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The mind's eye-precuneus activation in memory-related imagery. Laughter appears to be exactly this sort of signal, which arguably completes the explanation of the current state of human positive-affect signaling. Lyons, W. PDF Pack. The next section then briefly reviews the evolution- ary history of primates and describes some of the circumstances that were The Evolution of What is evolutionary theory of emotion Expression particularly important in shaping hominid evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pero Melanie había imaginado un paraíso muy diferente.

Controlled experimental breeding has demonstrated rapid emergence of this syndrome in several los angeles must eat restaurants populations selected for dampened reactive aggression and stress response Trut, ; Jensen, ; Kulikov et al. These results confirm findings of correlated change from longstanding observational research in domesticated lineages Hemmer, Known traits include: docile behavior; reduced sexual dimorphism; reduced prognathism; smaller teeth; skeletal gracility; reduced brain sizes; altered oestrus cycles and fertility; floppy ears; elevated vocal communication; and altered pigmentation Hemmer, ; Wilkins et al.

Many of these features are known to appear rapidly, what is evolutionary theory of emotion heterochronic shifts in ontogeny i. Heritable hypoplasia of neural crest cell-derived tissues provides the most widely supported proximate explanation for these observed trait correlations Wilkins et al. Interestingly, several traits seen in bonobos Hare et al. In Homo sapiensthis process is thought to have enabled an expanded cooperative ability, leading to improved language and knowledge-sharing, thereby promoting social complexity and technological advancement Hare, ; Thomas and Kirby, Humans are also characterized by an outstanding capacity for integration between brain, body and tools, and the evolution of this ability is associated with neuroanatomical changes of the visuospatial association cortex Bruner, Whilst current scholarship is yet to address the potential for interaction between self-domestication and body cognition, we hypothesize that there may be value in an examination of any overlap.

As such, here, we consider whether and to what extent these phenomena shared common evolutionary factors or reciprocal influences. One of the main goals in evolutionary neurobiology is to identify features and aspects of the human brain that differ from other living and extinct primates Preuss, When compared what is evolutionary theory of emotion extant taxa, Homo sapiens is characterized by best pizza brooklyn bridge park features specific to our species, even if, for many of them, it is not clear whether they reflect simple differences in size due to our peculiarly larger brain or are entirely novel cerebral traits.

Comparison with fossil hominids reveals differences in brain size, but a shared sulcal pattern and overall morphological organization Bruner, Notably, there are differences in the cortical proportions of the parietal lobe, which shows dorsal regions that are wider in Neanderthals and generally much larger in modern humans see Bruner, for a review.

These regions spatially correspond to the precuneus and to the intraparietal sulcus, which have a larger and more complex cortical surface in humans when compared with other primates, including apes. The parietal cortex is involved in multiple association tasks, but is what is evolutionary theory of emotion crucial for visuospatial integration—bridging body and vision, and coordinating eye and hand—and is central to functions like visual imaging, body-centered space and time simulation, and self-awareness Fletcher et al.

These functions are also involved in relationships between brain and body and between body and environment; key factors that allow offloading and exporting of cognitive functions to external components especially technologythereby integrating tools into cognitive schemes of the body Byrge et al. Morphological changes in the modern human parietal cortex are not described among early Homo sapiens populations say — thousand years agobut are detected in later specimens, roughly at the time the archaeological record begins to show complex tools, projectile technology, and complex graphic culture Bruner and Pearson, ; Neubauer et al.

These developments, and this timeframe, have also been associated with reductions in masculine craniofacial morphology thought to indicate a process of human self-domestication Cieri et al. If self-domestication was a crucial process in modern human evolution, and if body-tool extension and visual imaging have been key factors in modern human parietal cortex development, it makes sense to expect some interaction between their relative causes, effects, and functional mechanisms.

As such, it appears worthwhile to consider whether these two features self-domestication and visuospatial cognition exert reciprocal influences and, further, whether these complex processes may share contributing factors in common Figure 1. Figure 1. Diagram of possible relationships between parietal evolution and self-domestication. In general, brain size is substantially reduced in domesticated lineages when compared to non-domesticated forms Kruska, and such reduction is more prominently expressed in more encephalized taxa Kruska, Brain size reduction should, therefore, be particularly apparent in modern humans under the effects of domestication.

However, although late modern humans display smaller cranial capacity when compared with earlier populations Henneberg, ; McHenry, ; Ruff et al. We can wonder whether the novel expansion of derived areas like the parietal ones could have partially contrasted and masked a generalized reduction of brain volume in our species. During domestication, limbic structures are particularly reduced Kruska, This is probably crucial to achieve a lower aggressive reactivity and, accordingly, to promote and extend social bonds.

However, presently available evidence suggests that humans have relatively larger—instead of smaller—limbic components hippocampus, amygdala and orbito-frontal cortexat least when compared with living apes Barger et al. What means dominant frequency structures are, unfortunately, not directly detectable in fossil species, or in early modern humans.

First, it must be integrated within the body schemes of the brain, as a real extension of its space and functions Maravita and Iriki, ; Tunik et al. Second, it must be part of a productive chain, in which a propaedeutic sequence of tools is necessary to achieve a final target Muller et al. Third, it must not simply assist the ecological and economical behavior of a species, but must be integrated-withand necessary-toa cultural niche Plummer, According to theories in extended cognition, tools are proper functional elements of our cognitive system Malafouris, That is, our cognitive process does not rely only on the neural system, but also on extra-neural components technology to which we delegate specific cognitive functions Overmann, Such prosthetic capacity can be defined as the capacity what is evolutionary theory of emotion delegate cognitive functions to external elements, offloading and outsourcing information processing to peripheral out-of-the-body components.

The parietal cortex in humans is involved in tool use and tool making Grefkes and Fink, ; Bzdok et al. Human prosthetic capacity is largely enhanced by the remarkable what is evolutionary theory of emotion of our cortical system Sherwood what is evolutionary theory of emotion Gómez-Robles,and by the high level of creativity and explorative innovation of our species Kyriacou and Bruner, Both features neural plasticity and explorative behavior are primarily associated with juvenile life stages and have been enhanced by extension of the juvenile period in humans Bogin, ; Pellegrini et al.

Given that animal domestication is broadly associated with a trend toward relative juvenilization Harvey and Clutton-Brock, ; Smith, ; Joffe,aspects of human self-domestication may also contribute to our enhanced technological capacity. In fact, altered timing and stretching of the life-history is implicated in the extension of those ontogenetic stages more sensitive to novelty, the extension of the post-reproductive period, and the extension of life in general longevity.

All of these what is evolutionary theory of emotion of human life-history are strictly necessary to generate intergenerational transfer and cultural evolution Kaplan and Robson, ; Lee,providing a further link between self-domestication and technological extension. Interestingly, interpreting parietal expansion as an evolutionary novelty may complicate one diagnostic feature of the supposed juvenilization process in humans: that is, the roundedness of our head, which is often explained as a pedomorphic feature, but which could actually represent an apomorphic cortical character, mimicking a what is evolutionary theory of emotion appearance.

Apart from parietal bulging, vault globularity in our species is also due to the curvature of the frontal squama, likely to be a secondary structural consequence of having a reduced facial block positioned under the frontal lobes Pereira-Pedro et al. This latter feature can indeed what is evolutionary theory of emotion associated with a pedomorphic process, what is evolutionary theory of emotion least if we consider the reduction of the splanchnocranium as a juvenile heterochronic retention.

A further potential locus of association between parietal expansion and self-domestication is increased sociability. The experimentally demonstrated proximate cause of domestication syndrome is selection against reactive, or autonomic, aggressive response Trut, ; Jensen, ; Wilkins et al. This selective mechanism is thought to have facilitated the emergence of language, increased group sizes, and elevated cooperation in humans Cieri et al.

In primate species, group size is proportional to brain size and, for humans, it approaches units i. Interestingly, this correlation particularly concerns the association cortex, probably because of a direct relationship with behavioral complexity Dunbar and Shultz, ; Pearce et al. The parietal cortex is one of the main association regions Krienen and Buckner, ; Mars et al. Actually, the precuneus has been hypothesized to be a crucial element of the network involved what is evolutionary theory of emotion mind reading Heyes and Frith, These features increased social group size through increase of association functions, and the capacity to handle a social space based around one's own body are strictly intermingled with social effects expected from self-domestication and associated juvenilization, namely an increase in the size and complexity of the social network.

We hypothesize that, in humans, changes associated with self-domestication might have influenced, or been influenced by, body cognition, visuospatial integration, technological extension, and the evolution of the parietal cortex. Alternatively, these features may be independent, and might have evolved independently along the human lineage. These two hypotheses should be discussed and evaluated according to a comparative and functional perspective by investigating this possible association in other primates and considering the corresponding relationships between anatomy, development and cognition.

What is evolutionary theory of emotion aspects of these evolutionary features are likely to have interacted, generating reciprocal enhancement. Others may hide common mechanisms, possibly due to ontogenetic communalities and shared developmental components. In this regard, one candidate may be neural plasticity, which is both a what is evolutionary theory of emotion consequence of paedomorphic conditions and a feature particularly influencing the development of the parietal cortex because of its sensitivity to sensorial somatic and visual inputs.

We can wonder whether sociability associated with self-domestication, an extended juvenile period, and increased neural plasticity, could have prompted the expansion of the parietal cortical surface, subsequently triggering retroactive feedback to enhance its functional consequences. Association cortices may be the result of multiple crossing gradients between sensorimotor regions, generating a patchwork of neural combinations in terms of functional properties Huntenburg et al.

In this case, prolonged or cant connect to this network error plasticity of the body-vision system may be the essential prerequisite for developing a more anatomically and functionally complex prosthetic capacity, as the ability to incorporate tools into body schemes, offloading cognitive processes to external elements. Importantly, it remains to be evaluated whether this process is strictly associated with the evolution of modern humans Homo sapiensor can be traced back to the origin of our genus.

In any case, it seems important to consider these processes and functions together when attempting to determine a comprehensive evolutionary narrative for our species. Both authors have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

We are grateful to Antonio Benítez-Burraco for the invitation to contribute to this special issue on self-domestication and human evolution. We thank the reviewers for their comments and suggestions. Barger, N. Evidence for evolutionary specialization in human limbic structures. Belyaev, D. What is evolutionary theory of emotion selection as a factor in domestication.

Bogin, B. The evolution of human childhood: a unique growth phase and delayed maturity allow for extensive learning and complex culture. BioScience 40, 16— Bruner, E. Kaas Oxford: Elsevier63— Human paleoneurology and the evolution of the parietal cortex. Brain Behav. Extending mind, visuospatial integration, and the evolution of the parietal lobes in the human genus.

Neurocranial evolution in modern humans: the case of Jebel Irhoud 1. Byrge, L. Developmental process emerges from extended brain-body-behavior networks. Trends Cogn. Bzdok, D. Subspecialization in the human posterior medial cortex. Neuroimage55— What is the difference between association and causation in statistics, A. The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates.

Brain— Cieri, R. Craniofacial feminization, social tolerance, and the origins of behavioral modernity. Dunbar, R. Evolution in the social brain. Science— Bridging the bonding gap: the transition from primates to humans. B— The anatomy of friendship.

Emotions and Life: Perspectives from Psychology, Biology and Evolution

As such, here, we consider whether and to what extent these phenomena shared common evolutionary factors or reciprocal influences. In the popular conception, evolution through natural selection involves an ongoing strug- gle to survive, with each generation thereby becoming ever better designed for tasks like procuring resources, fending off predators, finding mates, and rearing offspring. Byrge, L. Today, apes are highly threatened and exist only in scattered groups around the world. Kruska, D. Davies Eds. Evolutionary Anthropology. Fletcher, P. On the one hand, genuine, spontaneous smiling that was returned by another individ- ual could trigger mutually reinforcing positive affect between the two par- ties. The new ethology of facial expressions. Fairly worn, but readable and intact. We there- fore suggest that the occurrence of emotion-dependent smiling prompted the eventual emergence of volitional smiling but that the emotion-dependent laughter that followed has as yet not been strongly compromised what is evolutionary theory of emotion an ability to produce convincing though dishonest song-like laugh sounds. Lee, R. An update is therefore in or- der, specifically one that brings a more contemporary version of critical precepts in biological evolution to bear, takes account of concomitant prog- ress that has been made in applicable areas of animal communication, and grounds itself in the larger context of primate evolutionary history. However, presently available evidence suggests that humans have relatively larger—instead of smaller—limbic components hippocampus, amygdala and orbito-frontal cortexat least when compared with living apes Barger et al. Fox, N. Known traits include: docile behavior; reduced sexual dimorphism; reduced prognathism; smaller teeth; skeletal gracility; reduced brain sizes; altered oestrus cycles and fertility; what is evolutionary theory of emotion ears; elevated vocal communication; and altered pigmentation Hemmer, ; Wilkins et al. However, as successful dishonesty by males simply selects for females that are more discerning, mate-attraction signals inevitably gravi- tate toward stable forms that are necessarily honest. A system in which such cheating could readily occur would not have been stable and would therefore not develop into what is evolutionary theory of emotion species-wide adaptation. Revista de Filosofía de Santa Fe dc. When a peahen encounters a peacock who has dragged such a tail around throughout its adult life, she is inherently assured that this particular male has genes promoting not only good development and pathogen resistance but also effective foraging and skillful predator evasion. This signaling system would have been inherently safeguarded because no such feedback effect would occur when the sender was interacting with a social partner who either lacked the adaptation or simply did not feel positive af- fect toward the sender. We argue both that smil- ing and laughter evolved as reliable indicators of positive emotional states for precisely this reason and that these signals initially emerged in a safe- guarded form that at least for a time guaranteed their reliability in the face of selection pressure favoring dishonest versions. This neuroanatomical distinction is consistent with the long-estab- lished diagnostic practice of distinguishing between an emotional and a vo- litional system. Walters, J. The parietal cortex is one of the main association regions Krienen and Buckner, ; Mars et al. These two hypotheses should be discussed and evaluated according to a comparative and functional perspective by investigating this possible association in other primates and which graph is a linear function of x the corresponding relationships between anatomy, development and cognition. View from a Discipline Select this article. Con- versely, lesions that compromise the extrapyramidal motor system can eliminate spontaneous smiling while leaving voluntary movements unim- paired. Emociones y sentimientos. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these what is evolutionary theory of emotion. In this case, a sender that is able to produce these signals in the absence of a corresponding posi- tive stance can exploit their impact on the other's behavior without being emotionally committed to showing what is evolutionary theory of emotion individual favorable treatment. Compared to prosimians like lemurs and galagos, monkeys are relatively K-selected. In writing this chapter, we thus hope at least to have encouraged others to also make use of the powerful conceptual tool that is selfish- gene logic, and thereby to have facilitated everyone in casual relationship definition joint effort to understand human emotional expressions. The experimentally demonstrated proximate cause of domestication syndrome is selection against reactive, or autonomic, aggressive response Trut, ; Jensen, ; Wilkins et al. What does it mean when someone says you take yourself too seriously, the associated brain circuitry is thought to become organized early in development, with the action pattern appear- ing in full-blown functional form the very first time an animal encounters the relevant circumstances. Honest EMOTIONS signaling must eventually arise because reproductive success of females de- pends directly on their ability to discriminate the relative quality of their potential mates. Pereira-Pedro, A. Thomas, J. Presidential what is evolutionary theory of emotion lines by Patrick Stewart. Kaas Oxford: Elsevier63— Although the form of the signal itself would necessarily be similar, the underlying mechanism involved would not be connected to positive affect and would probably require significant learning to be used effectively. Evolution 39, — Volitional versions, on the other hand, are mediated by cortical structures and associated tracts that show evidence of much greater, and hence chronologically later, change. Classical ethologists proposed that signals evolve from inadvertent behaviors or cues to upcoming behavior that probably occur in any kind of social interaction among animals. Entre las clases de gimnasia y los consejos dietéticos, las peleas de almohadas y su primer cigarrillo, Melanie se enamora del médico, un hombre 40 años mayor que ella. If applicable: Dust jacket, disc or access code may not be included. Preuschoft, S. Archives of Psychology in New York,1— We also hope that our approach can be useful in stimulating fruitful empiri- cal study, particularly with respect to the proposal that both smiling and laughter arise from coherently organized systems. Russell 8c J. Thus the two approaches love overcomes hate quotes that song-like laughter at least has been shaped through natural selection and that receivers exhibit an en- hanced affective response that must have evolved through an inherently co- operative coevolutionary process. Axelrod, R. Neuropsychology— Specifically, if the sender consistently experiences positive rather than negative or neutral emotions when in the presence of a particular compan- ion, the latter becomes requisitely more likely to experience favorable coop- erative treatment.

Body Cognition and Self-Domestication in Human Evolution

Whalen, P. Cheating Must be Considered While a number of theorists have preceded us in suggesting that there can be direct links between emotional experience and expressions like smiling and laughter, Fridlund argues against this notion. Download Free PDF. Varela, F. Other aspects of the emergence evolutioonary this signal would arguably have been just as we described above in the case of emotion-dependent smil- ing. Jensen, P. Much less attention was paid to lower what is evolutionary theory of emotion of organization. Interestingly, this correlation particularly concerns the association cortex, probably because of a direct relationship with behavioral complexity Dunbar and Shultz, ; Pearce et al. The parietal cortex in humans is involved in tool use and tool making Grefkes and Fink, ; Bzdok et al. Zimiles eds. Overmann, K. Genetics— Marler, P. Finally, we consider it noteworthy that the dissociated mechanisms that researchers have argued to be involved in the emotion-dependent and what is evolutionary theory of emotion versions of facial and vocal expressions exhibit ia same chronology predicted by selfish- gene logic. This claim is of course central to our entire argument, as it forms the basis of the feedback loop The Evolution of Emotional Expression hypothesized not only to have sparked the growth of positive affect among individual hominids who had the critical adaptation but evolutlonary to have provided them inherent protection from exploitation. The patients' recovery involves learning to execute facial movements through the resectioned pathway separately from activity in the shoulder that is mediated through the remaining undisturbed nerve fibers. Walters, J. If the assumptions and reasoning involved are correct, then smiling and laughter in modern humans should each show what are the components of blood and why are they important of two separable underlying production systems. We thank the reviewers for their comments and suggestions. If so, receivers were thereby "cooperating" with senders and becoming "matched" to them. However, the selfish-gene perspective stipulates that one cannot simply assume that each individual i benefits from revealing those feel- ings as they occur. Reading emotions from and into faces: Resurrecting a dimen- sional-contextual perspective. Mayne, and George A. Investigations have shown, for instance, that spontaneous smiles that result from positive affect are distinguishable from smiles that a person produces upon request. Du- chenne de Boulogne's investigations of the facial musculature involved in producing emotional expressions. In Krebs and Dawkins's view, it is more likely that senders will manipulate or persuade evolutiohary by producing large numbers of salient whay minimally informative signals. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 14, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, Later in the chapter, we will propose that smiling thoery laughter played an impor- tant role in that success as an effective means of fostering cooperative rela- tionships among genetically unrelated individuals. We hypothesize that, in humans, changes associated with self-domestication evollutionary have influenced, or been influenced by, body cognition, visuospatial integration, technological extension, and the evolution of the parietal cortex. Psychological Bulletin, 95, We believe that there is important converging evidence that substantiates the first two claims, with at least indirect support for the third aspect as well. Therefore, genes that tend to benefit an individual's own reproductive success more than that of whay other being become more prevalent, while other genes disappear. Ecological Approach to Cognition, Part 2. Emotion, cognition, appraisal, perception, program, superordinate program, evolutionary psychology, adaptation. Continue Reading. Evolutionary Emorion. However, simply noting the central role that what is evolutionary theory of emotion relationships play for humans of both sexes does not explain how they can occur. He explains how animal problem solving is best explained as scientists work toward better understanding the topic. On the one hand, genuine, spontaneous smiling that was returned by another individ- ual could trigger mutually reinforcing positive affect between the two par- ties. Cursos y artículos populares Habilidades para equipos de ciencia de datos Toma de decisiones basada en datos Habilidades de ingeniería de software Habilidades sociales para equipos de ingeniería Habilidades para evoluyionary Habilidades en marketing Habilidades para equipos de ventas Habilidades para gerentes de productos Habilidades para finanzas Cursos populares de Ciencia de los Datos en el Reino Unido Beliebte Technologiekurse in Deutschland Certificaciones populares en Seguridad Cibernética Certificaciones populares en TI Certificaciones populares evolutiionary SQL Guía profesional de emotjon de Marketing Guía profesional de gerente de proyectos Habilidades en programación Python Guía profesional de desarrollador web Habilidades como analista de datos Habilidades para diseñadores de experiencia del usuario. In this chapter, we examine human smiles and laughs from a "selfish-gene" perspective, an approach to wht selection that empha- sizes the role of individual organisms or genes in evolutionary are original fritos healthy, rather than the role of social groups evolutionart entire species. Science

Translate PDF. We there- fore suggest that the occurrence of emotion-dependent smiling prompted the eventual emergence of volitional smiling but that the what is evolutionary theory of emotion laughter that followed has as yet not been strongly compromised by an ability to produce convincing though dishonest song-like laugh sounds. Izard, C. Journal of Personality and Social Psychol- ogy, 58, Haviland-Jones y L. Studies of monkeys and apes have independently provided evidence that the neural circuitry involved in laughter is different from that involved in volitional vocal behavior like speech. That devaluation would in turn produce two new selection pressures: 1 as the volitional signal could now be used in circumstances in which it might be costly to experience smile-induced positive affect toward a particular sender, receivers would do better if able to discriminate emotion-dependent from volitional smiling; 2 however, so long as the ability to form and maintain reciprocal, cooperative relationships continued to be advanta- geous, any decrease in the reliability of smiling would produce a requisite why taxonomy is important in biology in the value of the honest signaling of positive affect. Lewis, J. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 14, Evidence of possible homologies between humans and nonhuman primates may indicate that the substrate from which smiles and laughs originated was widespread taxonomically, but does not account for why these signals evidently emerged only among the hominids. Developmental Psychology, 24, Signaling behavior of apes what is evolutionary theory of emotion special reference to vocalization. Catalog enrichment powered by Syndetics Unbound. Shape analysis of spatial relationships between orbito-ocular and endocranial structures in modern humans and fossil hominids. Dalgleish y M. Overmann, K. Con- versely, lesions that compromise the extrapyramidal motor system can eliminate spontaneous smiling while leaving voluntary movements unim- paired. Home What best chicago indian food an evolutionary theory of emotions imply about the relationship between emotion and emotio Zimiles eds. Emotion Review January 7 : 3doi: Petya Fitzpatrick and Rebecca E. Mate selection: A selection for a handicap. This work is in line with the evolutionary theory, which supports the existence of basic and universal emotions, stress what is evolutionary theory of emotion can we restart our relationship quotes of his facial expression and his recognition. Reciprocal altruism among unrelated females as well as unrelated males would also have been a key element in successfully coping with the added investment burdens associated with a higher birthrate and correspondingly shorter interbirth interval. Tactile remapping: from coordinate transformation to integration in sensorimotor processing. The taming of the neural crest: a developmental perspective on the origins of morphological covariation in domesticated mammals. Thus, smiling and laughter appear to have arisen is cool off good for relationship over the course of early hominid and human evolution, and one must therefore infer that their emergence was critically linked to other unique aspects of this The Evolution of Emotional Expression phylogeny. But this elaborate ornamentation and courtship behavior is not benefi- cial to the males themselves except with respect to mate attraction. No cerrar sesión. In fact, while only a handful of ape species now remain, these animals once were much more numerous and diverse than were monkeys. Barcelona: Destino. El acceso al texto completo de este artículo requiere una suscripción. Animal Behav. The contributions contained in the book are characterized under three major headings - evolutionary context, psychophysiological context, and dynamic context. Manuscript in review. For example, while communication among genetically related individuals may have an inherently cooperative foundation, animal signals what is evolutionary theory of emotion more prominently used between unrelated individuals who do not have closely allied interests. Exploration versus exploitation in space, mind, and society. Their work contributed to the position that what is evolutionary theory of emotion selection must favor species or social groups within species whose individual members routinely sacri- fice themselves for the greater good of group-mates or other members of their species hereafter "conspecifics". Hare describes how the internal processes of the mind are studied through experiments. The evident difficulty of producing song-like laughter on demand may be particularly noteworthy Provine,especially in comparison to the apparent ease of smiling in response to specific situational demands. In this procedure, motor nerves that normally innervate other structures are spliced into the distal "stump" of the facial nerve. Selfish-gene logic therefore predicts that animal signals should be exaggerated in form and repetitious in use, as they are primarily designed to influence rather than to inform. Smiles when sharing by Karl Grammer. To browse Academia. Dubuque, Iowa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Special Section: Gender and Emotion Select this article. Servicios Personalizados Revista. Much less attention what is evolutionary theory of emotion paid to lower levels of organization. Sherwood, C. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 30,

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Some Implications of the Selfish-Gene Perspective Overall, the basic stance of a selfish-gene approach is that no two individu- als can possibly have identical interests under all circumstances, except for possibly in the one case of being genetically identical. Land, M.

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