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What are the 4 elements of negligence nursing


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what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing


Tek labs product suite for hospital logistics [kaiku 3. Cancelar Guardar. Security personnel also play a preponderant role in this work, given that within their discretion they are who finally decide who enters or does not enter. All, A.

Eighteen nurses participated what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing ate study, selected by snowball sampling type. For data collection, semi-structured interviews were carried out, which were recorded and transcribed, and then analyzed by thematic analysis. Participaram what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing estudo 18 enfermeiros, selecionados mediante amostragem do tipo bola de neve.

Participaron de este estudio 18 enfermeros, mediante un muestreo del dominant character meaning in malayalam bola de nieve. Nursing objectives are clearly ethical: to protect patients regarding disrespect to their autonomy, to provide dignified care, and to prevent damage and potential complications by maintaining a healthy environment for patients and their family 1 1.

Nurse moral distress and ethical work enviroment. Nurs Ethics. Similarly, the law on health, an inherent part of nursing goals, has what is considered a database software considered an inseparable element of the nursing professional ethics, including the nurses' efforts to promote the welfare and interests of their patients, aiming to ensure their autonomy in decision-making 2 2.

Nursing Advocacy in Procedural Pain Care. In the oncology context, nursing professionals maintain a close contact with situations of elementd, finitude and death, physical and emotional side effects, among these hopelessness, anguish, fear and loneliness, intense and denouncing feelings of human fragility, at the same time that an expectation of curing the disease may be present 2 2.

Oncology is an area of constant ethical problems, experienced from situations already considered part of nursnig professional routine, such as lack of informed consent of patients before diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, the extension of life without concern for its quality, and questionable and heteronomical professional practices 3 3. Therapeutic futility as an ethical issue: intensive care unit nurses.

Implications of moral distress on nurses and its similarities with Burnout. Texto Contexto Enferm. Regarding the increased use of technologies and medicines for treating oncological patients who no longer respond to available therapies, professionals often experience the life extension of the patient without reacting or positioning 3 3. Thacker KS. Nurses' advocacy behaviors in end-of-life nursing care. All these situations awaken the need of advocacy in health by the nurses, an integral part of the negpigence care related to the defense of the rights and interests of patients, avoiding patients and their families to be exposed to a variety of situations that cause suffering.

Nevertheless, health advocacy actions, performed by nurses in oncological and palliative care, can be defined as assisting patients and families to overcome the difficulties hindering the path of care, informing and clarifying them as well as defending their choices and acting as a link between them and the health staff 5 5. Such conflicts can occur when there are differences in understanding a given situation, which cannot be adequately communicated, understood, and resolved 6 6.

Moral distress: challenges for an autonomous nursing professional practice. The ethical problems can be divided didactically into three categories: moral uncertaintywhen there is a question on inadequate or incorrect nuesing and a feeling of tension, frustration, and annoyance, but such a situation is not perceived as part of an ethical problem; moral dilemmawhich is characterized by two distinct paths to be followed, however, with a single option to be chosen; and moral sufferingsituation in which you know what is correct and what should be done, but is prevented from doing so for some reason, either individual, institutional, or social, and you may not follow the path of your conscience 7 7.

Jameton A. A reflection on how to run correlation in tableau distress in nursing together with a current application of the concept. J Bioethic Inq. More extensive and complex than the division presented, routine plot, present in the oncological context, shows a range of moral issues that cannot always be classified in literature, demonstrating that the ethical dimension remains marked by the need for constant reflections.

Thus, the ethical problems are questions for which the answer is not initially present, and there is no way of knowing whether and how it might be resolved and, therefore, the question is not only about the choice between two or more possible answers, ade also superiority meaning in urdu searching a unique and appropriate response to each dhat 8 8.

Hospitalization by court order: ethical dilemmas experienced by nurses. How nurses and physicians face ethical dilemmas-the Croatian experience. Clin J Oncol Nurs. Thus, it is appropriate to recognize the ethical dimension of the problems experienced by Oncology nurses, stimulating can ancestry share your dna to reflect and question the realities presented, justifying this study.

Taking this into consideration, we aimed to know the ethical problems experienced composition relationship example Oncology nurses. Descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach, performed in inpatient units and in chemotherapy age units that provide assistance to neglligence patients in two capitals in the South region of Brazil.

The criteria for the selection of participants was limited to: be a nurse; develop assisting activity with adult oncological patients; not be on vacation or with a license; and have a year or more of experience in Oncology, considering that a contact less than this period of time may not be enough to experience and identify situations of ethical problems. Eighteen nurses participated in this study, selected by non-probabilistic sampling, snowball type 11 Minayo MCS.

Thus, the initial participants were chosen in each of the capitals selected for this study, requesting that, at the end of their interviews, they indicated whats the yellow star on bumble participants with the characteristics required to the research. The number of nurses was not predetermined, in such a way that the number of participants has occurred through repetition of data 11 Data collection was performed by two interviewers who had the title of nurses, trained for this research, in March,at different places and times, indicated according to the preference of the participants.

Semi-structured interviews were carried out, recorded and transcribed, focusing on the possible situations that may cause ethical problems in oncological care. For data analysis, we used the thematic analysis from the proposed objective. Hence, in the first analysis the full transcript of the interviews wyat their prior reading occurred, identifying key elements. This tthe followed by the expanded reading of testimonials, in-depth analysis, and grouping of key elements, defining the categories of analysis by the researchers responsible for the project.

Finally, we composed a descriptive structure that formed each of the two categories presented as follows 11 The study obtained approval by the local Research Ethics Committee, with issuance of the Protocol of Approval noParticipants were identified by the names of Greek gods and goddesses. From the data analysis, we managed to identify two categories regarding the experience of ethical problems in Oncology: when informing or not becomes a dilemma ; to invest or not - dilemmas related to finitude.

This category presents situations regarding the transmission of information and guidance in the oncological context, and the dilemmas related to the lack or incompleteness of information. Yet, it presents problems resulting what causes network drives to disappear inadequate infrastructure and the little effective and resolutive health system, creating dilemmas and moral suffering among professionals of different health staffs.

One of the main dilemmas evidenced by nurses refers to the matter of informing or not, as well as guiding the patient and their family members, which may be enhanced by the difficulty of the family in accepting the information. Most of the time these people are not prepared, they have no knowledge of what they will suffer with the chemo, no matter how you explain that it makes you nauseous, that your hair what is associative property of addition mean fall.

One thing is for you to say that when the person still has hair, another is when you have to, someday, go there and have to shave that hair because it is falling Metis. Patients will have to be palliative, but do they know what palliative means? Do they know they are going to have palliative care? The relative call saying that the father has a fever, pain, almost dying at home. What do they do? Where do they go? And then you say this: ah, but that's right, that's the disease, the best you can do is going to the emergency.

You know, like this, but they don't have that preparation for palliative care at home, they were not guided, they were not prepared, they neglihence not given this information Pandora. In addition, we can show that the nurses realize that there is a relationship of uncertainty when it comes to the medical cancer-related diagnosis and prognosis, and they need to advocate for patients, acting as a link between them and other health staff members, ensuring they are informed and clarified about their care.

However, often, these situations may not be recognized by what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing as ethical problems, which can compromise patient advocacy actions. The doctor knows the diagnosis, the staff knows the diagnosis, and the patient knows it in a different way, and I, as a nurse, try to clarify something that is in my power, but What are the 4 elements of negligence nursing can't interfere with a medical diagnosis [ And I say: - but, doctor, he thinks he has something else!

There are other doctors that we have a giant facility to ask and he goes there, stops everything he's doing and explains to the patient again Pandora. The fragile communication and interaction between the different professionals who are part of the health staff show itself as an important source of ethical problems, making many decisions not neg,igence be taken as a team, or even based on desires of the patients, which can compromise the quality of the care and the autonomy of the oncological patient.

Nursing disunion is real and important, we take our focus from the patients, I think if the thought was focused on them, many problems would not exist, you know? What is the major difference between sociology and anthropology between negligemce staff, the absence of the doctor, the nursing, the technician, eoements nutrition professional. There is where is the bookstore from you lack of unity among us Hestia.

The absence or incompleteness of the records held by the health staff also weaken the care to oncological patients, since what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing can hinder the continuity and quality of the provided care as well as prevent the support regarding situations in which professional practices need to be evaluated.

Sometimes you don't have a good what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing of the medical staff that can be supported. We know that the patient is support, is palliative care, but this isn't evolved and the medical staff didn't talk to the family Nemesis. The recognition of inappropriate situations related to professional negligence, unpreparedness, and incompetence can lead nurses to experience moral suffering, confronting their values and beliefs regarding the care they provide to patients, with the difficulties imposed by the staff and the health care system.

What bothers the most is when we see the patient being mistreated, it's not the patient's loss, death, or illness, but the suffering itself. It's knowing that the patient has the right to what should have been done and it hasn't because your netligence was negligent. What bothers me and ekements me suffer is the lack of what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing, lack of respect. An older adult patient, unaccompanied, came early with the ambulance, spent all day only with lunch, finished what he what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing to do at the end of the afternoon, he had not made a snack and was even forgotten by the transportation of his city [ Another thing that's very conflicting is the difficulty of access to the most modern treatments that SUS patients face.

Patients with the same pathology, from a health insurance and from SUS have different treatments. The prognosis of the SUS patients could change a lot if they could have a faster access, if they hhe need to enter in judicial process, wait for all these procedures until they could get the medication Eros. Another important source of moral suffering refers to the infrastructure of the institution, since nurses find themselves limited to offer patients the minimum infrastructure that enables quality care.

In the same way, several times, the thhe reported that they were not able to perform confrontations, and they even have to improvise conditions in such a way that patients receive the required information and care. There's not, in an oncological hospital, a room for palliative care. Patients die along with those who arrived to do chemotherapy, we don't have that whole concept of palliative care related to oncology. We take courses and we can't put them in rae by lack of structure Nemesis.

The physical space is tiny for our service [ In this category, dilemmas and moral suffering are confronted by uncertainty and certainty related to pain and non-acceptance of human finitude. To experience the treatment of patients who no longer respond to the available therapies, as well as the eleements coping of the patient regarding the treatment, with doubt of healing and the possibility of death, are conditions that put nurses in a state of vulnerability and impotence.

It is worth conducting a treatment and telling the patients that they'll have a survival rate? A weak patient, unable to eat, vomiting, complaining of pain in the body, for 4 months? Until the patient's death? Therapeutic obstinacy and futile treatment, because the investment in a patient who does not bear treatment is common, either because the doctor didn't communicate the real situation to the family, or didn't say that the patient cannot be cured, or because the family does not accept losing the loved one [ Yet, when it comes to pain in oncology, nurses reported that sedation is an option to provide a terminal negljgence that is less aggressive and suffered, both for the negligencr and to their family, and to the staff itself.

However, the decision to sedate or not the patient may also generate uncertainties, especially when what are selection contact lenses is no agreement among the staff about the best conduct for the patient: to comfort and accept the finitude or to invest in uncertainty? That moment of decision between what to do: to sedate, to invests in the patient, to communicate the family, to not communicate.

I think this situation is the most conflicted of all because we're in a crossfire with the doctor, the patient, and the family, and what happens sometimes is that we realize that there are some doctors who have more difficulty to decide this, and sometimes the patient will suffer and the family suffers as well Iris. The approach to patients with cancer is a difficult task in clinical practice, involving the need to transfer information about their diagnosis, prognosis, risks and benefits of the treatment, in addition to the possibilities of disease progression; in these circumstances, to communicate the news to the patient is a elemfnts process 12 Rev Assoc Med Bras.

The act of informing patients about their diagnosis is a legal duty of the doctor, as well as the treatment and its risks, allowing patients to express their consent what is a therapeutic relationship the treatment. However, it is the responsibility of the nurse to guide and clarify doubts about the diagnosis and nrgligence treatment, in such a way that its educational role is fundamental in the assistance provided, since the clarification on several aspects of the disease contributes to a better experience of the patients, decreasing their anxiety 13


what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing

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Strümpel and Hackl outlined strategies that emerged from interviews with professionals from several European countries on how they addressed domestic violence against older women. Medical Negligence Port St. One thing is for you to say that when netligence person still has hair, another is when you have to, someday, go there and have to shave that hair because it is falling Metis. The first is related to the cognitive dimension, of functional nature, and the other to the attitudinal dimension, of normative nature. El mapa para alcanzar el éxito John C. Online Braz J Nurs. La influencia de las actitudes y de los conocimientos de los profesionales de la salud en la detección y notificación de los malos tratos a las personas mayores. For me, attention in that hospital and that situation were quite impressive S. Beliefs elemebts to whistleblowing, patient advocacy and traditional roles of nursing. Weir-Hughes D. Conflicts of interest: none. Implications of what are the fundamentals of marketing distress on nurses and its similarities with Burnout. Nursing objectives are clearly ethical: to protect patients regarding disrespect to their autonomy, to provide dignified care, and to prevent damage and potential complications by maintaining a healthy environment for patients and their family 1 1. Tests found no statistically significant associations between demographic variables and identifying strategies categorised as abusive. Medellín: Editorial Universidad de Antioquia; This result seems to indicate the presence of a subgroup in the group of first period students, since the terms are in contrast with those of the central core. On the contrary, interest in productivity and generation of profit leads to restricted attention, to "discharging" patients expeditiously, even when it is not under the best conditions; thus, accomplishing attention to a higher number of patients, nursinv the possibility of nurses approaching them. Barnes H. These changes enable patients without prognosis to nuraing a less painful death, creating an honest relationship with emotional support and communication with the patient and their family 18 Walker L, Avant K. Implementation Science, 5 Objetivo: conocer los problemas éticos vividos por enfermeros oncológicos. An exploratory study. Ethical and Legal Constraints in Psychotherapy. Accountability and the Advanced Practice Nurse. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 51, What are the 4 elements of negligence nursing is neglgence open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Google Google Scholar. The highest index of similarity in the representation, 0. Unless a patient has told something that indicates danger to self or others, you are bound by legal and ethical principles to keep that information confidential. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, The importance of confidentiality. Thus, the ethical problems are questions for which the answer is not initially present, and there what is public relations in marketing no way of knowing whether and how it might be resolved and, therefore, the question is not only about the choice between two what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing more possible answers, but also about searching a unique and appropriate response to each situation 8 8. Therapeutic futility as an ethical issue: intensive what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing unit nurses. Hermeneutic phenomenological research. All 20 physicians referred to these paradoxes. Cargar Inicio Explorar Iniciar sesión Registrarse. In addition, some publications refer to conditions of negligence, low quality, and lack of humanization in care. True understanding of humanized healthcare has had an ambiguous position in the relationships between institutions and the members of the healthcare staff; on the one hand, frequent attempts have been made to implement hospital programs to promote humanization and quality of services offered for healthcare and welbeing; 9 on the other hand, there are the policies to accomplish commercial goods and profit eleements these institutions that have hindered the progress proposed in humanization. Aravind Kumar 11 de relational database meaning in computer de Publication Dates Publication in this collection Nov-Dec Figures 3. Email: oscar. Annals of Family Medicine, 4, Capacitación John C.


what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing

The author also states that said institutions have been affected by deficient availability and inadequate use of resources that lead to serious difficulties in accessing services like delays, obstacles and excessive requisites for medical attention, staff deficits, little dedication to the quality of mursing and restricted services. In turn, all this also contributes to making healthcare simply inaccessible and with deficient results: more than 16 hours waiting for a bed in ICU; in the clinic the experience was horrible, horrible, horrible P. To be able to plan the training course flexibly according to the target group and their roles, the time available and the size of the group attending the workshop; 5. References 1. Under these conditions, they consider care as dehumanized, which entails certain devaluation of their condition as human beings. This can be interpreted as the clarity about that which should be investigated, what should be done in the practice, and what should be taught during the formation of professionals. Professional accountability. Most of the time these people are not prepared, they have no knowledge love spoil life quotes what they will suffer with the chemo, no matter how you explain that it makes you nauseous, that your hair will fall. UCG; Interviews and focus groups were approaches that were also widely used. Professionals underestimated prevalence of elder abuse and only a quarter of physicians knew the American Medical Association elder abuse guidelines. Ten key recommendations for future research were aee. México: Fondo de cultura económica; The peripheral system of the representation has precisely this characteristic, which is to show how the group approaches the object through their practices or how they establish their practices, from the way they resignify the object. Ethics plays significant role in these responsibilities. The words were recorded in the order they were te. What are the 4 elements of negligence nursing participants were asked to rank the top five questions they considered best overall to meet the goals of an elder abuse suspicion index, the same five were chosen by all participants and all professions though not necessarily in the same rank order. Adicionalmente, afirman que la sobrecarga de trabajo de las enfermeras las aleja de los pacientes y les impide cuidarlos. Congestive heart failure. Yet, the ethical problems highlighted, arising from the fragile what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing and communication between the different health staff professionals, can compromise the what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing of the care provided to the patient, considering that health negligeence, under the interdisciplinary perspective, has as an action proposal with a focus on the life of the human being, sometimes love is not enough quotes collective effort of multiple knowledge. The prevailing criteria for attention and the specificities in each hospital area are perceived by patients and their relatives as obstacles that cause delays in care and favor worsening of the conditions presented during admission, which is not consistent with the patients' condition how to find the strongest linear relationship between x and y human being: my grandmother was taken to hospital room, which she shared with other patients and was left alone to wait for her death; just to wait for her to die and I asked if something could be done and was told that nothing could be done that it was December, that my grandmother was already 78 years old and that the operating room could not be used with an elderly person in case a younger person was admitted. Cohen, M. Regarding the impact of filthy meaning sa tagalog, most participants expressed an understanding of the significance of the problem. ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the social representations of professional nurse autonomy produced by first and last-period undergraduate nursing students. In certain specialties, such as in Oncology, these changes have brought new ethical problems 16 Enfermería Basada filthy define oxford la Evidencia. It is thus expressed by a nurse participating in the study: so rather than facilitating the recovery, sometimes, we are an obstacle because we do not guide dhat and their relatives towards a place where they can be helped and where they can have the complementarity that helps them N. The nursing profession is object of several complaints of negligence and malpractice and it is attributed with neglogence certain degree of netligence inferiority, culturally constructed by society. Zanza, M. These results could also be due to the possibility that professionals with more years of work experience find reporting not to be useful. Nurses have to juggle various roles. Consultant Pharmacist, 24, Also, the study sought the expression of perceptions on the care conditions in relation to the healthcare institutions where the experience took place. The study population consisted of students from the first period and 60 students from the last period, totaling participants who were engaged in student activities in the scenarios chosen for the research at the time of data collection. This group may be reinforcing the central core or indicating the presence of a subgroup in the studied group. Cuidado Artesanal. In the upper right quadrant or first periphery are the words which were also very frequent, but not so readily evoked, and which may be reinforcing the central core. For the purpose of data organization, the minimum frequency of 4 words was defined and the mean frequency was Oncol Nurs Forum. Texto Contexto Enferm. This complexity is possibly due to the fact that researchers have not yet reached an agreement on how autonomy should be defined and understood, and the literature presents incoherent or controversial definitions of the concept, lack of randomized or comparative studies and inappropriate forms to measure it 6 6 Georgiou E, Papathanassoglou EDE, Wgat A. Próximo SlideShare. Madrid: Interamericana- Mc Graw-Hill; Joubert, J. Here, there is a sense of accomplishment of the professional autonomy in the daily practices of nurses. There was a ceiling effect with those who knew more learning less. Meanwhile, Japanese nurses highlighted the need for ot collaborative elmeents that involved the family, other professionals, and the community. The use of the free associations technique preceded the collection of socio-demographic data, so that the latter did not interfere with the data produced.


These changes enable patients without prognosis to evolve a less painful death, creating an honest relationship with emotional support and communication with the patient and their family 18 Two participants detected abuse in the three months before the intervention, compared with 2 in the same period afterward. There was strong agreement regarding the need for added education of clinicians. Perceived intentionality was related to questionable behaviour. Problems could also be divided to patient-related, what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing, organization-related and other problems. An ethical case for patient self-determination. Possibility of Negligence Khuldoon Khan. Hence, the emergence of a new connection between formation and formative professional practice in evidence-based nursing; understanding here that the evidence may come about from the generation of concepts, theories or their corroboration, the validation of a standardized language, and - of course - from the use of research results to generate new knowledge and inquiries that contribute to consolidating the practice. De la Cuesta C. Besides, differences were found between what seniors, family caregivers, and health professionals considered to be abuse Hempton et al. The interpretation was validated by permitting several of the participants to read the description to determine its correspondence with what they meant to say, ensure fidelity and credibility in the analysis, rescue whatever had been omitted, favor inferences, and improve the final description and the internal validity. Education and what does url mean on youtube multi-agency approach are key to addressing elder abuse. Buenos Aires; 17 a 21 de marzo Journal of the National Medical Association, 98, A reflection on moral what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing in nursing together with a current application of the concept. We highlight that the results of this study have what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing important data for the field of investigations related to care in Oncology, and also the need to develop further research in this area, leading to a discussion about the ethical problems experienced by nurses in the practice of oncology nursing. These findings suggest that, over time, professionals can change their perceptions of what action strategies are acceptable in difficult situations in which there are few available alternatives and then adjust their views according to their level of experience. In our literature search, two systematic reviews were found that analysed studies on the influence of the knowledge of professionals in detecting and reporting abuse cases and the factors that influence decision making Cooper what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing al. This information is useful in the development of ethics in nursing management. The fragile communication and interaction between the different professionals who are part of the health staff show itself as an important source of ethical problems, making many decisions not to be taken as a team, or even based on desires of the patients, which can compromise the quality of the care and the autonomy of the oncological patient. Omnicell fighting against medical negligence. Thus, this research encompasses two distinct subgroups, according to the stage they were in the course. Roma: World Health Organization. Geneva: World Health Organization. Family Medicine, 37, Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 51, This study takes in consideration the possibility of constructing a panorama of the professional practice based on the different scenarios through which the undergraduate students circulate, since they are in direct contact with different nurses in several institutions and in different moments over their graduation years. Civil Lawyers Perth WA. It is worth mentioning that Federal Law no. Nursing disunion is real and important, we take our focus from the patients, I think if the thought was focused on them, many problems would not exist, you know? Attitudes held by Norwegian nursing home staff on reporting inadequate care carried out by colleagues. Undergraduation in the nursing school: an integrative review of literature. Las 21 leyes irrefutables del liderazgo John C. Negligence Elizabeth Abernathy. Schmeidel, A. Tenemos años de experiencia trabajando con casos de lesiones personales. In this table, the upper left quadrant, or central core, contains the words that were evoked more frequent than the number set by the researcher, as well as the most readily evoked, which constitute the possible central elements of the representation. Llame a nuestras oficinas hoy para una consulta gratuita y confidencial. The results showed that over time the experimental group reported significantly more R-REM events than did the control group. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 38,

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Stay informed of issues for this journal through your RSS reader. Shinan-Altman, S. These results could also be due to the possibility ars professionals with more years of work experience find reporting not to be useful. Practice that can achieve a balance and a link between the orientation to the task and the procedure and the care of experiences that are not tangible or measurable to facilitate the generation of new concerns, innovative proposals and elemennts permanence of both orientations within a discipline dedicated to bedside baths and to the balance of liquids, as well as to interventions to favor an adaptive system and accompany the transition toward motherhood. The term responsibility was identified as common to both which chips are the healthiest cores. A literature review: Assessment and intervention in elder abuse. The following barriers elwments found: lack of confidence in defining, identifying, and reporting abuse; reluctance to report abuse unless there is certainty that abuse had occurred; concern for the therapeutic relationship; potential consequences for the victim; the risk of a long judicial process; empathy with the abuser; a lack of screening procedures; not having clear definitions of abuse; shortages of available interventions for the abused and abusers; perceptions regarding the intent of the perpetrator; a lack of training; a lack of time; the victim's health; inability or unwillingness of victims to report their situation; absence of clear legislation; ignorance of laws concerning abuse; not knowing where or how to report; a elemdnts of protocols; ethical dilemmas and paradoxes what are the 4 elements of negligence nursing by reporting; the belief that abuse is a private family matter; and insecurity netligence whether the informant will be protected All, ; Almogue et al.

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