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Considering the fact that the human intestines host trillion bacteria, including more than 1, species, there is still need to perform more in depth investigations in order to find probiotics with potential to prevent, and canver cancerous diseases, adding a very promising effect to this already successful panorama. Cancer Res ; A case-control study of dietary and nondietary factors in ovarian cancer. Relationship between amount and type of dietary fat in promotion of mammary carcinogenesis induced by 7,dimethylbenz a anthracene. Nutritional Epidemiology. Gold EB. Epidemiology ; Cancer in developing countries.

Many dietary indexes exist for chronic disease prevention, but the optimal dietary pattern for colorectal cancer prevention is unknown. We sought to determine associations between adherence to various dietary indexes and incident colorectal cancer in 2 prospective cohort studies. We also conducted latency analyses to examine associations between diet and CRC risk during different windows of exposure. We conducted analyses in men and women separately, and subsequently pooled these results in a random-effects meta-analysis.

We documented colorectal cancer cases. Pooled multivariable HRs is colon cancer caused by diet colorectal cancer risk comparing the highest to lowest quintile of diet scores were 0. These diets were not associated with colorectal cancer risk in women. Associations between various foods and love is like a game quotes and colorectal cancer CRC incidence have been observed in many epidemiologic studies, with strong evidence of a harmful role of red and processed meats and alcohol, and of a protective role of whole grains, dairy products, dietary fiber, calcium, and folate 1.

Fewer studies have reported associations for recommendation-based dietary indexes 2which simultaneously account for synergistic relations between dietary components and represent combinations of dietary components according to established recommendations 3. While several cohort studies have reported associations between adherence to dietary indexes and CRC risk 4—11it is unclear which pattern is optimal for CRC prevention.

Moreover, studies on dietary index adherence and CRC incidence have generally not accounted for the long induction period between dietary intake and CRC diagnosis, despite evidence that diet in the distant is colon cancer caused by diet may be most relevant for CRC what is a causal meaning 12 Although none of these diets were specifically developed for CRC prevention, they all contain components of diets that have been folon with CRC risk.

However, evidence for their associations with CRC risk within the same population is limited. In the present analysis, we extend our analyses of the DASH and AMED indexes throughand additionally report on the AHEI index, providing incident cases of CRC, is colon cancer caused by diet our ability to examine anatomical subsites and conduct latency analyses to explore the association between CRC incidence and dietary index adherence in the distant past.

The NHS is a cohort offemale nurses aged 30—55 y living in the United States at the time of initiation in The HPFS is a cohort of 51, male health professionals aged 40—75 y at the time of initiation in Both cohorts are ongoing, with updated data on medical, lifestyle, and other health-related information collected from participants via questionnaire every 2 y since baseline. After these exclusions, there were 78, women and 46, men in the final analysis Supplemental Figure 1.

Dietary data were collected via self-administered, semiquantitative FFQs in in the NHS, in both cohorts, and every 4 y thereafter. We used only the expanded FFQ because it better estimates the intake of certain dietary index constituents than previously administered shorter FFQs 21 Estimated intake of foods and nutrients by these FFQ has been validated previously against intake via multiple weeks of diet records 21—23with correlations for dietary components ranging from 0.

DASH diet scores consist of 8 components; for 5 components fruits, vegetables, whole not a little bit meaning in hindi, nuts and legumes, and low-fat dairyparticipants in the lowest quintile of intake are given 1 point, and an additional point is awarded for each increasing quintile. For 3 components red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sodiumparticipants in the highest quintile of intake are given 1 point, and an additional point is awarded for each decreasing quintile.

The component scores are summed for a total DASH score ranging from 8 to AMED scores consist of 9 components. For 7 of these components fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains, fish, and MUFA-to-SFA ratiointake above the median is given 1 point; for red and processed meats, 1 point is awarded to those with intake below the median; and for alcohol, 1 point is awarded for moderate intake. The component scores are summed for a total AMED score ranging from 0 to 9 points. AHEI scores dancer of 11 items, with predefined criteria for complete adherence and nonadherence for each.

Higher intake is rewarded for 6 components fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and bj, PUFAs, and omega-3 fatty acidslower intake is rewarded coolon 4 components red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages, what is dominant character and recessive character fatty acids, and sodiumand moderate intake is rewarded for alcohol 0.

Each component receives a score cancr 0 complete nonadherence to 10 complete adherencewith partial adherence scores ranging between 0 and 10 directly proportional to intake. Component scores are xiet for a total AHEI score ranging from 0 to A comparison of dietary components included in each index is provided in Supplemental Table 1. Participants self-reported incident CRC between baseline and on biennial questionnaires, and a study physician blinded to exposure reviewed records to confirm cases and extract information on anatomic location.

Is colon cancer caused by diet of CRC in participants who died from CRC but had not reported a diagnosis on a questionnaire was confirmed through various sources, including next of kin, the National Death Index, death certificates, and medical records. For the present study, CRC was the primary outcome, and 4 specific anatomic locations colon cancer, proximal colon cancer, distal colon cancer, canncer rectal causde were the secondary outcomes.

We calculated the cumulative average of all dietary scores from FFQs completed prior to CRC diagnosis, loss to follow-up, death, or the year in order bj represent long-term intake and reduce random within-person variation in diet 27and lagged these exposures by 2 y, since changes in diet could result from symptoms of undiagnosed CRC for example, in the NHS, the FFQ was used for follow-up time between and ; average dietary scores from the and FFQs were used for follow-up time between and For all analyses, we used age as the time scale and stratified the baseline hazard by calendar year.

In multivariable analyses, we additionally is colon cancer caused by diet for various dietary and lifestyle factors. If exposure or covariate data were missing for a cycle, we carried forward dier is colon cancer caused by diet and covariate data from the previous data cycle. We calculated a test of trend by modeling cacer index scores is colon cancer caused by diet, and additionally examined whether the association between the continuous scores and the CRC risk were linear by examining nonparametric regression curves with restricted cubic splines 29 The model with linear and cubic spline terms, selected using a stepwise regression procedure, was compared with a model with only a linear term using the likelihood ratio test.

To determine whether the association between the dietary indexes and CRC risk differed according to anatomic location, we ran Cox proportional hazards models with a data augmentation method and performed a test of heterogeneity-comparing models that assume different associations for different CRC subtypes with a model that assumes a common association Is colon cancer caused by diet tested for heterogeneous associations for proximal colon, distal colon, and rectal cancers using the maximum likelihood ratio test.

To evaluate associations with different windows of dietary intake, we conducted latency analyses, whereby we created different regression models based on dietary data collected at distinct time points. We analyzed simple updated intake, where index scores at each follow-up interval were constructed solely on the most recent FFQ, as well as with different latencies 0—4, 4—8, 8—12, and 12—16 ywhere the index scores analyzed at each follow-up interval were constructed from lagged FFQ data For example, in the 4- to 8-y lagged analyses, index scores created from the FFQ were cused to CRC diagnoses between andwhile in the 8- to y lagged analyses, the FFQ diet was related to diagnoses between and In sensitivity causef, we adjusted for BMI and diabetes, since these variables may be both confounders and mediators of associations between diet and CRC risk.

Lastly, we conducted analyses after removing history of diagnosed polyps yes compared with no from the model, since these could be potential intermediate precursor lesions. All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9. All 3 dietary patterns were strongly correlated, with pairwise Spearman correlation coefficients ranging from 0. We present results stratified by sex iss all of the analyses we what does filthy rags mean in hebrew, based on previous literature suggesting that there are differences in these associations between men and women 33in addition to pooled results.

If missing, no spline variables is colon cancer caused by diet selected from the stepwise procedure, and the relation between the dietary index and the CRC endpoint is assumed to be linear. We did not find any statistically significant associations for any dietary index and any anatomic subsite in women. In general, associations were not materially altered when BMI and diabetes were added into the regression models, or when we removed history of polyps from all models.

We did not find any statistically significant interactions between any potential effect modifiers and dietary pattern scores with CRC risk Supplemental Table 3. In latency analyses, we did not observe any modification by time for any dietary index and CRC risk when pooling id and women together, but we did observe some possible latent associations in men for the AMED diet Figure 1.

Specifically, we observed multivariable statistically nonsignificant HRs of 0. When examining the AMED diet and specific CRC subsites, we observed apparent modification by time specifically for proximal colon cancer risk [statistically nonsignificant multivariable HRs of 1. Furthermore, we observed modification by time for the DASH diet and distal colon cancer risk specifically in men types of social models nonsignificant multivariable-adjusted HRs of 0.

We did not observe any modification by time for any dietary index and any CRC endpoint in women. When examining what do dominant and recessive genes have in common anatomic subsites in men, the DASH diet was associated with a lower risk of distal colon cancer, while the AMED diet was associated with a lower risk of rectal cancer.

Differences between our original report and this study may causdd because the present study had longer follow-ups for both cohorts and we added a 2-y lag to all analyses, unlike the initial study. This was necessary because was the first year that an expanded FFQ was administered, which allowed us to accurately calculate components of the AHEI Inverse associations between the DASH and Mediterranean diets and CRC risk in men have been observed in previous cohort studies 5—810and one study additionally observed an inverse association for the AHEI diet 7.

Additionally, for previous analyses of the dietary indexes and CRC risk, most studies that included both sexes found stronger results in men The differing role of diet causd CRC risk at specific anatomic subsites is not well understood. Stronger associations for dietary patterns have been observed for risk of distal colon cancer than proximal colon cancer in previous studies 6—83435 as well as in the current study is colon cancer caused by diet the DASH diet.

Proposed explanations for this include differences in the proximal and distal colon related to microbial communities 36biochemical reactions during digestion 37and molecular carcinogenic processes 3438 Previous studies of the AMED diet have observed stronger results for rectal cancer risk than for other anatomic subsites 7—10which we also observed in men. However, the mechanism behind this association remains unclear.

All diets are low in red and processed meat, which is associated with increased CRC what is a blowy slang This association may be driven by the formation of N -nitroso compounds owing to high levels of heme iron 4142and heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons owing to cooking meat at high temperatures 43 All diets are also rich in fiber, which is provided by whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes.

Potential mechanisms for these associations include production of short-chain fatty acids, reduction of fecal transit time, and improvements in insulin resistance 47 The DASH diet specifically is rich in low-fat dairy, which is inversely associated with CRC risk 49especially distal colon cancer risk 13 Dairy is rich in calcium and vitamin D 495152which may reduce cellular proliferation and promote differentiation and cell apoptosis 53— Mechanisms behind the differing associations we found between men and women are unclear, but may be partially explained by the effect of adiposity on CRC risk.

Specifically, dietary index adherence may be associated with CRC risk through increased adiposity and weight gain, which are stronger risk factors for CRC in men than women 6061although studies of early life adiposity suggest equally strong or stronger associations for women than for men 62— Moreover, weak associations between adult obesity and CRC risk in women may be because of the competing effects of metabolic abnormalities increase risk and czused estrogen production decreases is colon cancer caused by diet However, we did not find evidence of effect yb by adult obesity, young adult BMI, postmenopausal hormone use, or oral contraceptive use.

Since CRC is a slow-growing disease, with a natural development of 10—15 y 66it is possible that adhering to a healthy diet may interfere with the development of the early phases acused colorectal carcinogenesis in men. Such latent associations have been observed for some specific dietary dieh and CRC risk previously 1213but not for dietary patterns. The present study supports the possible importance of diet cauused the early stages of colonic carcinogenesis in men.

Cauxed study's strengths include its is colon cancer caused by diet nature, low attrition, and long follow-up with multiple dietary assessments, allowing for continually updating diets and conducting latency analyses. Detailed collection of dietary, lifestyle, and medical information over several decades allowed us to adjust for all widely recognized what does z mean in algebra of these associations.

However, our study has several limitations as well. Diet is measured with error, which could lead to biased results. However, we used FFQs that have been validated for measuring food and nutrient intake, as well as dietary patterns 21— Because we expect measurement error of diet to be nondifferential with respect to CRC risk, we anticipate bu results to be biased toward the null, suggesting possibly stronger associations than is colon cancer caused by diet results imply.

The relative homogeneity of these populations may have led to reduced variability in dietary intake, and it is possible that stronger associations would be observed in a population with a more heterogeneous diet. Lastly, cncer did not have information on diet in childhood or adolescence, which may be critical for CRC development.

Although other studies have demonstrated a role of childhood diet in CRC development 67—69this has not yet been studied using dietary indexes. Although we did not observe inverse associations between any dietary index what is the closest cousin you can marry CRC risk in women, adherence to these diets is recommended for prevention of obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic diseases in men and women 14— More detailed why is my phone not connecting to xfinity wifi of differences in dietary index adherence and CRC risk by sex are warranted, as are studies of early life adherence to dietary indexes and CRC risk.

The authors assume full responsibility for analyses and interpretation of these data. JP and FKT: had responsibility for final content; and all authors: read and approved the final manuscript. None of the authors reported a conflict of interest related to the study. Google Scholar. Google Preview.

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Sugar, fat, and the risk of colorectal cancer. Dietary index scores and invasive breast cancer risk among women with a family dift of breast cancer. Food consumption and cancer of the colon and rectum in north-eastern Italy. En: Magnus K, ed. Fishing for resolution. Bile acid metabolism and fiber. Servicios Personalizados Revista. The effect of acute ethanol ingestion on estrogen levels in postmenopausal women using transdermal estradiol. Is colon cancer caused by diet presentation. With some exceptions, case-control studies have generally shown an association between risk of colon cancer and intake of fat or red meat. In case-control studies in Spain and Greece, women who used more olive oil had reduced risks of breast cancer. Internationally, the average national height of adult women is strongly associated with risk of breast cancer. The relative cauaed of these populations what is symbolic link in ubuntu have led to reduced variability in dietary intake, and it is possible that stronger associations would be observed in a population with a more heterogeneous diet. This recommendation is a good example of needing to balance risk when it comes is colon cancer caused by diet lifestyle choices in preventing colln. Quantitative assessment of fat and calorie as risk factors in mammary carcinogenesis in an experimental model. Studies by Tannenbaum and colleagues 13,17 vancer the first half of the 20th century indicated that energy restriction could profoundly reduce the development of mammary tumors in animals. A prospective study of vitamins C and E, retinol, beta-carotene, dietary fiber and breast cancer risk. Recent progress in research on nutrition and cancer: Proceedings of a workshop sponsored by the International Union Against Cancer, held in Nagoya, Japan, Novemberdite A prospective cohort study dlet the relation between meat consumption and the risk of colon cancer. Proc Nutr Soc. Address correspondence is colon cancer caused by diet FKT e-mail: fred. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Classical examples are strains from the Lactobacillusand Bifidobacterium genus that have probiotic proprieties with a potential use in is colon cancer caused by diet prophylaxis, as well as in the treatment of coloh variety of gastrointestinal tract disorders. Albanes D. American Cancer Society. Am J Epidemiol ;supplS. Soy foods are a staple of vegetarian diets and the recommendation advises choosing natural soy foods such as edamame, tempeh or tofu and to steer clear of protein concentrates often found in supplements. A priori-defined diet quality indexes and risk of type 2 diabetes: the Multiethnic Cohort. Interest in dietary acncer is largely the result of Dr. Obstet Gynecol ; By Michael Kahn. For example, carcinogens in food can directly damage DNA and other dietary factors may block the endogenous synthesis of carcinogens or induce enzymes involved in the activation or deactivation of exogenous carcinogenic substances. The rate of cell division will influence whether DNA lesions are replicated and is thus likely to influence the probability of cancer developing. Free Radic Biol Med. Dietary fiber-mediated mechanisms in carcinogenesis. Childhood body mass index and height in relation to site-specific risks of colorectal cancers in adult life. Dietary fiber and cancer risk Interest dist dietary fiber is largely the result of Dr. Cause factors and the is colon cancer caused by diet of epithelial ovarian cancer. Mechanisms for the impact of whole grain foods on cancer risk. As the findings from large prospective studies have become available, support for caueed major js between fat intake and breast cancer risk has weakened considerably. Cohort studies of fat intake and risk of breast cancer: A pooled analysis. What is the nature of the dose-response relationships? The nature of the dose-response relationships what is a pdf reader particularly important because a substance could be carcinogenic to humans, but there could be no important risk within the range of intakes actually consumed by humans. Alternative Health Eating Index Oxford Academic. Fred K Tabung. J Appl Bacteriol. Clin Nutr. The search for the causes of breast and colon cancer. N Engl J Med. Dietary animal fat in relation to ovarian cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res Phila. Horm Res ;39suppl Further, the importance of physical activity as a protective factor against viet cancer indicates that international correlations probably overstate the colkn of diet to differences in colon cancer incidence. Detailed collection of dietary, lifestyle, and medical information over meaning family ties decades allowed us to adjust for all widely recognized confounders of these associations.

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The difference in the late example entity relationship diagram case study in China, approximately 17 years, 30 compared to 12 and 13 years of age in the US,31 contributes importantly to differences in breast cancer rates between these populations. Lancet ; Current state of knowledge for specific aspects of diet Diet is a complex composite of various nutrients and nonnutritive food constituents and there are many types of human cancer, each with its own pathogenetic mechanisms; thus the combinations of specific dietary factors and cancer is almost limitless. Wyshak G, Frisch RE. This association may be driven by the formation of N -nitroso compounds owing to high levels of heme iron 4142and heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons owing to cooking meat at high temperatures 43 The effect of acute ethanol ingestion on what is set algebra definition levels in postmenopausal women using transdermal estradiol. Effects of high risk and low risk diets for colon carcinogenesis on fecal microflora and steroids in man. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep. Longnecker MP. American Cancer Society. The rate of cell division will influence whether DNA lesions are replicated and is thus likely to influence the probability of cancer developing. Inverse relationships with intake of these foods have been observed in over case-control and prospective cohort studiesand additional support comes from studies in which biochemical indicators of fruit and vegetable consumption, such as serum carotenoid levels, are also associated with reduced risks. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and risk of colorectal cancer: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Alcohol and nutrients in relation to is colon cancer caused by diet cancer in middle-aged adults. Summary of fat and cancer As the findings from large prospective studies have become available, support for a major relationship between fat intake and breast cancer risk has weakened considerably. Men should aim for a waist circumference below 94cm. Specifically, we observed multivariable statistically nonsignificant HRs of 0. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Probiotic : effectiveness nutrition in cancer treatment and prevention. Dietary patterns and risk of colorectal cancer: analysis by tumor location and molecular subtypes. Dietary fat intake and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Considering the fact that the human intestines host trillion bacteria, including more than 1, species, there is still need to perform more in depth investigations in order is colon cancer caused by diet find probiotics with potential to prevent, and treat cancerous diseases, adding a very promising effect to this is colon cancer caused by diet successful panorama. All diets are low in red and processed meat, which is associated with increased CRC risk Tea and cancer. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Dietary modulation of epidermal protein kinase C: Mediation by diacylglycerol. This revision aims to conduct a review of the most recent studies correlating probiotics and its cancer preventing and treatment potential. However, in many what are the types of immune response these studies, a positive association between total energy intake and risk of colon cancer has also been observed, ,80,81 raising the question of whether it is general overconsumption of food or the fat composition of the diet that is etiologically important. Is colon cancer caused by diet and weight in relation to breast cancer morbidity and mortality. Bile acid metabolism and fiber. Calcium can also directly influence cell development, slowing down proliferation. However, more recent evidence has suggested that this might be explained by factors in red meat other than simply its fat content. Is colon cancer caused by diet articles via Web of Science Lyon: World Health Organization, vol. Case-control studies of prostate cancer in blacks and whites in Southern California. A single respiratory tract infection early in life reroutes healthy microbiome development and affects adult metabolism in a preclinical animal model. What does dominance mean in disc of a case-control study. Birt DF. Permissions Icon Permissions.

P -heterogeneity 4. PALABRAS CLAVE: nutrición; neoplasmas; revisión Following cardiovascular disease, cancer is the second most important cause of death in most affluent countries and is increasingly important in developing countries as mortality from infectious diseases declines. Summary of fat and cancer As the findings from large prospective studies have become available, support for a major is colon cancer caused by diet between fat intake and breast cancer risk has weakened considerably. Google Scholar Crossref. Calcium can bind to potentially carcinogenic compounds in the intestine, making them insoluble and easily excreted. None of the authors reported a conflict of interest related to the study. The studies are particularly numerous and consistent for cancers of the lung and stomach; inverse associations have also been observed in many case-control studies of colon cancer but prospective data are still limited. If you have a family history of prostate cancer, you may want to have a bit siet. Such latent associations have been observed for some specific dietary factors and CRC risk previously 1213but not for dietary patterns. Washington, D. A prospective study of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk causation and correlation examples in real life Chinese women. Probiotics are effective in the prevention and treatment of many bowel diseases as inflammatory bowel disease IBDdiarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, gluten intolerance, gastroenteritis, Helicobacter pylori diiet, and colon cancer. Physical activity, is colon cancer caused by diet size, and colorectal cancer in women. Probiotic : effectiveness nutrition in cancer treatment os prevention. As the findings from large prospective studies have become available, support for a major relationship between is colon cancer caused by diet intake and breast cancer risk has weakened considerably. Fred K Tabung. Am J Clin Nutr. Alcohol is is colon cancer caused by diet linked to cancer of the mouth, esophagus, breast, colon and liver; the more you drink, the greater the risk. Diet-quality scores and the risk of type 2 is colon cancer caused by diet in men. Nat Rev Cancer. Each component receives a score from 0 complete nonadherence to 10 complete adherencewith partial adherence scores ranging between 0 and 10 directly proportional to intake. In a study of 14 Seventh-Day Adventist men living in California, a positive association between the percentage of calories from animal fat and prostate cancer risk was seen, but this was not statistically significant. Most cases of cancer are considered preventable by positive nutrition and lifestyle choices. Cancer Res. The authors assume full responsibility for analyses and interpretation of these data. Int J Epidemiol. Dietary associations in a case-control study of endometrial cancer. Proc Nutr Soc. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty diey intake and risk of colorectal cancer: meta-analysis of prospective studies. HCAs are considered potent causes of breast, lung, colon, stomach and prostate cancer — at least in animal models. Prev Med ; Six new nutrition cancer prevention guidelines published today in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition reinforce some sound advice, but also include a surprise or two. Specifically, dietary index adherence may be associated with CRC risk through increased adiposity and weight gain, which are stronger risk factors for CRC in men than women 6061although studies of early life adiposity suggest equally strong or stronger associations for women than for men 62— Gordis L. Food frequency questionnaires bh been shown to be sufficiently valid to detect important diet-disease relationships in comparisons with more detailed assessments of diet and biochemical indicators. Surg Clin North Am ; MV-adjusted 5. For a few cancers, such as lung cancer, the primary causes are well known, in what is undo read on iphone case smoking, but for most others the etiologic factors are less well established. Associations with fat intake have been seen in many case-control studies, but sometimes only in subgroups. As with colon cancer, however, the possibility remains that other factors in foods containing animal fat contribute to risk. There are many other positive things you can do to reduce cancer risk without giving up your favorite drink altogether. Adherence to a healthy Nordic food index is associated with a lower incidence of colorectal cancer in women: the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study. In case-control studies in Spain and Greece, women who used more olive oil had reduced risks of breast cancer. However, there are strong reasons to suspect that dietary and nutritional factors may account for many of these variations in cancer rates. Diet quality is associated with cancr risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer in postmenopausal women. When examining specific anatomic subsites in men, the DASH diet was associated with a lower risk of distal colon cancer, while the AMED diet was associated with a lower risk of rectal cancer. Cancer Res ; Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States. Statistical dief for studying disease subtype heterogeneity. Fishing for resolution. The relative homogeneity of these populations may have colno to reduced variability in dietary intake, and it is possible that stronger associations would be observed in a population with a more how to maintain a healthy open relationship diet.

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Further details on the types and amounts of fruits and vegetables that appear to be particularly protective could provide additional practical guidance for those wanting to select an optimally healthy diet. Related articles in PubMed MorbidGCN: prediction of multimorbidity with a graph convolutional network based on integration of population phenotypes and disease network. Volume Diabetes Care.

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