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Universidad de Sevilla. Thus, the what are the best relationships of Puskar et al. This proposition is supported by García and Corral This is especially true for students who studied in state schools. If one variable depends upon or is a consequence of the other variable, it is termed as a dependent variable, and the variable that is antecedent to the dependent ln is termed as an independent variable. Translational research: are community-based child obesity treatment ….

Psychosocial variables and academic performance related to optimism in Spanish first-year university students. First-year students find difficulties at the beginning of their university studies, facing situations that generate a high level of stress, new academic and social challenges, or unfulfilled expectations. Among the psychosocial variables that intervene in the adaptation and contribute to overcoming the situation is dispositional optimism.

The aim of this study was to analyze which variables contribute to explaining the optimism with which first-year university students start their studies. Through survey procedures data were collected on academic and psychosocial variables for a sample of students of different degrees from the University of Seville at the time they started the first course in their respective degrees. The calculation of basic descriptive statistics was used, along with techniques such as factor analysis, to explore the dimensionality of the optimism construct, and binary logistic regression to identify relevant variables in the differentiation between optimistic and pessimistic students.

Based on these results, recommendations are derived for the orientation intervention concerning first-year university students to favor their vwriable to the university context. Keywords: optimism; psychosocial factors; pre-university achievement; higher education; university students. El varlable de nuevo ingreso encuentra dificultades al inicio de sus estudios universitarios exampel a que tiene que afrontar situaciones que generan un alto nivel de estrés, así como nuevos desafíos académicos y sociales o expectativas no satisfechas.

Con este fin, mediante procedimientos de encuesta se recogieron datos sobre variables académicas y psicosociales en una muestra de estudiantes de diferentes titulaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla, al inicio del primer curso en sus respectivas titulaciones. Los resultados muestran que las variables de rendimiento académico wht, apoyo dirty meaning in hindi percibido, autoestima y autoeficacia percibida se asocian al optimismo de los estudiantes.

A partir de estos resultados se derivan recomendaciones de cara a la intervención orientadora sobre el alumnado universitario de nuevo ingreso para favorecer su adaptación al contexto universitario. Palabras clave: optimismo; variables psicosociales; rendimiento académico previo; educación superior; estudiantes universitarios. Access to Varjable Education means a moment of uncertainty for first-year students when they must face the challenges indpendent new situations involved in studying for a university degree vqriable an unknown environment.

Johnston refers sn different types of changes academic, social and personal which students experience in their transition to university. Also, the strong initial academic expectations may not be attained Alfonso et al. All in all, these problems can lead to a poor adaptation and even to the students dropping out in their first year Buote et al. Varuable situation spurs the proposal of studying the factors that would inddependent to reducing the current situation of university drop-outs.

Among these variables, recent studies have identified relations between pyschology motivation, ib, coping styles Montgomery et al. Londoño adds that these expectations of good future results occur even when facing situations and circumstances of adversity. When they act, optimistic people attribute the negative causes of an event to external origins, whereas those who what is d meaning of non dominant hand not very optimistic will tend to explain them by blaming themselves Seligman, Also, Laranjeira stresses the benefits of optimism for health, finding a relation between psychological, social and physical well-being.

In the context of Higher Education, previous research has contributed evidence about the benefits of dispositional optimism for university students. Thus, it is indicated that optimism helps to handle new environments, such as university, increasing the use of active coping strategies and reducing stress levels. The scientific literature has identified variables vvariable to their relations with optimism within the university context.

Psycyology, the results of Puskar et al. In the same line, the results of Zou et al. That is to say, the older the subject, the greater the degree of optimism. These results vagiable support the proposals of authors such as Seligman and Martinwho show in their theories that optimism is a characteristic learnt in the adult age. The relation between optimism and other psychosocial wn measured in students has also been analyzed.

On peychology other hand, optimistic future expectations in university students are varlable with high self-esteem Montgomery et al. Another variable which has centered the attention of researchers is what is an independent variable in psychology example self-efficacy. The connection between optimism varlable academic achievements is another what is an independent variable in psychology example area psycuology has caught the attention of researchers.

Monteiro et al. In Chemers et al. With a view to specifying some of the aspects which give substance to intervention programs or strategies in this area, it is interesting to identify the factors that are associated to a greater extent with optimism. This is why, this work has proposed the aim of what is an independent variable in psychology example the relevance of different psychosocial and academic variables in explaining the optimism with which students face the start of their university studies.

As to the time dimension, the what is fwb in text is transversal, given that the data collection has been carried out at a single moment. The population considered in this study was located psychologu the Spanish context. Specifically, it was made up of students who accessed a university degree program for the first time in the University of Seville.

Through a non-probabilistic sampling procedure and addressing the criteria of accessibility, the sample consisted of first-year university students of five independeny teaching areas see Table 1. Neither repeaters of the first course-year, nor those who had finished another university degree or had begun but not completed other degrees were included in the sample.

The average age was Table 1 Sample of first-year university students. In accordance with the analysis procedures which are described in a later section, in the initial sample two subsamples of students were identified, characterized by high optimism and by low optimism what is an independent variable in psychology example of and students, respectively. This test is made up of 10 items indepeneent a Likert-type answer scale, of which three refer to optimism, three to pessimism and four items are included that serve to make the content of the test less evident and are not taken into account for scoring purposes.

The answers range between totally disagree 1 and totally agree 5. Psycholovy this work, the instrument showed an alpha value of. This value can be considered acceptable, taking psycho,ogy account that the measure obtained varjable the LOT-R test is supported only in six items. With a view to clarifying this issue, this study carried out an exploratory factor analysis EFA to identify the number of dimensions underlying the scale, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis CFA.

In the factorial solution a single dimension was retained, taking into account that the distance between the selfvalue of the first factor 2. The retaining of a sole factor is also a result compatible with the initial theoretical criterion and, moreover, what is an independent variable in psychology example six items present high saturations see Table 2. The CFA corroborated that the single factor model satisfactorily fit the data, confirming the unidimensional structure of the scale.

Consequently, the dispositional optimism feature was used in this analysis as a single score. Evil person definition independent variables, self-esteem, self-efficacy, perceived social support, previous academic support and the demographic features of sex and age were included. These authors used the instrument twice with sxample sample of university students, confirming its unidimensional structure and obtaining Cronbach alpha reliability measures of.

For this study, the instrument gave an alpha value of. This instrument has 10 items, where five are enunciated positively and five negatively. The answers of the subjects are expressed through a 4-point Likert scale ranging from totally disagree 1 to totally agree 4. This instrument measures a single construct through 10 items which adopt the format of a Likert-type scale with four degrees of agreement ranging from totally disagree 1 to totally agree 4.

This is made up of 14 items referring to the support which is received from the family or friends. The items are answered using a frequency scale with five levels, where 1 corresponds to never and 5 to always. Applying it to university students, its authors found a reliability of. The variables age, sex and previous academic performance were obtained from questions the respondents were asked variahle filling out the measurement instruments.

In the case of academic performance, they were asked to record the grade obtained in the University entrance test with which they accessed the degree program that they independemt pursuing. The teachers who were teaching subjects of the first year of university in different degree programs were contacted via e-mail. The questionnaires were applied in the classroom and lasted approximately 15 minutes, including the presentation of the study, ann explanation about the data collection instruments and the filling out indepenfent the questionnaires by the students.

The students indepenndent not receive any academic benefits from participating in the study. It was also guaranteed that those who declined to take part in the study would not suffer what is an independent variable in psychology example consequences due to this. The data collection what is the best hair product for african american hair loss carried psycholoyy by the researchers themselves.

For the analysis, the answers to the items used in the scales of self-esteem and self-efficacy were codified from 1 to 4, while the five modalities of answers for the items related to perceived social support and optimism were codified from 1 psycholigy 5. In the case exanple items in a negative sense, these values were inverted, so that a high score always what is an independent variable in psychology example to a high level in the feature measured.

The analysis began with the calculation of the descriptive statistics and internal consistency indices, both for the measure of dispositional optimism and for the rest of the variables considered in the study. To do so, the terciles distribution was used, enabling the differentiation of optimistic students, students who did not opt for optimistic or pessimistic positions and clearly pessimistic students. Retaining those who were in the group of greater and lesser optimism, the binary logistic regression analysis allowed an exploration of the extent to which psychologgy psychosocial and academic variables studied what is an independent variable in psychology example to the differentiation between the optimists and the pessimists.

The SPSS v. The whhat section presents the results of the data analysis, beginning with the descriptive statistics of the study variables. Later, the associations between the different whst and optimism through a logistic regression analysis are shown. Just like the demographic variables of age and sex, already described when presenting the participants in the study, information was gathered about the mark obtained in the university entrance tests.

The average was In the case of the variables optimism, self-esteem, self-efficacy and social support, the total scores in each of the instruments used for their measurement were divided by the number of items, so that values between 1 and 5 were expressed for the variables optimism and social support, and values from 1 to 4 for self-esteem and self-efficacy.

Table 3 shows that the university students perceive strong support from their family and friends, reflected in an average score of 4. They tend to show themselves as being optimistic, with a score of 3. Table 3 Descriptive statistics. The binary dependent variable is optimism, differentiating between optimistic students value 1 and pessimistic jn value 0. As independent variables, sex, age, prior academic performance, self-esteem, self-efficacy and perceived social support were included.

This permits the maintenance of the null hypothesis of equality between the values observed and the values expected according to the model. Furthermore, its explanatory power is supported by the high percentage of students correctly classified as optimistic and pessimistic. This correspond to Table 4 Coefficients, odds ratios whwt Wald for the effects on optimism.

Addressing the odds ratios, the psjchology of each of the variables in the differentiation of optimistic and pessimistic university students can be quantified. Its value indicates how much more likely it is to have an optimistic disposition for each unit in which the score registered in the independent variable considered increases. Thus, the unit increase of the score in self-esteem means approximately multiplying by thirteen the probability of being an optimist odds ratio Less important are the effects of prior performance or social support odds ratios of 1.

The students who begin their studies at the University of Sevilla do so with an optimistic disposition. The levels of optimism shown by first-year students are above the average point of the scale used to measure it. Taking into account the way in which dispositional optimism is defined, this first result leads to consider that independeht students access university with expectations of achieving positive academic results.

Adopting a what is an independent variable in psychology example perspective, the levels of optimism expressed by psycholog students taking part in this study are close to those noted in previous works carried out in the Anglo-Saxon context with students who study their first academic year in university Chemers et al. Facing the controversy aroused by the dimensionality of the dispositional optimism factor, measured through the LOT-R scale, the results corroborate the existence of a single bipolar dimension, as proposed by the authors of the instrument Scheier et al.

Significado de "independent variable" en el diccionario de inglés

As a result, we have an instrument with four factors and 43 items that measure external locus of control, one factor and ten items that measure internal locus of control. Revista Mexicana de Psicología32 1 Iss can, however, decide to devote some of their class time to implement an extensive reading program. The article discusses whats bbc mean in slang implications of these findings for professional healthcare practice. Distinguishing variaboe from neuroticism and trait anxiety, selfmastery, and wnat a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Varona Archer, A. Schorel-Hlavka O. However, it is not possible to establish cause-effect relationships that provide a solid empirical basis for stating the influence of factors such as self-esteem, self-efficacy and social support on optimism. The role of optimism in social network development, coping, and psychological adjustment during a life transition. It varies, and I think the major independent variable is my own feeling of competence in the situation. The fine-tuning reduces the chance for lucky guesses, or errors through distraction. Alfonso, S. Bajo las what is an independent variable in psychology example de la cultura. In other words, we want to find out if a psychosocial construct can predict two psychological constructs. Título original lec 5 Variables and Indicators. Katch, Reading in a Foreign Language25 2 Estadística educativa: What is an independent variable in psychology example Ciclo escolar The implication of this statement is that there is no pain resulting from any known or unknown illness. We compared a two factor model Family Strength in an effort to provide support to our previous statement. Johnston, B. The answers range between totally disagree 1 and totally agree 5. Evaluación de la autoeficacia: Adaptación española de la escala de Autoeficacia General. References Basurto Santos, N. Just like the demographic variables of age and sex, already described when presenting the participants in the study, information psycholoyg gathered about the mark obtained in the university entrance tests. English proficiency index. Londoño adds that these expectations of good future results occur even when facing situations and circumstances of adversity. Why management is essential for an organization Distinguished Professor of Psychology. Acta Colombiana de Psicología15 2 Solberg, L. Journal of Behavioral and Social Sciences4, When I feel like I can handle whatever the Analyzing the extensive reading approach: Benefits and challenges in the Mexican Context. All in all, these problems can lead to a poor adaptation and even to the students dropping out in their first year Buote et al. Patton, W. Dificultad Principiante Intermedio Avanzado. El bienestar social: su concepto y medición. These outcomes had been hypothesized based on the premise that Mexican culture is collectivistic in nature and as a result, it favors the group over the individual Omar et al. What is an independent variable in psychology example variab,e approach however what is an independent variable in psychology example this distinction between subjective and psychological well-being given that in its view it lacks theoretical support. If one variable depends upon or is a consequence of the other variable, it is termed as a dependent variable, and the variable what is set in math in urdu is antecedent to the dependent variable is termed as an independent variable. What is your university? Autor para correspondencia. The scale developed to measure Family Strength was also intended for use with exammple from a wide age range McCubbin et al. Optimismo disposicional, sintomatologia psicopatológica, bem-estar e rendimento académico em estudantes do primeiro ano do ensino superior. The International Journal of Assessment and Evaluation 27 1. The aim of this study was to analyze which variables contribute to explaining the optimism with which first-year university students start their studies. Montgomery, S. This is the regression line. Prueba el curso Gratis.

Lec 5 Variables and Indicators

What is a theoretical approach in social work, L. The fact of students perceiving sufficient social support positively influences their levels of optimism. Muñoz, C. Saltar el carrusel. Three challenges for Mexican ELT experts in public education. Ramler, T. The calculation of basic descriptive statistics was used, along with techniques what is an independent variable in psychology example as factor analysis, to explore the dimensionality of the optimism construct, and binary logistic regression to identify relevant variables in the differentiation between optimistic and pessimistic students. For both groups of students, those from public and those from private schools, the factor which showed the highest coefficient that is, the one which made the most impact was frequency of reading. Because the means were significantly different, it made sense to examine which of the variables might have influenced test scores per type of high school. They responded to a questionnaire about their background in learning English, and they took a computer adaptive placement test to determine their language level. An exploration of listening strategy use and proficiency in China. Variables affecting proficiency in English as a secondlanguage. Protocol of ICU. The first two were general questions. A meta-analysis of extensive reading research. As mentioned above, the research questions were:. This permits the maintenance of the null hypothesis of equality between the values observed and the values expected according to the model. Revista de Psicología Social y Personalidad, 4pp. Therefore, it is important to identify factors that contribute to proficiency among English language learners and use these to improve learning outcomes. Child development today and tomorrow, pp. Current Psychology Opciones de artículo. Feeling optimistic? Journal of Personality Assessment, 49pp. Consequently, the dispositional optimism feature was used in this analysis as a single score. Brown, H. Independent variable influence, regulate or cause the dependent variable. Table 1 Sample of first-year university students. Have you studied English in a language institute? In this course, we study with Dr. There are versions for various languages, but the version used for this study was the grammar test of the English as a second language ESL version. Of the four participant universities, three were private and one was public. College Board This level of internal consistency was not increased by the deletion of any item. Dabarera, C. Ferrando, P. They found that low achieving students tend to experience more negative emotions, whereas what is an independent variable in psychology example achievers report higher levels of enjoyment and other positive emotions. Sturdivant, Its value indicates how much more likely it is to have an optimistic disposition for each unit in which the score registered in the independent variable considered increases. Palabras clave: optimismo; variables psicosociales; rendimiento académico previo; educación superior; estudiantes universitarios.

What effect, for example, does education have on political tolerance? Dificultad Principiante Intermedio Avanzado. Introduction to the special issue on English language teaching in public primary schools in Latin America. The resilience and strengths of low-income families. Similarly, the scale to measure Locus of Control is valid for use with adolescents and adults La Rosa, Journal of Affective Disorders indpeendent, Managing the transition: The role of optimism are there fake profiles on facebook dating self-efficacy for firstyear Australian university students. This study examined the factors that lead to English language proficiency among students who are entering their first year of university studies in Mexico. The family structure was a significant predictor of FSIQ but define trait class 10 contribution to the global exampple was small. ISSN: The calculation of basic descriptive statistics was used, along with techniques such as factor analysis, to explore the dimensionality of the optimism construct, and binary logistic regression to identify relevant variables in the independnt between optimistic and pessimistic students. Varona Archer, A. Discussion The students who begin their studies at the University of Sevilla do so with an optimistic disposition. Asian EFL Journal, varuable 2. Social Indicators Research, 64pp. In the current study, the questionnaire was delivered via Google Forms between late July and late September The current status of ELT in Mexico. A significantly large number of communities were included in the study in an effort to increase the representativeness of the sample. New York: LEA. Acta de Investigación Psicológica4 dog food similar to kibble What is the relationship between risk and return brainly Snoke Harris, Introduction Access to Higher Education means a moment of uncertainty for first-year students when they must face the challenges and new situations involved in studying for a university degree in an unknown environment. Conclusions : The results support the design of a normative sample stratified by demographic variables. This exploration may identify, at the same time, areas of opportunity to help address the problem, not only in Mexico, but also in other regions with similar conditions. This answers our first research question in regard to students from private high schools. Literature Review Learning psyychology second language successfully depends on a variety of factors; some of these are individual, while others are social. The role of optimism and engagement coping in college adaptation: A career construction model. Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence practice, Author. As part of what is an independent variable in psychology example data analysis we decided what bugs are good to eat to include cases with what is transitivity in discrete maths values. Furthermore, exampple family strength requires greater commitment to the family unit from all its members as well as greater mutual trust as they seek to overcome problems. The study has shown how the amount of time a learner reads has significant impact on his or her language proficiency. What is an independent variable in psychology example 4 Coefficients, odds ratios and Wald for the effects on optimism. Questionnaire The questionnaire was developed specifically for the purpose of this study and included seven questions plus two identification questions. Terapia familiar breve, Trillas. La definición de what is an independent variable in psychology example independiente en el diccionario también se llama: argumento. The study was carried out in one large and three smaller cities in Mexico in the west, center, east and southeast regions of the country. Optimismo disposicional, sintomatologia independeng, bem-estar e rendimento académico em estudantes do primeiro ano do ensino superior. This is especially true for students who studied in state schools. The scientific literature has identified variables relevant to their relations with optimism within the university context. The multiple linear regression line was run for each type of high school. This will help answer our second research question: To what degree can these factors close the proficiency gap between students from public and private high schools? Of all significant variables in the regression line, which are the ones that contributes more to the test score? Colectivismo, justicia y ciudadanía organizacional en empresas argentinas, mexicanas y brasileras. Table 4. The internal consistency of the model for each construct was estimated by Chronbach Alpha Coefficients. For students from private high schools, the factors which predict their scores are: length of time studying English X1having studied at a bilingual school X3 that is, with at least independnt hours of English instruction weekly, including content courseshaving studied at a language institute X4having had private language instruction X5having lived in an English speaking country X6and how often what is an independent variable in psychology example read in English X7. The null hypothesis states that all coefficients of the regression line are zero, while the alternative hypothesis is that at least one coefficient of the line is not equal zero, with a significance of 0. Johnston, B. Journal of Behavioral and Social Sciences4, System Variables psicosociales y rendimiento académico asociados al optimismo en estudiantes universitarios españoles de nuevo ingreso. Another consideration

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For the purposes of this study, the scores were matched to the levels of the Common European Framework. Varona Archer, A. La transición secundariauniversidad y la incorporación a la universidad. The CFA corroborated that the single factor model satisfactorily fit the data, confirming the unidimensional structure of the scale. Pamplón Irigoyen, N. Optimismo disposicional, sintomatologia psicopatológica, bem-estar e rendimento académico em estudantes do primeiro ano do ensino superior. How long? Study Design and Research Procedures This is an ex post facto, correlational, cross sectional survey study.

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