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Several difficulties were faced innocation the risk analysis, and the main ones were the possible unreliable information given by the client and the need to deal with unexpected risk. Poorly worded items may introduce possible sources of error variance Worthington and Whitaker, Brem, A. Strategic risks, however, were identified e. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 5pp. This study will help to reduce the workload and the processing time that are required to complete the analysis of unstructured textual data from different sources, such as the answers acquired through open-ended questions.

Rivas García. Kawamoto, Renata What are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq. ISSN: Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyse how to adopt PRM in SMEs with a positive cost-benefit ratio, considering risk management RM phases, activities, tools, instruments, procedures and organisational aspects that enable the effective implementation of PRM in SMEs.

To identify the fundamental dimensions to insert in the framework, a systematic literature review was performed, and a pilot case study was conducted to test the validity of the empirical framework and improve it. What are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq, after the case analysis, the benefits obtained and the difficulties faced through the adoption of PRM are presented and discussed. Introduction According to ISOrisk is defined as the effect, in terms of positive or negative deviation from the expected outcome, resulting from uncertainty on targeted objectives.

Consequently, all types of organisations are taking a greater interest in risk management RMrecognising the deriving benefits. The aim of RM is to reduce the potential for risks and mitigate the impact of possible losses Bajo et al. RM is a what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq process of defining objectives, identifying sources of uncertainties, measuring probability and severity of the potential consequences and formulating managerial responses to risks and opportunities Henschel, The PM process is divided into five phases i.

Most companies are aware of the importance of a structured approach to. PM Miklosik, and of the increased effectiveness and efficiency of human effort in the organisation that is obtained through PM Fernando et al. Through the identification of such risks, the managers are able to study the possible positive and negative outcomes and define the correct response to treat them in order to assure the success of the entire project.

Commonly, in most types of organisations, many efforts of managers are expended on dealing with project risk-related issues Fernando et al. Given its importance, in the last years, many companies, from different types of industries, have adopted PRM. Using the appropriate tools, PRM provides an effective means for managing a complex project against time, cost and quality non-achievement Dey, They have identified that the most successful projects implemented more RM practices.

In fact, the earlier RM is initiated, the more successful a project becomes. RM process activities and the criteria for choosing among risk techniques have been extensively studied and implemented in both literature and practice. The SMEs vulnerability, because of a combination of resource-related constraints i. After a careful selection process, three types of phylogenetic trees which the proceeding papers, editorial materials, non-English language papers, non-pertinent.

All six papers were empirical studies i. Three of the studies were applied in the industrial sector, two were applied in the service sector and one was applied in what is open relationship in facebook sectors. Only half of the papers contemplated all project risk types and, as for the PRM phases, only in two of them all phases were applied. Objectives and Methodology The objective of this paper is to analyse how to adopt PRM in SMEs with a positive cost-benefit ratio, considering RM phases, activities, tools, instruments, procedures and other organisational aspects that enable the effective implementation of PRM in SMEs.

Given the nature of the objective of this research, an exploratory and explanatory research through the case study methodology has been chosen, as it is the most appropriate one for this type of study Yin, To this extent, an empirical framework of analysis has been specifically developed to conduct a multiple case study focused on projects in SMEs, in which PRM was adopted with a positive cost-benefit ratio.

In this paper, a pilot case study will be presented, aiming specifically at testing the validity of the empirical framework and improving it; moreover, first indications to promote PRM adoption in SMEs will be grasped from the analysis of the pilot case. To build the research protocol, firstly, well-known books and significant articles what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq research methodologies were consulted.

After that, consolidated manuals about PM and PRM, as well as empirical papers about the adoption of PRM by different types of companies, were analysed in order to collect the fundamental dimensions to be inserted in the theoretical framework. All the collected information was adapted to the SMEs context and summarised to support the questionnaire creation. The steps of the methodology and their specific aims are presented in Figure what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq.

The resulting questionnaire is divided into eight sections: 1 Company profile and respondents; 2 Project overview i. In each of these sections, the activities performed, the tools and techniques used, the results obtained and the main difficulties encountered were also questioned. The pilot project was selected based on the adoption of PRM by a SME, the type of industry in which it was implemented i. Results Company profile and project overview For this pilot case study, a small-sized consultancy company — organised by projects — was selected.

The company employs 48 people and has a turnover of five million Euros. Moreover, its main activity is the development of Customer Relationship Management CRM systems that focus on user adoption i. The project cost 60, Euros and involved seven people for seven months. Table 1 displays the general information about the PRM process and the organisation adopted in the project. Risk identification and analysis In this project, as in all other projects of Alpha, a preliminary analysis was performed.

Thus, the outcomes of this analysis served as an input what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq the project planning. During this preliminary analysis, the activities to be performed were ordered by importance in a matrix deriving from a cost-benefit analysisand the possible risks that may be faced during the project were identified and analysed. Therefore, the first two phases of the PRM process, risk identification and risk analysis, were proactively performed in this first PM phase i.

In particular, for the risk identification, the activities performed — mainly to check the feasibility — were context analysis, what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq analysis and risks and opportunities identification, while the main tools used were brainstorming, interviews with experts, Can aa marry aa person Analysis and the 5 Whys technique.

No relevant, technical-operational. In addition to that, as a mitigating action, a clause in the contract signed what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq the client allows Alpha to interrupt the project if any risks related to the IT structure emerges. Strategic risks, however, were identified e. The client was considered to be reliable from a financial point of view; thus, no relevant financial risks were considered.

Besides the risks, an opportunity was also identified: to turn this project into a model for future clients in the automotive industry. For this reason, the project manager devoted all his effort towards obtaining a specific CRM model for this industry why is my whatsapp phone not working the end of the project.

The main obstacle encountered in this phase was understanding what the main risks for the client were. The project manager and the assistant, who were responsible for the PRM, were very concerned what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq the risk of not satisfying the client because of the potential difficulties that could be faced during the CRM user adoption.

Such difficulties could not only jeopardise the project but also threaten the opportunities of making the project a successful case and attracting new clients in the market. During the risk analysis, the project team focused on analysing the consequences of the risks identified as well as the risks that could arise during the execution of the project. The tools and techniques adopted in this phase were the 5 Whys technique and a cost-benefit analysis, obtaining a qualitative evaluation of the identified risks.

No risk prioritisation was done in the project. The risk related to the user adoption and the eventual lack of skills of a team member were analysed. Several difficulties were faced during the risk analysis, and the main ones were the possible unreliable information given by the client and the need to deal with unexpected risk. Given the activities and connected risks, the project manager approved the preliminary analysis and officially started the project.

During the project lifecycle, the project manager had the responsibility of having these initially identified risks under control. Firstly, risk treatment was performed in the preliminary analysis. With the aim to assure project success, every source of technical. Moreover, to transfer other potential technical risks emerging during the project, a clause in the contract allows Alpha to interrupt the project if any risk related to the IT structure, and not initially individuated, emerges.

Two specific techniques were used to complete the risk treatment during the project implementation: risk mitigation and, more widely, risk transfer. As a result, the sales manager created a change request, and the client payed for it. Another risk that occurred in the project was related to the lack of skills of one of the software engineers. During the second day of the project, a software engineer — as a member of the project team — asked the project manager to leave the project because he was not capable of developing all of the what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq activities.

Since this was an expected risk, the project manager had already considered another person and made a substitution in the project team; however, this replacement could not be done immediately so, in the end, two working-days were lost i. In this case the risk was partially mitigated but not completely avoided. A significant difficulty faced in this phase was to involve the client, given his poor availability. This tool was also useful to support the project manager to discuss with the client and decide which treatment action to take when needed.

The main difficulties faced during this phase were the lack of time, the need of dealing with non-calculated risks and the lack what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq information provided by the client. Once the project finished, a meeting involving all the project members was held at Alpha, during which they discussed and reported the lessons learned about how to avoid in the future the same difficulties and problems encountered in this project; these results were not documented.

Through PRM application, the main risks were avoided, and a significant strategic opportunity was identified; thus, pursing this opportunity gave extra motivation for the project team. Besides that, both interviewees affirmed that PRM supported them in the decision-making process, but it was not very significant because there was no risk register, and risk evaluation was not performed in a systematic way. However, the project manager believes what does property insurance cover, if the PRM process were more structured and the risk analysis were deeper, the project team would have more reliable information about the project that could considerably contribute in the decision-making process; therefore, potential PRM outcomes are even higher than the actual outcomes.

The adoption of PRM had a low impact on improving the evaluation of the budget reserve and on the budget controlling, since there was not a quantitative risk evaluation; however, both respondents believed that these outcomes could benefit from an improved application of PRM. The project manager and the assistant believed the PRM benefits obtained overcame the implementation costs i.

They also believed that it should be implemented in all what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq of projects. They further pointed out that the strategic nature of the project gave a strong motivation for the PRM adoption. Among the main obstacles faced during the PRM implementation were: risks not clearly identified at the beginning of the project, difficult communications with the client and time constraints.

Figure 3 summarises the results obtained from the pilot case, according to the framework of analysis. What to say in first online dating message The project analysed was successfully completed. Firstly, besides all the qualitative benefits obtained from the PRM, it is important to highlight the positive costbenefit ratio between the RM outcomes and implementation costs, which can motivate the development of RM also in this type of company.

Likewise, the study of Fernando et al. In more details, Alpha devoted most of its efforts i. This is realised in the preliminary analysis with a proactive approach, revealing the company knowledge and awareness that risks may lead to a complete project failure. This result reinforced the affirmation of Carvalho and Rabechiniwho stated that PRM can use a mapping method of the threats and opportunities to develop new models. This what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq analysis also disclosed a positive characteristic of Alpha: a strategic vision.

According to Carvalho and RabechiniPM needs to be embedded in strategic thinking on project risks to ensure the completion of the PM activities. The entire project team was involved in the PRM, which was also a positive result since, according to Radnor and Walleythe entire staff who should marry a gemini be involved and consulted in order to increase motivation and create conditions for a sustainable implementation.

When analysing the outcomes of the PRM adoption, the consultants presume that an improvement in the PRM process would significantly affect the benefits obtained. In relation to the academic implications, the empirical framework developed for SMEs and tested in the pilot case allows researchers to analyse the PRM main dimensions and to determine the cost-benefit ratio connected with its adoption.

After the pilot case, the questionnaire was improved: through its application it was possible to correct incomplete or unclear information and to complete the data what does the name of david mean requiring specific examples for every PM phase emerged. The resulting framework can give a valuable contribution to the literature.

Regarding the practical implications, the Alpha case gives an example of an effective and efficient RM in the preliminary phase of project initiating, assuring project success; meanwhile, suggestions to improve the PRM have been highlighted, in order to improve project performance and fully benefit from the PRM adoption.

Conclusion Although this is a pilot case, limited to a specific industrial sector, it provided first indications about the PRM adoption in SMEs.

A macro perspective of the perceptions of the education system via topic modelling analysis

And what is their potential? Researchers have looked at how to attract attention or sell issues to management Dutton and Ashford, and the importance of this communication to the strategic direction of the multinational company what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq the overall competitiveness Dutton et al. In order to avoid extremes and to allow for a greater differentiation a five point Likert scale was used to assess the extent to which an individual agrees or disagrees with each statement. It is important to highlight that the proposed methodology has a practical applicability to identify prominent underlying, in a large collection of responses to open-ended questions, oriented to multiple stakeholders. Dai X. De igual forma el cuadro 3 muestra la matriz de correlación entre las variables dependiente e what is the bandwagon propaganda technique del modelo de capacidad de absorción. Although several previous studies have examined the impact of leadership what is the systolic pressure mean on innovation, this study addresses the consequences of destructive leadership on innovation in Portuguese firms from different sectors. The innovations described in Table IX are still consistent with the models, logic and organizing principles of Djellal and Gallouj and Gallouj and Weinsteinbecause they present the following:. Such an effect serves organisational competitiveness. Tolerance for error has to do with accepting a reasonable margin of error especially the one that is committed trying new things that generate learnings [ 65 ]. Performance measures and worker productivity. Anttiroiko, A. Orazbayeva, B. An empirical examination of contextual influences on follower perceptions and reactions to aversive leadership. Learning in Teams — A Student Manual. While low formalization levels reduce the emphasis on rules and procedures, it allows for the perception of problems and circumstances from other perspectives, motivating the search for new solutions [ 4647 ]. Leceta, J. This result reinforced the affirmation of Carvalho and Rabechiniwhat is one example of commensalism stated that PRM can use a mapping method of the threats and opportunities to develop new models. International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business, 1, pp. Along these lines, interpersonal and teamwork abilities comprise interpersonal relations among team members to coordinate their work and achieve the planned objectives. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 5 4 Theoretical references The service sector is so poorly understood that it compromises the analysis of innovation in this sector Gallouj,despite its growing economic importance. International Journal of Technology Management. The latter what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq used to identify differences and similarities between the individual and professional patterns of the respondents. Contemporary Economic Policy, 33 2— These characteristics are procedures, structure, people, organizational aspects, focus, and management. Question 7: Do you feel motivated to work as a team? Carayannis, E. Multimed Tools Appl 78 11 ,—15, However, after testing for normality applying the Shapiro-Wilk test to this case, the result rejects the null hypothesis of the existence of a normal distribution and thus it is not possible to use the one-way ANOVA test. Intertopic distance for the selected model of students, teachers and parents groups. Care should be taken with contradictions that could weaken these what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq. Findings from this analysis lead to the modification of certain items and the removal of others. Schotter, A. De Noni, I. Windrum, P. Organizational change in an Australian university: Responses to a research assessment exercise. In each of these sections, the activities performed, the tools and techniques used, the results obtained and the main difficulties encountered were also questioned. La sección 4 analiza los resultados obtenidos a partir de los modelos econométricos desarrollados en este trabajo. Blazejewski, S. Towards a dual-process model of capability dynamization. Figure 1. This phase is particularly important for the analysis of unstructured textual information [ 10 ]. One of the most promising approaches for addressing technological maturity is the technology readiness level TRLwhich proves to be helpful in understanding the technological maturity measurements of performance, reliability, durability, and operational experience in the expected environment [ Salazar and Russi-Vigoya, ]. Howells, J. This research focuses on drivers of innovation of enterprises operating in a framework of NSS in Poland. Recently, meaning of devastated in english and urdu LDA-based approach has also been used to analyze the responses of a teacher self-assessment survey in an Ecuadorian university. Results and discussion This section has what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq subdivided based on the characteristics of the respondents and the innovation analysis, to provide the best visualization of the personal and professional features of the respondents as well as the innovation process that occurs in the court. Experimental results and discussion Preliminary analysis After the dataset construction stage was finished and the term-document matrix was generated, a TF-IDF analysis was performed and the relevant terms in each corpus were identified. The Leadership Quarterly, 24 1 Resultados Los resultados de la estimación de los modelos econométricos propuestos en esta investigación se muestran en esta sección. The subsidiary takes risks with the aim of increasing its importance within the mulSchmid et al. Unlike the private sector, governments do not use much creativity to motivate their workers to develop innovations.

Model of Culture for Innovation

They performed a principal component analysis to identify the factors to map the innovation models present in the court. They were asked knowkedge respond bearing in mind their leader. En la siguiente sección se discute los modelos econométricos desarrollados en esta investigación con el fin de probar la existencia de derramas tecnológicas inversas y su aprovechamiento por parte de las Charactetistics. Considering these what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq, the answers associated to each bigram and trigram were extracted and an initial qualitative analysis were performed. Likert scales and data analyses. Furthermore, Balland et al. Wang J. To this extent, an empirical framework of analysis has been specifically developed to conduct a multiple case study focused on projects in SMEs, in which PRM was adopted with a positive cost-benefit ratio. A Mann-Whitney U test was run to determine if there were differences in the quality of jobs created score between companies that did and did not benefit from SIFIDE in the last five years. A special form of cooperation are clusters which bring together academic institutions, research organizations or centers of excellence in specific charactfristics, what can be observed mostly in the European Union [ Kowalski, ]. In fact, the earlier RM is initiated, the more successful a project becomes. The scorecard presented here serves as a template. Organizational culture and radical innovation: Does innovative behavior mediate this relationship? Sundbo, J. Gallouj presents the following characteristics of the service sector:. Ambidextrous organizational culture, contextual ambidexterity and new product innovation: A comparative study of UK and Chinese high-tech firms. Hence, the final step for the topic modelling is to analyze the topics that the model generated, draw conclusions about the theme of each topic and analyze them in terms of its distribution in the dataset. When there is a conflict between the different ideas, perceptions, and ways in which one may process and evaluate information, the conflict should be managed constructively, so as to promote creativity and innovation [ 2278 ]. How fairness perceptions make innovative behavior more or less stressful. The statements presented hattie visible learning effect size Table II are related to innovation models for services. Papamichail, G. On this innovatoon level, two characterlstics categories are included, in which, although they are not determinants of culture as such, they do affect them in terms of adjustment: management competencies and organizational capabilities. Una segunda explicación sobre el comportamiento de la IED proveniente de las economías knoowledge sugiere que los gobiernos de estos países buscan a menudo alentar y recompensar los esfuerzos por generar tecnologías propias a partir de implementar políticas favorables para alcanzar este objetivo v. According to the results of the tests, the hypothesis 1 should be rejected, because technical advancement of the acquired technologies in relation to the latest technologies available on the market is not linked with cooperation with research institutions. Education was always based on two main concepts: experience and knowledge. Los hallazgos principales de estos autores sugirieron que la disponibilidad de capital humano potencializa de manera significativa la productividad total de los factores, pero con un impacto poco significativo en la capacidad de absorción Yang et al. Managing risk in the formative years: Evidence from young enterprises in Europe. Correspondence to Jenny Cifuentes. Disadvantages of teamwork. At this point, we can establish a relationship between most of the motivation factors what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq the vharacteristics arisen from collaborative learning mentioned by students see question 5. Through PRM application, the main risks were avoided, and a significant strategic opportunity was identified; thus, pursing this opportunity gave extra motivation for the project team. Cbaracteristics must facilitate the free exchange of ideas, promoting horizontal communication between individuals, as well as between teams and departments, as this removes bureaucratic procedures [ 8485 ]. According to this approach, interpersonal competence also includes the appreciation of diversity and multiculturality, the ability to work in an international context as well as the ethical commitment. The pilot project was selected based on the adoption of PRM by a SME, the type how to find the probability formula industry in which it was implemented i. It seems clear that the challenges that face these innovation studies are great, and in dealing with the public sector, they seem greater still given the characteristics of governments. Hofstede G. In addition, a complete educational event, which was promoted by the Secretary of Education, allowed us to collect answers from more than parents. Innovation represents new approaches to public action as well as the art of thinking of and developing ideas and actions in ways that are better than those that have been practiced in public administration in the past Anttiroiko et al. Paidos: Buenos Aires. Könnölä T. Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 3 5 Evidence shows that the three determinant leadership factors are soy crisps a healthy snack innovation are organizational stimulus, challenging work, and work group support [ 49 ]. It is important to consider that when a greater number of topics are involved, they are less comprehensible. International Journal of Technology Management. Reina, C. Strategic planning in a subsidiary.

Volume 14 - Issue 1 (2019)

Restrictions to generalisation also apply due to the nature of the group of firms involved in the study. During the processing and analysis of natural language, the textual instances are characterized by a bag of words, which is computationally represented by a term-document matrix. To summarize, the data collection stage has allowed the characteristicd of answers from parents, charxcteristics from students and answers from teachers, the information was obtained from different sources. Una propuesta de transformación cultural. In the final stage, a onnovation of experts in this study area carry out the label identification of each topic. How fairness perceptions make innovative behavior more or less stressful. The effect of project and process characteristics on product development cycle time. In particular, Topic Modelling TM what is the principle of segregation in genetics strategies have emerged as an impressive paradigm to automatically process the semantic characteristics of large textual databases. What would you like students to learn in their high school education that will help them in their lives after graduation? The case study analyzes the answers to open-ended questions that are designed to identify the current expectations and limitations in the educational system of Bogota from different points characteristkcs view. In other words, subsidiaries may seek to advance their role in such a way that it conflicts with the overall strategy of the MNC. Additionally, Hassink and Gong [] argue that there innovatioj insufficient existing structures on which the smart specialization can build, together with poor institutional capabilities when it comes to the selection of the right entrepreneurial discovery process EDPunderstood as a systematic effort of public—private dialog that draws on quantitative and qualitative evidences, focuses on prioritization and action planning, and enables meaning of the word exploit of an emerging regional consensus on cross-sectoral economic development in smart specialization strategies [ Benner, ]. Aiming to provide evidence in support of this proposal, this research contributes to literature by exploring rhe mitigating effect of the caring climate on the relationship between destructive leadership and behavioural innovation. Evaluation metrics, such as topic coherence, were quantitatively analyzed to assess the modelling performance. Managing risk innovayion the formative years: Evidence from young enterprises in Europe. Along this line, Padilla et al. Along with these advantages, Kiraly what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq al. They consider three dimensions such as flexibility versus control, external versus internal orientation, and organizational means and ends, which, in accordance with their conclusions, synthesize the multiple variables which have been used for the innovaion of innovative culture. Caring climate tends to encourage those behaviours that result in whzt is best for the majority of people in organisations. Some of the activities carried out by the University of Magdalena, examined according to the proposed model Activities Carried out Design Structure. Lewis, J. In the two groups, there is no relationship between its members, as such there is independence of the samples. Academy of Management Review, 18, pp. Multinational subsidiary knowledge protection—Do mandates and clusters matter? Our findings contribute to research on subsidiary role evolution by identifying and testing knowleege constructs. Innovation and control in the multinational firm: A comparison of political and contingency approaches. What opportunity would you like the city to offer students after high school? Information on the use of tax credits for the years thru is made publicly available by the Portuguese Government, and it includes the tax credits claimed by companies, following the emission of a tax credit voucher, awarded by the National Innovation Agency, to companies that fulfilled the basef of SIFIDE II and that can be used by the companies in the following five fiscal years. El estudio de Driffield y Love aborda la presencia de derramas tecnológicas baseed en el Reino Unido de acuerdo con la motivación de las ETN por acceder a tecnologías superiores que las existentes en sus characteriwtics de origen. Suggestions for improvement were incorporated and edits were made to the instrument as a result. Belussi F. This third characteristic is foundational for implementing. Cheng X, Cao Q, Liao SS Covid ard overview of literature on covid, mers and sars: using text mining and latent dirichlet allocation. Nuestro conocimiento se basa exclusivamente en la investigación del espacio audio. Este hecho abre la posibilidad de que las ETNMX transfieran eventualmente dichas tecnologías al resto de la economía nacional, contribuyendo de esta forma a ampliar la base tecnológica en este país para alcanzar un mayor desarrollo innovador Gammeltoft y Hobdari, Search in Google Scholar Asheim, B. Rigby D. Principles and generic guidelines on risk management. Zuckerberg: La historia del próximo siglo es la transición de una economía industrial basada en recursos a una economía del conocimiento. Journal of Business Research. Instrumental refers to internal communications, and symbolic refers to communications characteriwtics stakeholders. In charateristics of this, obstacles charzcteristics lie in the path of subsidiaries who try to pursue new initiatives. Students who do not see teamwork as relevant for their future careers argue that translators usually work individually 7. Procedia Economics and Finance, 3, To what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq end, the work in [ 6 ] implements a Vector Space Model to develop the methodology, which was consequently validated in an experimental case study. Bartlett C, Ghoshal S. Yang Eds. Suggested approaches to increasing the legitimacy of the subsidiary can be categorised under two knowledgw approaches; a enhancing the what are the characteristics of knowledge based innovation mcq profile and b pursuing new opportunities.

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The review of innovative culture literature enabled the selection of seven management competencies that are closely associated with innovation and creativity: communication, teamwork, tolerance for error, conflict management, decision-making, simplicity and agility, and prioritization. Teamwork motivation.

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