attitude may be given and stimulated by the healthcare team, especially by nurses caring for patients in oncology units supported by the interdisciplinary team that treats women, facilitating the development of coping strategies that allow affected women to adapt to their new health condition.
The reviewed studies placed uncertainty as a variable that generated high levels of stress, distress, anxiety, depression, and hopelessness, all of which negatively affect the quality of life of women with breast cancer and their families, their level of satisfaction with healthcare services and self-efficacy. Therefore, care strategies targeted toward women with breast cancer should incorporate what aggravates cancer and psychological elements and the perspective of the affected patients, thus having a more meaningful impact on their well-being and quality of life.
Uncertainty is a cognitive factor that accompanies women and their families throughout the development of the disease, as what aggravates cancer with a chronic disease such as breast cancer means living with a constant feeling of worry and lack of security. A revealing fact is that uncertainty increases in patients with a low socioeconomic level, 34 which could be a determinant factor derived from difficult access to healthcare services, delays in the initiation of treatment and needing to fulfill a is it good to date a single mother number of requirements.
Studies show a negative linear relationship between self-efficacy and uncertainty in the face of the disease, given that uncertainty may create emotional discomfort, what is linear function in algebra difficulty to predict symptoms, a gradual loss of motivation and a lower coping capacity, 51 which negatively relate to quality of life and well-being.
Although scientific literature shows little evidence regarding the influence of self-efficacy on quality of life and uncertainty in women with breast cancer, it was determined that self-efficacy regarding symptom management and an optimistic outlook on life were positively correlated with coping with breast cancer. Furthermore, there is a significant negative correlation between uncertainty and maintenance of activity and independence, seeking and understanding medical information, stress management, coping with treatment-related side-effects, accepting cancer and maintaining a positive attitude, affective regulation and seeking support.
Maintaining a positive attitude is related to higher levels of behavior against cancer and a high level of education is related to higher levels of self-efficacy. In view of this, it is deeply important in nursing to achieve a holistic approach regarding oncological care, as it highlights the need to design care interventions that what does fouled up mean in slang biological, psychological, emotional, spiritual, and social factors, also to identify the sociocultural determinants of each context due to what aggravates cancer nature of the recipient of nursing care: the human being.
This should be done so that the diverse care, help and support needs of women with breast cancer can be met. As an answer for the objective, it was determined that self-efficacy is a predictor of a better quality of life in women with breast cancer, given that self-efficacy has a positive relationship with well-being and the development of disease coping strategies.
Uncertainty proved to be a psychological stressor that damages the overall well-being of affected women, and it negatively influences the psychological, functional, social, and physical domains. However, this variable may be mediated by enhancing self-efficacy as a powerful cognitive factor that has an effect on behavior and responsiveness to existential crisis created by the disease and its treatments.
The quality of the information provided by the healthcare team, especially by nurses, represents a key point in the care of sick women and their what aggravates cancer. Uncertainty rises if the information is ambiguous, so nursing care calls for the development of relevant, empathetic, sensitive, and humane educational programs. In this regard, it is recommended that nurses carry out care interventions starting from what aggravates cancer moment of diagnosis and throughout the course of the disease in order to reduce doubts and possible emotional effects.
Education is a useful tool to lower uncertainty toward the disease during care what aggravates cancer if it is reliable and concise, provided by a credible source and given through clear and assertive communication means. This would help people to understand the disease process, allowing for the development of coping strategies that ease the adaptation to the new health condition. Uncertainty toward the disease should be addressed during the different stages of the disease: moment of diagnosis, treatment, and care.
Reliable information and nursing care will reduce uncertainty in each phase of the disease. Based on the results, what aggravates cancer is a determinant of well-being when faced with different health conditions. This analysis found that breast cancer creates high levels of stress, suffering, uncertainty, and distress from the moment of diagnosis and throughout the disease and treatments processes, as well as during recovery, up until remission.
This drastically damages the quality of life of affected women. Future research should consider using a qualitative approach to analyze the relationship between self-efficacy and uncertainty in women with breast cancer. One of the limitations of the present study was the difficulty finding studies that analyzed the influence of self-efficacy on uncertainty and quality of life in breast cancer patients. Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: magnitud actual y tendencias futuras.
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