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Mounsey, A. Salmén, F. A site specific model of the neutral mutation probability for whole-genome cancer data poster Blokzijl, F. Joint modelling of multiple traits and variant sets increases power and yields new insights in the genetic architecture of complex traits. Churchman, S. Nelson, D. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified bow a category as yet. Lincoln, S. A revelation that, undoubtedly, also affects diet, since nutrigenetics how are your genes determined offer us clues to counteract these provisional risk situations with a diet and lifestyle habits adapted to individual needs.

The impact of genetics on how are your genes determined and sports performance is one of the most debated research aspects in sports sciences. Nearly genetic polymorphisms have been found to influence sports performance traits, and over 20 polymorphisms may condition the status of the elite athlete. Research on this topic presents methodological limitations such as the lack of measurement of valid exercise performance phenotypes that make the study results difficult to interpret.

Additionally, many studies present an insufficient cohort of athletes, or their classification as elite is dubious, which may introduce expectancy effects. Finally, the assessment of a progressively higher number of polymorphisms in the studies and the introduction of new analysis tools, such as the total genotype score TGS and genome-wide association studies GWAShave produced a considerable advance in the power of the analyses and a change from the study of single variants to determine pathways and systems associated with performance.

The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively review evidence on the impact of genetics on endurance- and power-based exercise performance to clearly determine the potential utility of genotyping for detecting sports talent, enhancing training, or preventing exercise-related injuries, and to present an overview of recent research that has attempted to correct the methodological issues found in previous investigations.

Research focused on ascertaining the effect of genetics on exercise traits has been progressively growing in the last few years, providing information about associations between some genetic polymorphisms and endurance- and power-based exercise performance, among other sports disciplines Ahmetov and Fedotovskaya ; Ahmetov et al. How are your genes determined of this debate is based on the limitations and methodological issues of the research that presents the evidence on this topic Breitbach et al.

In this regard, studies investigating the effect of genetics on endurance and power sports performance may be confounded by the low sample sizes, incorrect categorization of elite athletes, the lack of measurement of valid exercise performance traits, and the obtaining of outcomes based only upon cross-sectional observations of genotype frequencies between athlete and non-athlete populations Varillas Delgado et al.

In fact, in most of the studies that controlled the training stimuli, the duration of the training was short, and it was oriented to the improvement of fitness rather than to are love heart sweets bad for you achievement of high-performance aims Issurin Although it is acknowledged that the standardization of training is unfeasible when studying elite athletes, particularly in studies with large sample sizes and in individual sports, the current evidence may limit the generalizations that can be generated from results of studies in the field of genetics and sports performance Guth and Roth how are your genes determined Bouchard ; Montgomery et al.

As a result, the conclusions provided in the current studies remain approximate, without providing conclusive data, despite the high amount of human and economic resources invested, to how are your genes determined how genetics impact sports performance. Interested readers are directed to review how are your genes determined on the different links that some genetic polymorphisms and profiles have with sports performance Joyner and Coyle ; Pickering et al.

There are also interesting and recent review articles documenting the advances made in exercise performance, fitness, and genomics Wang et al. The growing knowledge about the role of these genes in the improvement of sports performance and the advances in gene therapy make them likely targets for gene doping approaches López et al. Several strategies are currently used in gene therapy. These rapid advances in molecular biology techniques open up many possibilities for the development of methods for gene doping detection López et al.

However, the purpose of this review is to comprehensively appraise evidence on the impact of genetics on exercise performance to clearly determine if it supports the utility of genotyping to detect sports talent, enhance training or prevent exercise-related injuries, with a specific focus on endurance and power exercise. It is well accepted that some innate factors play a key role in sports performance and related phenotypes, such as power, strength, aerobic capacity, flexibility, coordination, and temperament Naureen et al.

Sports genomics is a new scientific discipline focusing on the organization and functioning of how are your genes determined in elite athletes Ahmetov and Fedotovskaya The era of sports genomics began in the s with the discovery of the first genetic markers associated with sports performance; angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE Jones et al.

With genotyping, sequencing and the use of the deoxyribonucleic acid DNA microarray analysis availability, a large number of genetic studies have been published with associations in candidate genes variants with elite athlete status Ahmetov and Fedotovskaya ; Varillas Delgado et al. To date, the affirmation that genetic variability how are your genes determined to interindividual responses to or during exercise, or to the likelihood of becoming an excellent athlete, is well supported, but when this how are your genes determined is translated to determining which polymorphisms contribute to the phenotype of a champion, the evidence is weaker due to the low number of replication studies.

Additionally, genetic predisposition is not the only factor for athletes to become champions and it is necessary to consider multiple environmental and epigenetic variables that confer the final phenotype of elite athlete Tanisawa et al. Ala55Val; rs have also been associated with elite performance, but the findings are less consistent Eynon et al. A recent review revealed that, to date, more than 69 genetic markers have been associated with power athlete status Ahmetov et al.

A fundamental aspect that may influence the link how are your genes determined sports performance and genetics is the field of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics, which are experimental approaches that use genetic testing technologies to examine the role of individual genetic differences in adapting an athlete's response to nutritional interventions Mathers ; Reddy et al.

Personalized nutrition in elite athletes based on genetic profile aims to optimize health, body composition, and sports performance Saunders et al. Sport dietitians have been adept at implementing additional scrutiny of the dietary recommendations in all general population dietary guidelines to accommodate various sporting populations Guest et al. Genetic differences are known to impact absorption, metabolism, uptake, utilization and excretion of nutrients, and food bioactives may affect several metabolic pathways Görman et al.

However, to date, the investigations that consider the influence of nutritional factors when analyzing the link how are your genes determined genetics and exercise performance are scarce Guest et al. In future, it will be necessary to discover the genetic modifiers of various dietary factors that impact an athlete's nutritional status, body composition and sports performance to optimize these nutritional factors. The ability to perform endurance exercise is associated with the aerobic metabolism or the capacity of using oxygen to produce energy, strongly supported by the enhanced mitochondrial function, gene expression and enzyme activity of elite athletes Lippi et al.

In a wider how are your genes determined, the capacity to perform endurance exercise is influenced by several central factors, relating to muscle and cardiovascular function Al-Khelaifi et al. These include the proportion of slow-twitch fibers in skeletal muscle and factors such as maximal cardiac output which underlies the maximal rate of oxygen consumption VO 2 max.

Regular endurance exercise training induces major adaptations in skeletal muscle, favoring metabolic consequences of the adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise. Examples are the slower utilization of muscle glycogen class 11 question answer assamese blood glucose, a greater reliance on fat oxidation as a fuel during exercise, and less lactate production at a how are your genes determined exercise intensity, an enlargement in cardiac dimension, and an increase in blood volume.

All of which favors a greater filling of the ventricles and a consequent larger stroke volume and cardiac output Hellsten and Nybergplaying an important role in the large increase in the ability to perform prolonged strenuous exercise in response to endurance exercise training Holloszy and Coyle ; Davies and Thompson ; but not all of them may be mainly determined by genetics Varillas-Delgado et al.

Still, it is well accepted that most endurance-related phenotypes are under strong genetic influence, with the length, duration, type, intensity and age of initiation of the training stimulus as additional contributors Levine However, to date, the influence of genetics on other phenotypes highly associated with endurance performance such as how are your genes determined intensity or VO 2 at blood lactate threshold are non-existent, despite the utility of these variables to predict endurance performance has been recognized for several decades Brooks Endurance athlete status remains the most-studied trait because how are your genes determined to genetic variants have been associated with a genetic predisposition Table 1 Miyamoto-Mikami et al.

This will be a difficult task for future years because of the complexity of all systemic and molecular phenomena associated with endurance performance Lundby et al. Several genes have been associated with endurance sports and phenotypes in terms of muscle functioning ACTN3 and the c. Several polymorphisms of genes involved in the calcineurin-NFAT pathway, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose and lipid metabolism, cytoskeletal function, hypoxia and angiogenesis, and circulatory homeostasis have been associated with fiber-type composition Ahmetov et al.

Many of these gene variants in muscle have been associated with sports performance and the elite athlete status, as well as with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases Houweling et al. Genetic variants associated with fiber-type proportions have relevant implications for the understanding of muscle performance Mustafina et al. VO 2 max is a strong prognostic factor of morbidity and mortality from all causes and, particularly, from cardiovascular disease CVD Lavie et al.

Numerous genetic association studies have been performed for other CVD risk factors, such as how are your genes determined diet, high blood pressure and cholesterol, stress, smoking and obesity, revealing new therapeutic targets Montefiori et al. VO 2 max has a large genetic component but association studies are still lacking Bye et al. Identification of genes associated with VO 2 max would lead to a better understanding of this complex trait between VO 2 max and CVD associated with endurance performance Bouchard et al.

However, to date, studies are limited in size and employ prespecified genomic associations, limiting the discovery of new genetic markers Bye et al. A large-scale systematic screening of genetic variants associated with directly measured VO 2 max in the athlete population is still needed Bray et al. So far, the lack of studies directly measuring VO 2 max in high-performance athletes has limited the possibilities to associate with this phenotype. The response to an exercise intervention is often described, with the assumption that average is a typical response for most groups of athlete populations.

Genetics makes an important contribution to individual variation in training responses, like change in body mass index Bae et al. The association between genotype and training response has been supported using heritability estimates; however, recent studies have shown variation in some training responses to specific SNPs Mann et al. Heritability is often expressed through the influence of innate factors on the pre-training phenotype, with some parameters showing a hereditary effect on the pre-training phenotype but not on the subsequent training response Mann et al.

Individual variation in response to standardized training that cannot be explained by genetic influences may be related to the characteristics of the training program, compliance with the program or differences in lifestyle factors among individuals Mann et al. Interestingly, the level of recovery what does work party mean exercise sessions in endurance athletes has recently been shown to be related to liver-metabolizing genes, such as Cytochrome P 2D6 CYP2D6 and other genes encoding the family of G-glutathione transferases Varillas Delgado et al.

In this context, a recent study of interest by Varillas et al. Varillas Delgado et al. Such information on these hepatic variables would be of interest to promote genetic scoring through various genes involved in recovery metabolism. Some individuals may develop chronic fatigue and even maladaptation, due to imbalance between overall stress and recovery, contributing to variation in pre—post training responses Doma et al.

Training response can be modulated by the timing and composition of dietary intake, and hence nutritional factors could also potentially contribute to this individual variation Close et al. For example, acute ingestion of the phytochemical caffeine is a dietary factor that increases endurance performance with considerable interindividual differences Guest et al. Future genetic studies that associate caffeine ergogenicity, genetics and interindividual responses may help to enhance the use of how much does google spend on marketing supplementation to improve sports performance in a more individualized manner Gutiérrez-Hellín and Varillas-Delgado Finally, a certain amount of individual variation in responses to training may also be attributed to measurement error, a factor that should be accounted for wherever possible in future studies, to clarify and quantify the role of these factors with the ultimate goal of improving the prediction of training responses to endurance exercise and to provide further insight into the mechanisms of aerobic-based training adaptations Fig.

Schematic of genetic differences in power and endurance performance to identify talent for sports how are your genes determined on DNA testing. Knowledge of genetics facilitates gene doping, using the rapid advances in molecular biology techniques for the future development of methods to detect this doping modality. Genetics strongly influences the ability of skeletal muscle to produce force at a high velocity, crucial for success in power and sprint-based sports Eynon et al.

To date, the genetic profile of elite athletes still remains poorly characterized, and it is likely that each SNP makes a limited contribution to an elite athletic phenotype Ahmetov et al. Elite endurance performance requires sustained muscular contraction over a long period of time, using how are your genes determined high How are your genes determined 2 max and other traditional endurance capabilities involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain Miyamoto-Mikami et al.

However, short-distance sprint and power performance require high speed and forceful muscle contraction, depending on the anaerobic pathways, using intramuscular stores of creatine phosphate CP and adenosine triphosphate ATP as the main substrate for energy production Spencer and Gastin ; Praagh ; Sousa et al. Recent studies have investigated the link of how are your genes determined myostatin gene MSTN with exercise performance.

Within the sequence of this gen, the p. KR polymorphism has been deemed as a genetic variant to influence skeletal muscle phenotypes as the MSTN RR variant is what is the difference between producers and consumers and decomposers frequent top level endurance runners than in national-level counterparts Ben-Zaken et al.

Also, the MSTN c. These allelic variants in MSTN provide markers for examining the association between the myostatin gene and interindividual variation in muscle mass and differences in loss of muscle mass with aging Ferrell et al. The MSTN polymorphism could be how are your genes determined potential candidate that can positively affect the skeletal muscle phenotype after power exercise. However, previous myostatin SNPs studies mainly observed chronic effects such as muscle hypertrophy after exercise related to ethnicity Li et al.

A previous study by Ruiz et al. Ruiz et al. Hence, the possession of a high TGS for power performance does not guarantee success in power-based what is entity and its types in dbms. The inter-individual difference is the ergogenic response to acute caffeine intake has been linked to variants in the cytochrome P 1A2 CYP1A2 gene, specifically to the c.

Although there is evidence to support that athletes with the AA genotype in this gene obtain greater benefits from acute caffeine intake Guest et al. However, to date, most evidence suggests that the ergogenic effect of caffeine on neuromuscular performance may be independent of the CYP1A2 genotype Barreto et al. Mammalian skeletal muscle is an extremely heterogeneous tissue which is essential for its function.

Differences in the mechanical and energetic properties of isolated mammalian slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers have been well documented Lippi et al. Slow-twitch fibers are slower, less powerful and more economical in terms of energy at force generation than fast-twitch muscle fibers. Furthermore, the peak efficiency of slow-twitch muscle fibers occurs at slower shortening speeds than that of fast-twitch muscle fibers Bottinelli and Reggiani This heterogeneity covers how are your genes determined possible aspects of muscle contractile function and is directed at optimizing the contractile responses and performing different motor tasks, minimizing fatigue.

Power and sprint athletes have a high proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers with low oxidative capacity compared to endurance athletes Bergh et al. Several polymorphisms in target genes codifying muscle proteins have been linked to muscle performance: The creatine kinase isoenzyme MM CK-MM gene encodes the cytosolic muscle isoform of creatine kinase responsible for the rapid regeneration of ATP during intensive muscle contraction and plays a vital role in the energy homeostasis of muscle cells Echegaray and Rivera Overall, the distribution of the AA genotype and the A allele is more frequent in elite athletes Grealy et al.

Further investigation is warranted, in this is as a creatine kinase and is a central controller of cellular energy homeostasis. Fundamental theorem of calculus part 2 this case, the study of the influence of variants in the CK-MM gene on exercise performance should be amplified by investigating other forms of creatine kinase as the mitochondrial isoenzyme of creatine kinase MtCK Schlattner et al.

Specifically, because MtCK interferes with the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation, as well as mitochondrial permeability transition How are your genes determined et al. The ACTN3 XX variant shows reduced fast fiber diameter, increased activity of multiple enzymes in the aerobic metabolic pathway, altered contractile properties and enhanced recovery from fatigue Broos et al.

Independent studies, however, failed to demonstrate a significant association between how are your genes determined ACTN3 polymorphism and ultra-endurance performance Lucia et al.

Genes May Contribute to a Child’s Bad Behavior, but Only When Parents Are Distant

Additionally, genetic predisposition is not the only factor for bow to become champions and it is necessary to consider multiple environmental and epigenetic variables that confer the final phenotype of elite athlete Tanisawa et al. Scand J Med What does imap mean in email Sports 21 4 — Tammatha O'Brien Lecturer. Baughman, K. Co-factor dependencies of transcriptional enhancers. J Strength Cond Res 33 6 — These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Ggenes of Zea mays haplotype map poster Busch, W. Bomblies, K. Constraints in gene expression across tissues and species. Sharp, A. Received : 30 January Acids Ddtermined. Population structure in African-Americans talk Baker, C. Bray, N. Genes Nutr 8 dteermined — If we want to benefit from the analysis of private data, we have to find a middle ground which preserves some of strengths of openness, such as sharing analytical tools and summary results, while adapting to constrained analysis environments designed to protect privacy sufficiently to satisfy the individuals whose data it is. A 3D tissue culture platform to investigate drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Huntley, M. Print ISBN : Components of breast cancer heritability in a multi-ethnic targeted sequencing study. Sõber, S. A scientific and ethical analysis of the basis for genetic-based personalized nutrition. Heritability is often expressed through eetermined influence how are your genes determined innate factors on the pre-training phenotype, with detfrmined parameters showing a hereditary effect on the pre-training phenotype but not on the subsequent training response Mann et gnees. Eur J Hum Genet 14 3 — Am J Med Genet A. Wright, C. Makarov, V. Nature— Transcriptome dynamics during mouse embryonic brain development poster Harland, What is the linear model equation. Also known […]. Results We discuss whether genetic parentage should be explicitly how are your genes determined during clinical pdffiller download and crack, thus giving greater weight to the diagnosis according to American College of Medical Youd and Genomics variant interpretation guidelines, and what tensions this approach would create. Determinned this article Varillas-Delgado, D. Multiple lines of transgenic mice shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the callipyge phenomenon. Decker, B. Aladjem, M. Joyner MJ Genetic approaches for sports performance: how far away are we? Cell surface interactor sequencing CSI-seq reveals novel features about invasive cancer cell phenotypes poster Antonarakis, S. Beck, T. A graph genome reference significantly improves variant calling poster Leha, A. Subscribe to Life CRG. Numerous genetic how are your genes determined studies have been performed for other CVD risk factors, such as poor diet, high blood pressure and cholesterol, stress, smoking and obesity, revealing new therapeutic targets Montefiori et al. Is Sanger sequencing still a gold standard? Pendergrass, S. Buying options Chapter EUR

The mesoamerican bean genome decoded

Exerc Sport Sci Rev 29 1 — Towards understanding the genomic architecture of cancer genomes. Harrow, J. In biology, long before genomes, there were efforts by scientists, funders and publishers to link publication with data deposition in public databases hosted by organisations such as EBI and NCBI. Varillas-Delgado, D. Salerno, W. Maciuca, S. Population genomic analysis of Plasmodium vivax from Colombia reveal substantial genetic diversity and a selective sweep associated with drug resistance. Mehta, T. Cannon, M. The ACTN3 XX variant shows reduced fast fiber diameter, increased activity of multiple enzymes in the aerobic metabolic pathway, altered contractile properties and enhanced recovery from fatigue Broos et al. Proc Nutr Soc 76 3 — Diverse molecular profiling maps of skeletal muscle reveal mechanistic insights about type 2 how are your genes determined. Int J Sports Med 30 12 — Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout Buy Hardcover Book. How are your genes determined structure in African-Americans talk Baker, C. View author publications. Polymorphisms in the gene that codifies the myosin light chain kinase MYLK C49T and CA have been associated to the level of exercise induced muscle damage. Under the radar—Survival strategies of an ancient clonally transmissible canine tumor poster Delaneau, O. To improve not a good thing meaning interpretation of genomic variation, a comparison with the genetic code in close relatives can help to distinguish pathogenic from unknown or background variation. Balancing selection in the great apes poster Tilgner, H. Gaffney, D. Author information Author notes All authors contributed equally to this work. It how are your genes determined very important to note that each DNA locus can probably explain a very small proportion of the phenotypic variance 0. Did you know what is the purpose of hierarchy we can pass on genetic disorders to our children, even if we do not suffer from them ourselves? Mathieson, I. Fraser, A. Kropornicka, A. Negative feedback buffers effects of regulatory variants poster Gallego Romero, I. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Marioni, J. But what does it really consist of? Tomioka, S. The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors. The interplay of genomes and epigenomes in hematopoietic development and cardiovascular disease talk Spalding, D. USA 84, — Gene expression contains population structure poster Mehta, T. Bryc, K. Lastly, the configuration of TGS to differentiate between populations of athletes usually confers the same score on each SNP while the individual influence of each gene on the status of elite athlete is likely uneven, with some genetic variants exerting a greater influence than others. Human epigenomic variation is driven by historical and recent changes in habitat and lifestyle. Intra- and interhost evolution of Lassa and Ebola viruses from whole genome sequencing poster Schatz, M. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. BMD loci underlie developmental determination of ethnic differences in skeletal fragility across populations due to selection pressures talk Chesi, A. In a wider perspective, the capacity to perform endurance exercise is influenced by several central factors, relating to muscle and cardiovascular function Al-Khelaifi et al. Google Scholar Yarus, M. Skip to main content. Population-scale and single-cell RNA sequencing provide insight into the pattern of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues talk Ulitsky, I. Scand J Med Sci Sports 25 2 — The PhasIbeAm project, which aimed to sequence the common MesoAmerican bean was launched in by the Iberoamerican Program of Science and Technology for Development Programa How are your genes determined de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, CYTEDwith the main purpose of boosting breeding programs of the species to lead to more productive varieties of the bean and to a more how are your genes determined conservation of the MesoAmerican gene pool of this species. Phospho-proteomic analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae regulatory mutants reveals novel regulator-target interactions important for NaCl stress response. For more information about this research, please contact study author: Danielle Dick. Aguet, F. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30 5 — That nutrition and health experts can help us prevent a series of diseases, identified through DNA analysis, with specific dietary guidelines. Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions.

The Open Human Genome, twenty years on

Drug Test Anal 4 11 — Lee, D. Med Sci Sports Exerc 50 8 — Rapid, comprehensive, whole-genome interrogation of medical sequencing data poster Ware, D. Computational challenges in single-cell biology and applications in mammalian development. Comparative genomic analysis reveals the evolutionary dynamics of NRSF binding across four mammalian species poster Jin, Y. Tammatha O'Brien Lecturer. Voight, B. Testing the genomic enrichment of common and rare copy number burden associated with autism. The mutational landscape of human adult stem cells in culture. Genome-wide crossover distribution in male and female of maize. The increased use of genome-wide trio sequencing, particularly in pediatrics, 56 will how are your genes determined prove biological relationships in a way that previous targeted approaches did not. Slow-twitch fibers are slower, less powerful and more economical in terms of energy at force generation than how are your genes determined muscle fibers. PLoS One 10 12 :e Patient-specific factors influence somatic variation patterns identified by whole genome sequencing of independent tumors from von Hippel-Lindau disease. Gene expression variation in human induced pluripotent stem cells. HDACi-induced differentiation of myelogenous leukemia results in targeted chromatin accessibility changes poster Fraser, A. J Physiol 9 — Sousa FAB, Vasque RE, Gobatto CA Anaerobic metabolism during short all-out efforts in tethered running: Comparison of energy expenditure and mechanical parameters between different sprint durations for testing. Hayes, B. Identifying signatures of paternal transgenerational genetic effects on mouse transcriptomes. Conversely, parents who know they are genetically unrelated to their child may decide against sending a DNA sample to family sequencing studies if the unavoidable discovery of misattributed parentage is explained upfront. Annu Rev Genom Hum Genet. Any resolution requires careful consideration of the relationship between these two activities, their different motivations, the extent to which they are in practice separable, and the implications for relevant duties of care and lines of responsibility. As a result, the conclusions provided in the current studies remain approximate, without providing conclusive data, despite the high amount of human and economic resources invested, to clarify how genetics impact sports performance. Evaluation of molecular subtypes and classifications in breast cancer poster Hoehe, M. A collective international endeavour, and a fight for openness It was sequenced through a huge collective effort by thousands of scientists across how are your genes determined world in many stages, over many years. Y10k—A powerful yeast mapping population of 10, full genome sequenced and densely phenotyped diploid individuals. BMC Genet Maternal age effect and severe germline bottleneck in the inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA talk Reddy, A. Brewer, D. Privacy and informed consent in an era of computational genomics—A comparative analysis of Iceland and the United States poster Glastonbury, C. In addition, they q.1 explain the use of entity relationship model observed and determined crucial events during evolution that have shaped the bean plant what does mealy bugs do to plants we know it today. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Tissue-specific patterns of somatic mutation poster Boettiger, A. A genomic assessment of population structure and sex-based migration in an endangered non-model primate genus, Microcebus poster Cannon, M. Retrogenes illuminate dynamics of new gene structure and regulatory evolution in mammals.

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