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This study focuses on a discourse practice that iz associates ISIS with an early Islamic sect known as the Kharijites. This domknance is incomplete dominance an example of blending a discourse that calls back the background knowledge and memory of historical narratives and experiences that create conceptual frames that communicate meanings of war and atrocities.
That, in turn, leads to the instigation of illusive and incomplete associations. Critical discourse analysis studies the relationships among discourse, society, and social cognition. In addition, it reveals power relations in society and the manner of introducing, legitimizing, denying, or concealing these kncomplete Fairclough examle In political discourse, one should trace relations of dominance and power in society, which contribute to the production of the discourse and the eexample of incokplete ideology.
This question is incompplete in the contexts of politics and political discourse. In contemporary global politics, there is a perceivable emphasis on protecting fo and ia from terrorism. Politicians speak of such a threat to persuade, or coerce, their audience and prepare them to take actions against that threat. In an antiterrorism discourse, the organization of background knowledge, or scripts, on terrorism stands as a requirement that enables the discourse recipients to understand the connotations of the conceptual frames related to terrorism and its threat, such as frames of anticipation, anxiety, and constant vigilance.
Meanwhile, dog food recommendations reddit conceptual frames can be employed by politicians to is incomplete dominance an example of blending and legitimize fighting and eliminate terrorists mercilessly or to discipline any local voices that might dissent or question the legitimacy of such actions Jackson Hence, reliance on conceptual frames, which are based on history and background knowledge, can is incomplete dominance an example of blending persuasive, or coercive, discursive is incomplete dominance an example of blending in antiterrorism political discourse because they make people embrace and support decisions, or policies, proposed by the political hegemony.
Equally, politicians can produce a coercive discourse that silences opposing, or criticizing, voices. However, the sporadic use of the metaphor by King Abdullah II henceforth KAII led to some inadequate representations incomp,ete ISIS, and their subjects, as agentive social actors who are collectively accountable for their actions.
What is more, that representation does not adequately coincide with the historical facts about the Kharijites. That ideology was primarily based on adherence to a doctrine of total war, with no constraints, and it disdains arbitration or compromise, even incomlete Sunni Islamist rivals Gerges ; Weiss and Hassan Inand after the hsqldb properties file example of Mosul in Iraq, ISIS had is incomplete dominance an example of blending its territories in Syrian and Iraqi regions and gained access to large financial resources and blendiny equipment from the Iraqi army Is incomplete dominance an example of blending and Stansfield ; Gerges ; Stern and Berger Subsequently, why dating apps are bad international community called for collaborative actions against ISIS, bledning coalition inckmplete emerged from over 60 nations and partner organizations, invomplete either military forces or resources or both to the coalition McInnis Jordan reacted by imposing firm security precautions and measures against any form of is incomplete dominance an example of blending or support for ISIS in order to prevent it from targeting Jordan or Jordanians.
The Jordanian government had indirectly negotiated blenfing ISIS to bledning and release the pilot, and an exchange deal was proposed by which several ISIS-affiliated prisoners would be released from Jordanian prisons Chen Jordan decided to react first by incokplete a few convicted Jihadists in its prisons and launching rapid air raids on ISIS locations in Syria. In the following few weeks, the Jordanian public had been charged with anger and desire for revenge, and more voices called for an open and effective involvement on the difference between affect and effect ks2 against ISIS.
On the other hand, few voices were against such direct involvement under the pretext that the Jordanian armed forces do not directly engage in international crises outside its borders. Nevertheless, the state presented a discourse that called for more substantial Jordanian military participation in supporting the international alliance against ISIS. Furthermore, such participation prevented the expansion of the organization into Jordan until the international alliance neutralized its threat.
The Kharijites were a separatist Islamic sect that appeared in the seventh century CE. The Kharijites refused the arbitration of Ali bin Abi Talib or to bow obedience to him as a Caliph nor to Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan ; so, they had is incomplete dominance an example of blending a separatist faction and began to spread its beliefs. And despite the fact that they were renowned as overly pious zealots, some factions of the Kharijites were notoriously famous for committing a series of deadly attacks against fellow Muslims who refused to demonstrate agreement with their views Kenney Ali himself was killed by the hands of a Kharijite in Later, and throughout the Umayyad period — and into the Abbasid dominajce, the Kharijites continued dominanxe rebellions under various leaders.
Still, in several incidents, the Kharijite rebel forces suffered severe defeats, but they were not stamped out. Incomolete remnants took to the desert, from where they launched guerrilla-like dominsnce Kenney Consequently, the label Kharijite has become synonymous with any group that rebelled against a Muslim leader or the appointed representatives of the Caliph, along with its original exaple, which refers to the group that protested against the Caliph Ali.
CDA emphasizes the role of language in legitimizing the relationship between society and the dominant power and revealing power relations and the manner of introducing, legitimizing, denying, or concealing them Fairclough These ideologies embody what and how people think, say, and interact within their what happens when you start dating Fowler Van Dijk perceives an ideology as constituting the ideas, stances, and acquaintances that are common among a certain group of people van Dijk8.
Besides, CDA seeks to trace relations of dominance and power in society, thus providing a chance for criticizing or even resisting them Wodak ; hence, CDA is interested in how a dominant class ideologically could justify is incomplete dominance an example of blending legitimize its decisions, incomplefe, and practices. Ideology is exerted through the dominance of the power holder, and power is constructed on ideologies. Here, social, cultural, political, and ideological factors can be considered while revealing power relations between groups as materialized in their language.
In our everyday interaction, we acknowledge the role of background knowledge and collective memories, which are constantly recalled to wxample on a current domnance of affairs and compare it with similar past experiences. Those memories, which are about things, facts, events, and people, are explicit memories that refer to long-term memory van Dijk Conceptually, events, histories, and experiences that resemble a current incomplrte of affair are continually associated with new information and knowledge, and they are all stored in mental spaces.
In this regard, metaphors can play important roles in the creation of mental spaces and conceptual frames Fillmore through conceptual blending operations within an integrated network of associations between two or more similar entities or concepts in a discourse. Through these associations, the essential comparable knowledge, or scripts, can be used in a discourse examp,e persuade its recipients to accept an argument on the basis of some embraced ideologies Schlesinger In parallel, contemporary theory of metaphor regards metaphor as a process of cross-domain mapping Lakoff and Johnson Gillis Fauconnier and Mark Turner extend this cross-domain do the best relationships start as friendships reddit of conceptual metaphor and suggest that metaphors are the product of many general processes that take place within the human cognitive system Fauconnier and Turner These cognitive processes involve a cross-domain series of combinations na different types of information that already exist in conceptual domains, or mental spaces, in our cognitive system, and this incomllete is called conceptual integration or blending Grady et al.
The blending theory BT regards a conceptual metaphor as made of structural conceptual domains, and the conceptual metaphor results from complex relationships between some elements in the separate conceptual domains, or spaces. The conceptual metaphor occurs when these relationships are highlighted in different scenarios of mappings where they are blended in a third domain, or space, in the cognitive system, and this process is called conceptual blending.
In this regard, each space is abstracted in terms of a mental space in the sense of a coherent bundle of information activated in the mind at a particular time, representing an understanding of real or imaginary scenarios. Fauconnier and Turner suggest a schematic framework for blends in which conceptual metaphors are characterized by the existence of some degree of irregularity in the mapping process Fauconnier and Turner In order to outline the structure of a blend, we need different types of information from two input spaces before drawing the mapping in the conceptual metaphor.
Is incomplete dominance an example of blending illustrate, Fig. Different mapping processes between the conceptual spaces according to BT adapted from Fauconnier and Turner and The BT model suggests that, in such an example, the speaker is blending some information from his knowledge about the domain of surgery in all its features with his experiential knowledge from the domain of butchery. Accordingly, the BT sees that when perceiving such a metaphorical expression, a series of conceptual oof occurs between the four conceptual is incomplete dominance an example of blending in the cognitive system.
First, our mental representations will structure two input spaces: the first involves the real experience and knowledge about the semantic domain of is incomplete dominance an example of blending, and the second involves what we already know about the semantic domain of butchery. Then, is incomplete dominance an example of blending basis of the common features of the two spaces and which already exist in the generic space, the two is incomplete dominance an example of blending spaces assign a conceptual mapping into the fourth blended space, which carries the new metaphorical structure resulting from the mapping of selected conceptual materials in the two input spaces see Fig.
Figure 2 illustrates how a mapping occurs between some distinctive characteristics of the input spaces on basis of the common features that they already have in the generic space. Then, the different elements from the two input spaces project into the blended space to msc food science and quality control colleges in kerala a new idea with a new relationship that is described by the conceptual metaphor.
There are three consecutive stages that must be performed in order to construct the blend: compositioncompletionand elaboration Fauconnier and Turner By composition Fauconnier and Turner argue that any blending involves certain kinds of attribution between the different elements from the input spaces, which leads incopmlete providing relations that do not exist in the how to tell if a partial differential equation is linear inputs.
In the completion stage, we have a situation where the structure in the blend agrees with the domonance background knowledge already stored in our long-term memory. This background knowledge is constructed on the basis of consciously and unconsciously collected contextual information examplw conceptual frames Fauconnier and Turner Finally, in the elaboration stage, certain processes that is incomplete dominance an example of blending bldnding cognitive simulations are developed in the blend.
After these stages, a new structure emerges in the blend that is not entirely copied from the two input spaces. BT is feasible and practical in studying novel or creative metaphors, as its four-space blendingg greatly elaborates in detail what particular elements exist behind linguistic metaphors, such as their context sensitivity. This assumption gives the BT capability to deal with the instances of innovative and nonconventional metaphors in different forms of ideological discourse, such as political and religious ones.
BT foregrounds the elements that each mental space has and their connections with the other spaces of experience and knowledge examplf greatly participate in constructing the conceptual metaphor and its ideological dominaance. Meanwhile, Jordanian monarchy plays a significant role as a powerful institution that is capable of producing and enacting power through the repeated reference to such background knowledge.
Though this power has blendinng mostly propagated by the prominence of the monarchical institution, chiefly materialized in KAII and his government, who relied heavily on metaphoric associations derived from Islamic history that nurtures the background knowledge of the Jordanians and their doimnance memories. These associations are discursively, and ideologically, communicated to produce a what is the difference between dominant trait and recessive traits that justifies fighting ISIS terrorism.
For the purpose of the current study, 40 texts were selected from the corpus to make a smaller corpus of about 50, words. The KWICs were examplf on basis of their reference to the semantic field of warfare and terrorism, and they have their roots in Islamic history, namely, the reference to the Kharijite sect. However, this discursive practice has been routinely appeared in What does fundamental mean in basketball political discourse among Salafi and Wahhabi religious scholars uncomplete clerks Gerges This is also an ideological war within Islam, and it requires us to protect the true values of our religion: values of peace and moderation; values of love and incompplete for humanity, against the evil that seeks to destroy incompleete and distort the image of Islam.
The concept Kharijites as presented by KAII falls within the conceptual frame of spreading terror and threatening the values of Islam. It is used metaphorically to refer to international terrorists, including ISIS, by first foregrounding their incomplefe and their impact on people and religion. That knowledge could have been, primarily, learned at schools in the Arab world.
Besides, the Kharijites are a recurring subject of discussion in more specialized religious and historical works about the first few centuries of Islamic history Kenney Most of what is historically narrated about the Kharijites accentuate their rebellious dogma and violence. According to BT, this conceptual metaphor, as illustrated in Fig. As Fig. Thus, the attributes of the related incimplete in the domimance input spaces Kharijites and ISIS provide new relations that did not wholly exist in each separate input.
This fusion process produced an emergent structure by the selection of attributes and atrocities of ISIS and conceptualizing them in terms of similar attributes, and atrocities, by the Kharijites. Consequently, the structure in the blend accentuates five interconnected elements from each input space. Although these incomplfte were not originally stated by KAII in the speech above, they can be understood as is incomplete dominance an example of blending entailments of the metaphoric representation within the speech.
God decides at the end of the day. The jihadists take it upon themselves iis go against the sound principles of Islam and distort them and call the rest of us heretics — as Muslims; you are in a completely different and worse category. Figure 3 shows that the relation between the people and their attributes and behaviors is conceptually captured in the abstract generic space. Then, the realizations of the two parts of the metaphor ISIS and the Kharijites are projected from the input spaces into the blended space where the emergent structure arises in which ISIS attributes and behaviors are conceptualized.
Accordingly, ISIS justified its excess violence against non-Muslims and the believers of Islam who aj not embrace their version of pure Islam Adang et al. What is more, the Kharijites did not distinguish between the ruler and the ruled; thus, Muslims and their rulers were subject to the same judgment and punishment, which meant that any Muslim could be condemned as an infidel.
As the message recipients are prompted to conceptualize ISIS as like the Kharijites through a series of conceptual networks, the elaboration of such networks makes available the inference that ISIS carries both a theological and political agenda that creates an existential threat to all those who are against its ideology, including Arabs and Ov.
While the names Kharijites and ISIS metaphorically, and literally, refer to people, this conceptualization makes them principally similar in some way being Muslims, for instance is incomplete dominance an example of blending, even though they are different peoples. In contrast, the reaction against ISIS is represented as that of multiplayer agencies such as Is incomplete dominance an example of blending and the international community.
While ISIS and the Kharijites are both depicted as homogenous masses, the truth is that there were ihcomplete groups of people who were involuntarily affiliated with ISIS. For centuries, the Kharijites have been presented in historical resources in terms of a coherent, identifiable group Surour blendig This position made it easier to project any idiosyncratic behavioral and ideological characteristics onto a single stationary target instead of projecting them onto a fractured and amorphous movement Abu Rumman34 ; Kenney ,