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When one has sharp intermittent abdominal pains, one says what is universal causation it is caused by basenanmës. This is evinced from the fact that all the - anmës nominalizations in Figure 1 refer to events of entering into an enduring state e. The term occasadanmës is also sometimes used to talk of things like rotting flesh or perfume. In Matses, causation can be coded as was ist rostbraten morphologically, the verbal suffix - me codes event complexity, including causation, permission, enablement, and semantic promotion of instruments. And Morris et al. The effect can persist for years.
Accueil Numéros en texte intégral 87 Articles Culture-specific notions of causa Une notion culturellement construite: la causalité en grammaire matses. Culture-specific notions of causation in Matses grammar. This paper looks at the linguistic coding of a typologically unusual type of causation in Matses, a Panoan language spoken in Amazonian Peru and Brazil. Specifically, the topic is the nominalizing causqtion -anmëswhose function can be defined what is moderate effect in word specifying that: « the referent of the nominalization is an entity that non-volitionally, universl and often mysteriously causes helpless victims to enter some undesirable, enduring state causatoon.
This notion of causation appears to be particular to the Matses, suggesting that in addition to putative universal notions of causation, culture-specific notions of causal understanding should be taken into consideration in linguistic description. El tema específico es vausation sufijo nominalizador -anmëscuya función puede definirse de la manera siguiente: el referente del causatiin de nominalización es una entidad que, de manera involuntaria, invisible y a menudo misteriosa, causa que víctimas caisation defensas entren en un estado no deseado y duradero.
Este concepto de causalidad parece ser propio de los matsés y sugiere que, aparte de putativas universales, conceptos de causalidad específicos de una cultura deben ser tomados en cuenta en la descripción lingüística. Nzr causaiton « Beans are ones that order you to fart ». Until one old man said:. Nzr yes bean fart-Causer. Nzr be-Npast-Indic « Ones that make you flatulent? Yes, beans are ones that make causatoin flatulent ». But more remarkable than its limited what is universal causation was the nature of the events that this suffix coded: all the situations involved causation events, but based on causal relations that people from non-Matses societies would likely consider odd, implausible or superstitious.
The fact that - anmës is used productively to code a limited range of situation types centered around the Matses belief that animals, plants, wuat inanimate objects can cause humans to undergo unwanted physical changes without any physical contact, suggested that this might be an instance of a culture-specific notion being coded in a grammatical morpheme. That causatiob is reflected in language is perhaps uncontested with respect to vocabulary 3but there is some controversy about whether culture-specific beliefs are ever encoded in gram-mar.
And so, the goal of this paper is to elucidate the meaning of the nominalizing suffix - anmës and to explore whether it does in fact code a non-universal type of causation. They made first peaceful contact causatin the national culture in The majority of the Matses continue to meet all their nutritional what is universal causation through traditional subsistence activities, including hunting, fishing, trapping, horticulture, and collection of wild foods.
Nuevo San Juan has a total population of only 43 persons, all of whom are related by blood or marriage. See Fleck and Harder for details about the physical and biological setting of Nuevo San Juan ; and see Erikson and Romanoff for information on Matses culture and history. Open classes include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs ; pronouns, postpositions, interrogatives and particles form closed sets. Transitivity is strictly grammaticalized in Matses, with all verb roots having a basic syntactic valence that can be altered only with overt valence-adjusting morphology.
Noun and adjective roots may occur in predicate position by simply attaching verbal inflectional morphology, but verbs must take special cauation morphology to be treated morpho-syntactically as nouns. Nominalization is ubiquitous in the Matses language: it is the basis for what is general theory of relativity brainly, and in some text genre, copular clauses with nominalizations are as common as active clauses.
Nominalizing suffixes are numerous and include some with general meanings and global applicability, such as -quid « Agent Nominalizer », -aid « Patient Nominalizer » and -te « Instrument Nominalizer », as well as more narrowly whats the definition of open relationship ones with specific meanings, what is universal causation as -sio what is universal causation person who performs an action too much » what is universal causation -anmës « Causer Nominalizer », the topic of this paper.
In other words, as in sample sentence 3bthe suffix -anmës expresses causation by introducing a causer-causee relationship between a newly-introduced participant the « causer », the referent of the newly-created noun and a patientive participant the absolutive argument of the original verb, the « causee-patient » 4. This contrasts with how causation is coded in active clauses, where the locus of the causative relationship is between the A hniversal of transitive clause argument and the O unversal s associated with a valence-increased stem, as in 3c.
Nzr be-Npast-Indic « Nine-banded armadillos are ones that make [people] get thin ». A further effect of nominalization with - anmës univerxal if the verb codes a punctual event e. They may be: i the name for a kind of shat, animal or illness ; ii a lexicalized, commonly used word that is not the name of what is universal causation particular entity ; or iii a word that speakers have not heard before, but nonetheless judge as grammatically correct.
All the verbs that I have found so far that can be nominalized with -anmës are listed in Figure 1. The nominalizations in Figure 1 include those whay derived from the 12 verb roots from the list of verbs mentioned above, plus 7 other nominalizations with -anmës that were encountered by less systematic means. Below I will describe all the nominalizations listed in Figure 1 to various degrees of detail so that the reader can get a feel for the nature of the causative situations that these constructions code.
Nzr « one that causes teeth to fall out », is the only lexicalized name for Hyospathe elegans and Chamaedora pinnatifronstwo wgat similar understory palms. The Matses do not eat, use, or even touch these palms because they believe that they will cause their teeth to fall out. Unniversal say that many generations ago people knew exactly how and why these palms made os fall out, but now people just know that they make one lose their teeth somehow and how to write a dating site bio it is best to what is universal causation avoid shëcmaucudanmës.
It might be said that the traditional knowledge or belief concerning shëcmaucudanmës has been forgotten, but some of causatkon lore is retrievable by linguistic analysis of the term by the Matses 5. Causaation, the Matses cauxation that sting ray, monkey and peccary pig-like mammals livers and curassow large game birds gizzards are shëcmaucudanmës. Recently, I have heard Matses call frozen foods shëcmaucudanmësnot as a result of any actual tooth loss, but rather because it makes their teeth feel as if they will surely fall out ex.
Nzr cold-Aug-be-Agt. Nzr eat-Neg. Nzr be-Npast-Indic « Ice cream is one that is not good for eating ». Nzr « one that causes a future death ». There is a folk variety of the palm tree species Oenocarpus batauawhose only lexicalized name is isan dachianmës. The term isan is the name for the more common variety of O. The variety of Csusation. It is not certain if there is a biological basis for this distinction or if this is an instance of « overdifferentiation » Fleck et al.
The Matses belief is not that isan dachianmës or the other things called dachianmës described below is just a harbinger of death, but that it will actually cause it. The person who drank the isan dachianmës drink ia get blamed when someone dies, but he or she would not be referred to as dachianmëseven if they were hypothetically evil and drank it intentionally just to see a death.
They do this because that particular egret is a dachianmës : as a result of its nocturnal singing, someone in a Matses village that occurs in the direction that the egret is coming from will die within a period of about two months. If a dog gets up on the roof of a house and starts to howl no one is sure how dogs get up whaat what is universal causation, then this also produces a future death, and often results in the dog getting shot cqusation being a dachianmës. The giant armadillo is considered to be a dachianmës animal — if it digs up the ground right on a path or in an old hunting camp, it causes a future death.
To dream of a vulture also assures an impending death, and the dream or the vulture may be called dachianmësbut not the dreamer. One does not need to wait for someone to die to call something dachianmës — people already know that someone will die when isan what is codominance give example is drunk, when a Snowy Egret flies by singing cqusation night, etc. Nzr « one that causes chills » is the only lexicalized name for a small species of needlefish what is universal causation Belonidae.
According to the Matses, if one eats or even touches this species of fish, he or she will get chills every time it rains. The person would not get the chills right away, but only after weeks or months ; and the chills could last for years. These chills do not occur during a hot day, when one might welcome a chill, but only in inclement weather, when one would prefer to feel warm. So someone would not touch an iquenanmës fish on purpose universl hopes of obtaining personal internal air conditioning.
The Matses do not eat this species of fish, of course, and they do not cauation to worry about it getting on their hooks, because it is a very small fish with a very small mouth. It is encountered regularly, however, while fishing with fish poisons, a time when one must be careful not to come in contact with iquenanmës while collecting the edible species. Causqtion three-day long cold spells that hit Matses territory in Can i handle polyamory and July caused by seasonal Patagonian storms are called suc and sometimes referred to as iquenanmës.
These cold and windy spells are considered somewhat mysterious and unpleasantly very cold. This is the only name for a small species of catfish with a prominently bloated inflatable abdomen that can cause people, especially children, to be continuously unversal hungry and eat too much potentially eventually making their bellies « inflate ».
The effect can persist for years. Nzr « one that causes pimples ». According to the Univfrsal, if one eats or touches this small species of armored catfish, they what is universal causation pimples of a certain kind all over their body. Nzr « one that whhat abdominal pains » is not the name for a biological taxon, but rather for what might be called an illness. When one causatioj sharp intermittent abdominal pains, one says that it is caused by basenanmës. In the Matses belief system, caustion all maladies are caused by taboo animals or jungle spirits, but this one is different in that, according to the Matses, it does not have any identifiable tangible or understandable causer.
One simply gets these pains when basenanmës causes them. One speaker suggested that lettuce might be correctly cauzation to as basenanmës because it probably causes stomach aches to non-Matses, who take delight in eating « leaves » and other non-human food. The term occasadanmës is also sometimes used to talk of things like rotting flesh or perfume. Its name is bëshuanmës become. Nzr « one that causes bad eyesight ». Two-toed sloth spleens can also be referred to with this term because they can cause blindness or bad eyesight to those who dare to eat it.
The term ëshë nënanmësconsidered a synonym of acte chonchon by some speakers, reflects the Matses belief that if one looks at this passerine, their us will start to hurt later on. If a man touches or is love good in student life at one in the forest, his wife or young children could also become thin as a result. The term, casenanmës what is universal causation.
Nzr « one that causes one to get thin » is not the causxtion for this armadillo its Matses name is sedudior even a synonym for it, but rather a term that is often used to talk about it. Acouchies a rat-sized rodentsquirrels, large armored catfish, and a species of frog, are in this same category and are commonly referred to as casenanmës. The Matses also believe that if you eat dirt, you will become thin, and so Matses caution kids not to eat dirt or dirty things because dirt is casenanmës.
Intestinal parasites could be casenanmësrelational database design are not usually referred to thus. Rare, non-game mammals like jaguars, tayras dog-like mammalswhat is universal causation giant rodentsand pygmy anteaters are causaiton dangerous, while game animals and trees are not so dangerous. If a man sees or touches the more dangerous animals while he is in the forest, his wife, children or he himself could get sick.
The belief is that spirits associated with casation animals are what induce the illness, and these conditions except deformity can be treated with infusions of the leaves of the plant species that « belong » to the animals that made the person sick. These animals can be referred to with the uhiversal cuidanmës unviersal. Nzr « one that causes one to get sick ». My gloss of cuid« enchant », is an inexact one causatoin unlike cxusation English term, the Matses term cannot refer to the action of shamans making people sick.
Furthermore, cauxation is no sense in which the is it hard dating a single mom or plants themselves have any intention of hurting people, and the motivations and methods of their associated spirits are at best uncertain. Nzr « one that causes hair to fall out what is meant by schema in dbms, but there is one thing in particular that is always called to mind by this word.
This is obviously not an old belief, but many Matses now believe this. Nzr « one that causes flatulence ». The mysterious thing about this causal relation is that the swampy ground at the base of swamp palms becomes foamy when it is littered with fallen ripe fruit, and this foam is implicated in the causal connection. Beans, which are now given to the Matses by a government what is universal causation program, inevitably end up being tossed in the river because they are tsipisanmës.
A person who makes one eat beans, however, cannot be referred to as tsipisanmës. Matses are on the lookout for these plants while clearing undergrowth prior to felling trees for making a swidden because if one touches one of these plants or hangs around the area where one of these plants has been cut with a machete, that person univrrsal simply die.
Also, whar Matses believe that some Western medicines, rather than heal, will make one die.
FUNDAMENTAL CAUSATION
A boring movie, especially one with subtitles, could be ushcasanmës feel. Agrandir Original jpeg, 18k. They may be: i the name for a what is universal causation of plant, animal or illness ; ii a lexicalized, commonly used word that is not the name of any particular entity ; or iii a word that speakers have not heard before, but what is universal causation judge as grammatically correct. Consulte caulk. Résumés Français English Español. Blog I take my hat off to you! According to the Matses, if one eats or even touches this species of fish, he or she will get chills every time it rains. In active constructions, Matses can code the few sanctioned cases of unmediated remote causation using - meor with a few lexical causative verbs, such as cuid « enchant » and dachui « curse to die ». Possible nominalizations using -anmës. Nzr « one that causes bad eyesight ». To produce a pronunciation that approximates Matses, words written in this orthography can be pronounced as if reading Spanish, with the following exceptions: ë is a high central unrounded vowel [i] ; c spelled qu preceding eëand i is pronounced as a glottal stop word-finally and preceding consonants, and as [k] elsewhere ; d is pronounced as a flap between vowels, and as a [d] elsewhere ; and ts should be read as an unvoiced alveolar affricate. Nevertheless, this list gives us some insight into the meaning of - anmësa meaning that seems to be describable in English only in terms of a rather complex set of variables, with a definition of the specific function of - anmës reading something like: « the referent of the nominalization is one that non-volitionally, invisibly what is universal causation often mysteriously causes helpless victims to enter some undesirable, enduring state ». Colocaciones con causality. It is encountered regularly, however, while fishing with fish poisons, a time when one must be careful not to come in contact with iquenanmës what is universal causation collecting the edible how to run correlation in tableau. Fleck« Culture-specific notions of causation in Matses grammar », Journal de la Société des américanistes [En ligne], 87mis en ligne le 27 févrierconsulté le 15 juillet These chills do not occur during a hot day, when one might welcome a what is universal causation, but only in inclement weather, when one would prefer to feel warm. Introduction 1 One good way to gain popularity among the old Matses men is to make fun of the foods that non-Matses eat 1. Usage explanations of natural written and spoken What is universal causation. This gives some insight into why it is that isun « urinate » can be nominalized with -anmësbut chimu « to defecate » cannot — the reason seems to be that what is universal causation exists a term for uncontrollable defecation pien « to diarrhea » while there is no separate lexeme for uncontrollable urination. Malle Bertram F. Cualquier opinión en los ejemplos no representa la opinión de what is universal causation editores del Cambridge Dictionary o de Cambridge University Press o de sus licenciantes. All the verbs that I have found so far that can be nominalized with -anmës are listed in Figure 1. An example that shows this clearly is the ëu ant, a tiny red ant that, according to Matses, bites people in the inner corner of their eye during the night, making them wake up in the morning with a sore eye 8. Sé el primero en comentar este libro. Este artículo examina la tensión que se produjo en el primer año de pandemia de la COVID entre discursos sobre la muerte como anomalía y las técnicas para normalizar la muerte como resultado inevitable de la vida. Ir a mis listas de palabras. The basic function of causer nominalizations, on the other hand, seems to what is universal causation to code causal attribution. Needham Rodney what is universal causation Skulls and causality », Mann. After seeing the effects of the sun on my skin, several Matses speakers agreed that the sun might appropriately be referred to as bishuccudanmës peel-Causer. But more remarkable than what is connect network app limited distribution was the nature of the events that this suffix coded: define recessive gene class 10 the situations involved causation events, but based on causal relations that people from non-Matses societies would likely consider odd, implausible or superstitious. X Este sitio web utiliza cookies, tanto propias what is meant by molecular genetics de terceros, para mejorar su experiencia de navegación. Ver todas las colocaciones con causality. La oración tiene contenido what does greatest impact mean. Suivez-nous Flux RSS. Diccionarios Bilingües. However, it should be borne in mind that the direction of causality in these hypothesized relationships is likely to be complex. Beans, which are now given to the Matses by a government aid program, inevitably end up being tossed in the river because they are tsipisanmës. Others e. Please contact l. Nzr « one that causes uncontrollable urination », because, even though one can normally hold his pee, when he drinks a lot of beer he cannot escape eventually having what is universal causation go relieve himself continually. For example, onions new to the Matses have an undesirable effect on those who cut them, yet people in cities and towns actually pay money to acquire them. OpenEdition Freemium. Inglés—Indonesio Indonesio—Inglés. An onion, for example, could be bëunanmës.
Transference, or identity theories of causation?
One simply gets these pains when basenanmës what is universal causation them. It contends that the technology of registering a death during the COVID pandemic is conditioned upon differentiating between the normal and the pathological, standards and variations, and average and excess. Keywords : causationuiversal relativity. Below I will describe all the nominalizations listed in Figure 1 to various degrees of detail so that the reader can get a what is universal causation for the nature of the causative situations that these constructions code. Whatever it shows is controlled by the same laws of causality which govern nature. Nzr « one that causes one to get thin » is not the name for univerxal armadillo its Matses name is sedudior even a synonym for it, but rather a term that is often used wha talk about it. Este concepto de causalidad parece ser propio de los matsés y sugiere que, aparte de putativas universales, conceptos what is universal causation causalidad específicos de una cultura deben ser tomados en cuenta en la descripción lingüística. In trivalent clauses, each of the three semantic nuiversal is associated with a single argument ; e. Wilson ed. What is universal causation bivalent clauses, the causee and the patient may be conflated ; e. Nzr « one that causes flatulence ». An onion, for example, could be bëunanmës. The book demonstrates a distinctive realist and anti-reductionist what is universal causation of univrsal by detailing precisely how the account outperforms reductionist and competing anti-reductionist accounts in that it handles all of the difficult cases while overcoming all of the general objections to anti-reductionism upon which other anti-reductionist accounts falter. Univerzal, beans are ones that make you flatulent ». Diccionario Definiciones Explicaciones claras sobre el inglés corriente hablado y escrito. However, the immediate effects, the sick feeling and the violent si of vomiting, universa unwelcome and emanate from the poison, rather than the old hunter. It is our reading of the literature that the well-documented positive effect of financial what is universal causation development on economic growth is not due to reversed causality. Essential British English. But more remarkable than its limited distribution was the nature of the events that this suffix coded: all the situations involved causation events, but based on causal relations that people what are the five basic marketing strategies non-Matses societies would likely consider odd, implausible or superstitious. But the fact that Matses has a grammatical morpheme that codes exclusively these mystical causal attributions makes the Matses language typologically unusual. Romanoff Steven A. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms. He writes in the intersections of legal theory, history and the humanities. You are free to share — univetsal copy, distribute and display the work — under the following conditions:. Causatipn of these nonce words were discussed the most common relationship between risk and return in investing can be stated as the towns of Colonia Angamos and Iquitos, where novel usages of - anmës seemed most appropriate for describing phenomena foreign to Matses traditional culture. Similarly, there was some disagreement about what additional situations could be referred to using some of the widely accepted nominalizations. Email address: M. A shaman could make someone get diarrhea, but he would not be called pienanmës. Language English Español España. Nzr cold-Aug-be-Agt. Traducciones de causality en chino tradicional. See Fleck and Harder for details about the physical and biological setting of Nuevo San Juan ; and see Erikson and Romanoff for information on Matses culture and history. Figure 2a summarizes how these unjversal types of causation are coded in active sentences. Nzr « one that causes pimples ». By contrast, unmediated remote causation as a general principle of thought may be present at least tacitly in most cultures to some extent, even if they contradict explicit cultural beliefs about causal processes. This paper looks at the causatin coding of a typologically unusual type of causation in Matses, a Panoan language spoken in Amazonian Peru what is the linear relationship between two quantitative variables Brazil. OpenEdition Freemium. The reason given for this is the same as that for « cry »: because laughing, smiling, and playing are actions over which a person has control. Résumés Français English Español. If what is universal causation man sees or touches the more dangerous czusation while he is in the forest, his wife, children or he himself could get sick. The model exhibits joint causality between economic growth and financial development. However, it should be borne in mind that the direction of causality in these hypothesized relationships is likely to be complex. Nevertheless, the explanations given by the Matses for rejecting some nominalizations and accepting others provided considerable insight into the set causagion what is universal causation governing the univeral of verbs that could be suffixed with -anmës and the nature of the situations that could be referred to with these nominalizations.
CAUSATIVE AND CAUSATION A UNIVERSAL-TYPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
The model exhibits joint causality between economic what is universal causation and financial development. By contrast, « Causal attribution is mainly a matter of seeking some object believed to possess the power to produce the effect in question. The fact that - anmës is cauwation productively to code a limited range of situation types centered around the Matses belief that animals, plants, and inanimate objects can cause humans to undergo unwanted physical changes without any money is not important in life quotes contact, suggested that this might be what is universal causation instance of a whqt notion being coded in a grammatical morpheme. Introduction 1 One good way to gain popularity among the old Matses men is to make fun of the foods that non-Matses eat 1. Other properties of xausation anmës nominalizations could be described as « abstractly remote ». The agent bears primary responsibility for both his action and unversal change. Inglés—Japonés Japonés—Inglés. Furthermore, there is no sense in which the animals or plants themselves have any intention of hurting people, and the motivations and methods of their associated spirits are at best uncertain. One speaker suggested that lettuce might be correctly referred to as basenanmës because it probably causes stomach aches univdrsal non-Matses, who take delight in eating « leaves » and other non-human food. The agent is in control of his action. Essential Whzt English. A shaman could make someone get diarrhea, but he would not be called pienanmës. Recently, I have heard Matses call frozen foods shëcmaucudanmësnot food chain short answer questions a result of any actual tooth loss, but rather because it makes their teeth feel as if they will surely fall out ex. Keywords : causationlinguistic relativity. This book offers an original and interesting view of causation and causstion appeal to scholars and advanced students in the areas of metaphysics, philosophy of science, and philosophy of physics. Résumés Français English Español. El tema específico es el sufijo nominalizador -anmëscuya función puede definirse de la manera siguiente: el referente del proceso de nominalización es una entidad que, de manera involuntaria, invisible y a menudo misteriosa, causa que víctimas sin defensas entren en un estado no deseado y duradero. The fact that nominalizations uniersal - anmës refer to events that most non-Matses would likely consider odd or implausible causal relations is perhaps not because the Matses have a different causal relations concept from people in other cultures, but rather result from culture-mediated attribution of causal properties to inanimate objects. Acouchies a rat-sized rodent universaal, squirrels, large armored catfish, what is universal causation a species of explain incomplete dominance with example class 12, are univeral this same category and are commonly referred to as casenanmës. In active constructions, Matses can code the few sanctioned cases of unmediated remote causation using - me what is universal causation, or with a few lexical causative verbs, such as cuid « enchant » and dachui « curse to die ». Diccionario Definiciones Explicaciones claras sobre el inglés corriente hablado y escrito. Agenzia nazionale di valutazione del sistema universitario e della ricerca: Upper Univrrsal "A" journal. Nuevo San Juan has a total population what is universal causation only 43 persons, all of whom univeral related by blood or marriage. Traducciones Clique en las flechas para cambiar la dirección de la traducción. Nzr was judged inappropriate for referring to an electric fan, because the fan was « right there ». The fact that so much rich semantic detail is coded in a single grammatical morpheme is unexplainable unless the concept is extremely salient to the culture in what is universal causation the grammar evolved. Needham Rodney « Skulls and causality », Mann. Nzr whaat rejected, even in reference to the long term effects of tobacco smoking. And it has even been argued that the Trobriand Islanders have no concept of causation at all Lee They do this because that particular egret is a dachianmës : as a result of its nocturnal singing, someone in universl Matses village that occurs in the direction that the egret is coming from causatioon die within a period of about two months. Please contact l. Properties 1 and 2 constitute a single event ; they overlap in time and space ; the agent comes in contact with the patient. An English sentence univesal, Bob made Jim spill his drink by pushing Jim could be construed as a mediated focused event, but it is what are the major ethnic groups in ethiopia possible to separate the causing event from the caused event despite their temporal synchrony. This is the only name for a small species of catfish with a prominently bloated inflatable abdomen that can cause people, especially children, to be continuously insatiably hungry and eat too much potentially eventually making their bellies « inflate ». This view is discouraged by the fact that only a limited set of causal relations, those codable with - what is universal causationare sanctioned instances of unmediated remote causation, while productive usages of - anmës are for the most part restricted to curious situations in the non-Matses world. Even so, this type of causation appears to be an important, if not central what are the two main types of changes that cause stress in families in Matses thinking, a conclusion xausation by two linguistic facts about - anmës described subsequently. Inglés—Chino simplificado. Nzr « one that causes eyes to tear up ». They made first peaceful contact with the national culture what is universal causation
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Journal de la Société des américanistes. And so, the goal of this paper is to elucidate the meaning of the nominalizing suffix - anmës and to explore whether it does in fact code a non-universal type of causation. The agent is in control of his action. Tools to create your iw word lists and quizzes. Pascal Boyer, Philip W. Beer could be called isunanmës urinate-Causer.