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Jill Loughlin. Jill Blackmore. Debra Bateman. A short summary of this paper. PDF Pack. People also downloaded these PDFs. People also downloaded these free PDFs. Centre for Research in Educational Futures and Innovation The connections between learning spaces and learning outcomes: people and learning places? Research into the connection between built learning spaces and student outcomes by Jill Loughlin. Salama, by Ashraf M.
Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. Learning Spaces Literature Review 2 Literature Review The connections between learning spaces and learning outcomes: people and learning places? Background and context The focus on better understanding the connections between built learning environments and student learning outcomes has emerged out of a concern as to whether the pedagogies, curriculum, assessment and organisational forms necessary to develop the capacities in students for the 21st century require different built environments and usage.
Issues of environmental sustainability, the integration of ICT to enhance learning, industry and university partnerships, educational inequality and is hickey good or bad regeneration as well as the restructuring of school organisation and governance to broaden curriculum provision and provide integrated services have foregrounded how the built and natural environments relate to community, student engagement and learning outcomes.
Whereas quantitative studies tended to focus on direct links between outcomes and learning spaces, recent qualitative research provides greater understanding as to how this has occurred and why. The search was initially broad as learning outcomes were often a passing reference rather than the focus of a particular study. What counted as evidence of impact on learning outcomes was sometimes unreliable and often not systematically evaluated or analysed.
The research approaches are varied and overall quality variable. We mapped these onto the conceptual framework outlined in Table 1 that became the organiser of this review. A graphical representation of this table is in Appendix 1. The review targeted the most recent literature that made some reference to learning space and outcomes, relying on recent systematic reviews for the period pre- where possible, but including frequently cited key references in the bibliography.
Social practices, formal instruction and informal social interactions, change the nature, use and experience of space. Learning spaces mediate the relationship and social practices relationship between personality and behavioral intention in student teams teaching and learning, and are only one factor among many in the complex relationships of teaching that inform learning outcomes Oblinger Nor is there a linear relationship between learning spaces, their use, and student learning outcomes.
There is also a temporal dimension to the production, use and effect of learning spaces. Changes in the use of physical spaces are often related pedagogically and organisationally to changes in time organisation and use. Education systems have spatial and temporal orders Nespor Temporality is a key factor in what is the fastest reading speed called organisations, teachers and students respond to new learning spaces over time Bruckner Organisational and pedagogical change takes time, and education has long and short-term effects Paechter Therefore, we consider that the school environment includes social, cultural, temporal, physical built and natural aspects, as well as real and virtual relationship between personality and behavioral intention in student teams McGregor Learning outcomes Difficulties arise in particular around learning spaces and built environment in determining the factors that actually contribute to student learning.
Physical wellbeing, affective, cognitive, and behavioural use of cause and effect diagrams for quality control of individuals are pre-conditions that can impede or enhance learning. They are also desirable learning outcomes. Built environment is one factor in many impacting on student learning outcomes. School leadership indirectly contributes by providing conducive conditions to learning — resources and teacher professional development Mulford School effect studies can neglect context and school characteristics as well as relying on limited measures of outcome.
Increasing evidence indicates learning is affected if students are disengaged, alienated, absent or feel excluded. Coinciding with managing new built environments, teachers and principals manage multiple curriculum and assessment reforms that claim to focus on student learning, but that can have contradictory demands on time and space. Poorly designed and maintained schools, often found in areas of lowest educational achievement, can also have a detrimental impact on teacher and student morale and engagement, and impact negatively on aggregate student outcomes Filardo See Appendix 3: Diagrams A and B.
The connection between learning outcomes and built environment and use of learning spaces is thus mediated by tangibles e. Overview The extant research focuses on the tangibles connecting learning spaces and outcomes rather than the intangibles or how teachers and students respond to and use space pedagogically in ways that improve learning. US research tended to be quantitative that sought direct causal links, but the sample sizes vary as do levels of correlation.
European, UK and Australian research, while qualitative, indicated the complexity of indirect links between learning spaces and outcomes but provide greater depth of understanding about what happens in learning spaces Fisher The learning spaces literature drew from the fields of sociology, environmental studies, psychology, health, architecture and design and within-field specialisms—educational philosophy, curriculum and learning theory including brain science right dominant coronary circulation means, occupational health, health and wellbeing, indoor and furniture design, landscaping, ergonomics, environmental psychology and environmental sustainability.
Findings Overall, there are many sweeping claims about the possible effects of various aspects of learning spaces on student learning that are not substantiated empirically Tanner How to determine coronary artery dominance many articles, the methodology used to gather data is unclear.
Specific instruments tend to measure student and teacher responses to learning spaces rather than academic outcomes. This review therefore is as much about what is missing from the research as it is about evidence to support connections between learning spaces and student outcomes. The coding indicates that most literature is located in the design phase, a little on transitioning into new spaces, more on consolidation; and little on Issues of evaluation relationship between personality and behavioral intention in student teams sustainability.
There is an overall paucity of empirical evidence associating any phase with specific regard to student learning outcomes. Much of the literature focuses on the quality of conditions and not educational practices or how space is used, and with what effect. From this, design principles have been developed as exemplars of the redesign process.
Particular elements of design are linked to desirable student outcomes and teacher pedagogies, leading to claims that some spaces can be more conducive to intellectual, physical and emotional wellbeing and therefore with flow on-effects to student learning. The relationship between personality and behavioral intention in student teams between space and identity formation is embedded historically in what is a cause effect chain psychology principles e.
Good and AdamsCarterFerrer-Wreder et aland more recently around issues and notions of personalisation. That is, good design leads to good teaching practises and improved learning because the quality of the building design has flow on effects on teacher and student behaviours, morale and practices and therefore learning outcomes. Butin The processes of design What is the scientific term for eating emergent theme is the significance of the design process Jamieson et al.
Traditionally, learning spaces have been designed by architects, interior designers and usually not teacher-practitioners, mirroring contemporary architectural but not educational imaginaries, often leading to the reproduction of the industrial model of classrooms, with causation là gì exceptions e. Montessori, Dewey Jamieson et alAbbasi Elements of design and student outcomes Across the design literature, there is emerging an interest in the specific aspects of design that may impact on teacher practice and student learning outcomes.
These claims can be organised into a number of key themes: Environmental impacts Temple and Higgins et al refer to a number of sources that describe the ways in which specific environmental conditions impact upon student learning. Generally, these conditions are considered as basic yet optimal conditions in which students are best able to perform.
However, there is much debate over the relative significance of specific elements such as air quality, colour, aesthetics, furniture. Colour and physical presentation of space are highly contested elements SundstromTemple, ; Higgins et al, Good and Rinaldi argue that aesthetics, access to resources and opportunities can work in different ways to accentuate student learning outcomes, differing from Fisherand JISC The issue of additional resources that may enhance learning spaces is not addressed e.
While arguably part of design, there is little evidence to indicate whether the effect is more related to comfort than learning Heluish, ; Lomas, ; Nair, A large proportion of the design literature in early years and primary e. The trend is towards relationship between personality and behavioral intention in student teams spaces and personalised learning Chism Equally, the input of teachers in design is critical TempleHiggins et alSanoff, because staff morale Higgins et al and teacher attitudes and behaviours effect the use made of space.
Their lack of involvement could lead to a negative orientation to new spaces Temple ; Fisher ; Wolff Participation in the design process and investment in their environment, Loi argues, indicates to teachers that they are valued. Moreover, the prospect of a new environment heightened through participation will motivate teachers MorganOblingerTemple In providing a flexible facility, it is anticipated that teachers will increase and refine their repertoire of teaching strategies Radcliffe et al Anticipated effects and design processes In conclusion, much of the design phase literature is aspirational: that is, it assumes or anticipates changes in teaching and learning will occur as a result of learning space design.
There is limited empirical evidence provided to support claims connecting the design process to learning outcomes. Barrett and Zhangp. However, a relationship between personality and behavioral intention in student teams of teachers with specific and very different groups of pupils will subsequently inhabit and inherit these spaces. Each teacher and each group of pupils is different, and teachers must develop the generalized environment for specific purposes and groups. Only when spaces are seen to support learning and create a positive experience, can we say it was designed successfully.
There is little research on immediate effects of occupancy on student learning other than a few case studies US Buckley et al that indicate positive effects on aggregate student assessments once installed, except in a strictly regulated school environment where school culture intervened. The transition phase raises specific issues. Security and access Unfinished building sites produce unexpected and uncosted problems—no power or water; lack of security; safety issues with builders on site; frequent movements of staff and students; transport costs between new and old sites; building faults, furniture etc.
Emerging evidence suggests these impact on initial interactions with communities in shared spaces e. Blackmore et al identified teacher and community anxiety over shared facilities with regard to potentially fraught interactions between different age cohorts and loss of community facilities. Shared spaces e.
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