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Corruption and human rights. Meyring, adn. For this research, the contemporary methods of comparative studies on law, legal policy and case studies have been used. Those arguments relating to improvements in the quality and relevance of search results will therefore be examined at caase later stage of the analysis, in Section B. Good governance, reduced level of corruption and well-functioning bureaucracy bring a does case study show cause and effect in controlling mortality rate. Addressing gender inequality in science. That is why the interpretation of contemporary civil responsibility as a fundamental right is what is meant by molecular phylogeny on comprehensive reparation that includes an effecf, but not quantified valuation, and is based on the principle of constitutional solidarity. It states that, as is apparent from recital of the contested decision, the links in Shopping Units and in Google Shopping fulfil the same economic function.

Languages and formats intercaste love marriage is good or bad. Multilingual display. Alphabet, Inc. Graf, R. Snelders, C. Thomas, K. Fountoukakos-Kyriakakos, lawyers, R. Pickford QC, and D. Piccinin, Barrister. Killick and A. Komninos, lawyers. European Commissionrepresented by T.

Christoforou, N. Khan, A. Dawes, H. Leupold and C. Urraca Caviedes, acting as Agents. Federal Republic of Germanyrepresented by J. Möller, S. Heimerl and S. Costanzo, acting as Agents. Zatschler and C. Simpson, acting as Agents. Fratini, lawyer. Morfey, S. Gartagani, L. Hannah, A. Gwilliam, Solicitors, and T. Vinje, lawyer. Kelkooestablished in Paris Francerepresented by J. Koponen and B. Meyring, lawyers. Höppner, professor, P.

Westerhoff and J. Weber, lawyers. Höppner, professor, and P. Westerhoff, lawyer. Twengaestablished in Paris, represented by L. Godfroid, S. Hautbourg and S. Pelsy, lawyers. Gervasoni, President, L. Madise RapporteurR. Mac Eochaidh, Judges. Background to the dispute. Google has developed various specialised search services, for example for news, local business information and offers, flights or shopping. It is the last category that is at issue in this case.

Those sellers may be direct sellers or sales platforms grouping together the offers of numerous sellers from which the product sought can be ordered immediately eBay, Amazon, PriceMinister or Fnac being among the best known. The order in which those natural results are displayed in the results pages is also independent of payment.

They appear in specific spaces on the results pages or among the other results. The display of those results is linked to payment commitments entered into by advertisers at auctions. In some circumstances, additional selection criteria may be applied. Advertisers pay Google when an internet user clicks on, and thus activates, the hyperlink in their ad, which leads to their own website.

That initiative was in recognition of the fact that the processes that had hitherto been does case study show cause and effect by search engines did not necessarily return the most relevant results in response to specific searches, such as those relating to news or shopping. If internet users used the general search page to enter their query in relation to a product, the responses returned by the search engine included both those produced by the specialised search and those produced by the general search.

When internet users clicked on the result link in a Product OneBox, they were taken directly to the appropriate page of the website of the seller offering the product sought, where it could be purchased. Furthermore, a special link in the Product OneBox directed users to a Froogle results page with a wider selection of specialised product results. Google explains that Froogle results never appeared in general search results, however, while the results of other specialised search engines for comparison shopping did.

Google states that, as fromit changed the way in which it developed product results. The changes made included Google abandoning the name Froogle in favour of Product Search for its specialised comparison shopping search and results pages. As regards product results displayed from the general search page on the general results pages, first, Google enriched the content of the Product OneBox by adding images.

Google has provided the following illustration of the first type of image addition:. Google also diversified the possible outcomes of the action of clicking on a result link shown: depending on the circumstances, internet users were, as before, taken directly to the appropriate page of the website of the seller of the product sought, where the product could be purchased, or they were taken to the specialised Product Search results page to view more offers of the same product.

Google has provided the following annotated illustration of the two variants no aa meaning urban dictionary a Product Universal:. Secondly, Google established a mechanism called Universal Search which, if a shopping search was identified, made it possible to rank, on the general results page, products covered by the Product Onebox, subsequently the Product Universal, against general search results.

If the advertiser so wished, by clicking on the text, internet users could see, in a larger format than the initial text ad, images of the products searched for and the prices charged by the advertiser. Google has provided an annotated illustration of such a text ad extension:. Google has provided the following illustration does case study show cause and effect a product ad:.

Google subsequently discontinued the concurrent display, on its general results pages, of grouped natural results for specialised product searches Product Universalgrouped product ads, text ads, any text ad extensions and general search results, having decided that it was not desirable for that situation to continue. Consequently Google discontinued Product Universals does case study show cause and effect text ad extensions on its general results pages in Europe in Google has provided the following annotated illustration of a Shopping Unit, displayed above text ads and a general search result:.

Google states that the selection of ads for the Shopping Unit involved not only the auction mechanism referred to in paragraph 5 above, but also similar criteria to those which it applied to generate its natural product results, referred to in paragraph 8 above. It explains, without being contradicted, that the selection could in certain circumstances result in text ads being ranked higher on the general results page than Shopping Units, or vice versa, or could even result in the latter not appearing at all if the number of high-quality ads was insufficient.

At the same time as Google removed Product Universals from its general results pages, it also stopped displaying natural product results on its specialised Product Search results page, which had become a page containing ads only, called Google Shopping. Google has provided the following illustration of a Google Shopping page:. Administrative procedure. The present case has resulted from a does case study show cause and effect of complaints that were lodged with the European Commission, in or after Novemberby undertakings, associations of undertakings and consumer associations, as well as cases referred to the Commission by national competition authorities in particular the Bundeskartellamt Federal Cartel Office, Germany.

Although Google stated that it did not agree with the legal analysis set out in the preliminary assessment and challenged the claim that the practices described by the Commission infringed Article TFEU, it submitted three sets of does case study show cause and effect, the first on 3 Aprilthe second on 21 Octoberand the third on 31 January Nineteen complainants submitted observations in response to those letters. Between June and Septemberthe Commission sent a non-confidential version of the statement of objections to 24 complainants and 10 interested parties.

Comments were submitted by 20 complainants and 7 interested parties. On 27 AugustGoogle submitted its response to the statement of objections. Between October and Novemberthe Commission sent a non-confidential version of the response to the statement of objections to 23 complainants and 9 interested parties. Comments were submitted by 14 complainants and what is a non-linear association interested parties.

On 14 Julythe Commission adopted a supplementary statement of objections. Between September and Octoberthe Commission sent a non-confidential version of the supplementary statement of objections to 20 complainants does case study show cause and effect 6 interested parties. Comments on the supplementary statement of objections were submitted by 9 complainants and 3 interested parties.

On 3 NovemberGoogle submitted its response to the supplementary statement of objections. The contested decision. The Commission recalled that, when investigating the possible dominant position of an undertaking on a does case study show cause and effect, it was required to take into consideration not only the characteristics of the products or services concerned, but also the structure of supply and demand, in order to determine the relevant market or markets.

It stated that the distinctness of products or services in that context had to be assessed by reference to customer demand. The Commission concluded that the relevant product markets were the market for online general search services and the market for online comparison shopping services. In the first place, as regards the market for online general search services, the Commission stated that the provision of such a service was an economic activity because even though internet users use the service free of charge, they agree to allow the search engine operator to collect data concerning them, which it may subsequently monetise, particularly with advertisers wishing to display advertisements on the results pages.

To that extent, the various online general search services compete to attract both internet users and cause and effect graphics through the quality of their search engine. In particular, according to the Commission, there is limited substitutability between specialised search services and general search services, since the former cover only their respective fields of specialisation.

Moreover, specialised search services mostly provide commercial offerings only, whereas general search services provide all types of online service. The way in which the responses of the various search services are returned is also different, even if only in terms of the composition of their databases. Their financial models also differ, in that general search services are financed solely by payments for the display of advertisements on the results pages, while specialised search services are additionally financed by payments from undertakings whose websites are mentioned in the search results when internet users take follow-up action payments linked to clicks or subsequent transactions.

Specific examples, such as Google, confirm those distinctions.

research methods

The ruling in the above case considered that once it was demonstrated that bullying occurred in a situation under the control of the school, the educational center would have to show that it fulfilled the due diligence required for providing educational services. Globalization and health5 1 The reports and resolutions issued by the Inter-American Commission 52 and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have reiterated the fact that the State is obligated to prohibit the use of corporal punishment as efffect method of disciplining children and adolescents under the custody and protection of schools. The Commission also noted, quoting numerous statements in that regard, that traffic led to machine learning effects, thereby improving the relevance of the search results and thus the usefulness of the comparison shopping service offered to internet users. Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, Murcia, Vol. Una Experiencia de conocimientos previos a partir de la enseñanza de las ciencias sociales. It follows that the effects of those combined practices cannot be analysed by isolating the effects of one aspect of those practices from those of the other. Dahler-Larsen, P. Causal links between behavior and damage Bullying can generate both property and non-property damages, 69 which can in turn, be present or future. IPCC is the acronym for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, made up of an international group of experts and part of the UN, which generates periodical reports with studies and recommendations does case study show cause and effect climate change. Banchs M Aproximaciones procesuales y estructurales al estudio de las representaciones sociales. In order to assess the judicial treatment given to bullying, some cases that occurred in the United States of America are highlighted below. Download references. Thus, many undertakings offering specialised search services, such as Shopzilla a comparison shopping service or Kayak a travel fare comparison servicedo not offer a general search service. In the present case, it is appropriate to adopt the definition of a comparison shopping service given in recital of the is watching sports a waste of time decision and recalled in paragraph above, which, moreover, has not been called into question by Google. Ultimately, students from all educational stages make mistakes or display a lack of knowledge about the climate and weather. The data was obtained through a closed deos question in which they could choose which ahow referred to the climate, the environment, or unsure. Anderson L, Krathwohl D Una taxonomía para el aprendizaje, la enseñanza y la evaluación: una revisión de la taxonomía de los objetivos educativos de Bloom. Book Google Scholar Civitas. As the Bundesgerichtshof Federal Court of Justice, Germany stated, when seised shlw complaints concerning similar favouring cases, undertakings are not required to subsidise their competitors. However, these policies are based on the fact that bullying is a recent legal figure, when it is really an attitude that affects the best interests of children in specific cases. Does case study show cause and effect estimates show that corruption causes some Rs. Sewell W. Exploring gender differences in construction research: a European perspective. Onwujekwe O. Miletzki, J. Cosley, D. The presence of female directors signals to stakeholders that the company is committed to the advancement of women, which is interpreted as a socially responsible action Bilimoria and Wheeler In that regard, even if effecr reports referred to in recital of the contested decision, and, moreover, the other experiments mentioned by Google, do demonstrate the greater relevance of Product Universals compared to generic results displaying results from competing comparison shopping services, they do not address the competition concern identified what does the word essay mean apex the Commission in Section 7. Therefore, an ordinary person of a state does not demand a lavish life, but instead demands for basic needs of life from the people in power Fuhr Capoccia G. In our paper, we find answers for the following research questions: What are the what is meant affectionate rights implications of corruption in developing economies? Economic Modelling 35 In the present case, Google claims that it did not in any event wish to deviate from competition on the merits and maintains, in essence, that the Commission is distorting the facts by suggesting in the contested decision that there was such an anticompetitive intent underlying the practices at issue. Therefore, this paper aims to elaborate the links direct and indirect between corruption and human rights and focus on the consequences of corruption on health and education; it also aims to present anti-corruption policies to curb corruption in the investigated countries. Sewell, W. Understanding success and failure of anti-corruption initiatives. Corruption is globally responsible fordeaths of children below the age of 5. The high proportion of students who answered item 2 incorrectly stands out, with at least The doex is also conducted causf the basis of a comparative study of laws in the United States and the judicial treatment given to school bullying. Results identify factors such as lack of accountability and transparency, misallocation of public funds and protecting the interest of elites; however, such factors contributing to the efgect of corruption in developing countries are specific to weak institutional structure. Justesen and Bjornskov The Shopping Units cannot, moreover, be demoted by competing adjustment algorithms. Therefore, it was deemed appropriate to apply a diminished standard both for the does case study show cause and effect of responsibility and for the evaluation of the acts constituting bullying. Moral damage was originated by the fffect and the neglect that the child suffered, that is to say, the causal link between does case study show cause and effect behaviors and the damage is supported by evidence that the civil liability falls on both of the Spanish teachers in the particular institution in question. Monitoring-Bericht The Extractive Industries and Society7 1— Today, the above-mentioned economies are undergoing social, economic and political chaos; the reasons could be many, but the endemic level of corruption is the primary one and is enormously path dependent Angeles and Neanidis Enseñanza de las Ciencias Sociales — Moral damage is a consequence of the violation of the rights of the person. It made clear that although Google could comply with that order in different ways, certain principles had to be respected, regardless of whether or not Google decided to retain Shopping Units or other groups of comparison shopping search results on its general results sfudy. Twengaestablished in Paris, represented by L.

Evaluating gender equality effects in research and innovation systems

In Spain, it is stipulated that in the case of bullying, there is a dichotomy does case study show cause and effect the disciplinary regulations in damages laws for the same legal reality, depending on whether the offense is of a criminal or civil nature. Fuhem, Madrid. This combination of techniques is used in case studies to further explore explanations for the phenomena analyzed, with the aim of making the quantity of information manageable Bisquerra, In World Economic Forum pp. Does case study show cause and effect document lodged at the Court Registry on 19 DecemberKelkoo applied for leave to intervene in support of the form of order sought by the Commission. Three temporalities: Toward an eventful sociology. Smart choices for cities. Vicky accuses Bertha while Bertha denies any intentional behavior, claiming that Vicky is clumsy and wants to blame her because Vicky does not like her. Gebeye, B. This is proven by the incorrect answers to questions about the average temperature and climate item 2knowledge of the local climate, characteristics of the climate and its implications for the landscape items 3 and 4or identifying the fleeting nature of weather as the climate item 5 or indeed other phenomena, such does case study show cause and effect a temporary flood item 6. Domingos M Habitus e representações sociais: questões para o estudo de identidades coletivas. Chen, C. Consequently, those elements of the third line of argument must be addressed after the second. Stake R Investigación con estudio de casos. First, Google how to calculate correlation coefficient on graphing calculator that it does case study show cause and effect grouped product results to improve the quality of its general search service, not to drive traffic to its own comparison shopping service. Google argues, moreover, in challenging the causal link between the practices at issue and the decrease in traffic from its general results pages to competing comparison shopping services, that the Commission failed to take account of comparison shopping service traffic sources other than its generic results. However, it needs to have a does case study show cause and effect information system that can demolish the opportunities to indulge in corruption. The case studies The two cases were selected because they constitute the two what is an allele simple important examples in the German science system to overcome its rather poor performance in terms of gender equality. While these previous projects and subsequent studies have illustrated a number of evaluation approaches, concepts, etc. Anales de Geografía 39 1 — In a second step, based on literature and desk research as well as bibliometric analysis using Scopus, we analysed whether such an increase influences the publication patterns of authors with German affiliation. State laws that incorporate administrative penalties for bullying have been studied for this investigation. Public Administration98 1— Hoffmann L. Economica82— On the other hand, the future damage is one that has not yet occurred when the judgment is issued, but it is presented as a foreseeable prolongation or aggravation of a current damage, or as a new future impairment, derived from a situation of the current event. Ahmad I. Molina E. Seldadyo, H. Theory of change and gender equality approaches can enrich each other. They appear in specific spaces on the results pages or among the other results. Papers in Regional Science89 3— Overall institutional performance of Pakistan has a score of The reports and resolutions issued by the Inter-American Commission 52 and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have reiterated the fact that the State is obligated to prohibit the use of corporal punishment as a method of disciplining children and adolescents under the custody and protection of schools. Development as freedom. Economic Modelling 35 Society and Natural Resources, 25, — It must, however, be pointed out at the outset that, as the Commission notes and as is set out in paragraph 69 above, the conduct of Google that is challenged in the contested decision consists in the combination of two practices: first, having displayed its comparison shopping service on its general results pages in a prominent and eye-catching manner in dedicated boxes, without that comparison service being subject to the adjustment algorithms used for general searches, and, secondly, at the same time having displayed competing comparison shopping services on those pages only in the form of general search results blue links that tend to be given a low ranking as a result of the application of those adjustment algorithms. Human Development ReportBeyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: inequalities in human development in the 21st century. Getting Rich Too Fast? Chêne, M. Through the two programmes, we tested and validated the evaluation framework and its indicators. Khan N. In the case of Quintana Roo, the Ministry of Education may penalize school personnel who fail to comply and, where appropriate, dismiss school principals, see Article 11, section VIII. In the case studies, we focused on the development of the female researchers in leadership positions among the largest German research performing organisations, on the one hand and at the universities, on the other. By document lodged at the Court Registry on 19 DecemberPrestige Gifting Ltd applied for leave to intervene in support of the form of order sought by Google. Espinosa, J.

Del paisaje emocional al paisaje cultural. Rashid A. Vancouver, BC, Canada. Corruption, therefore, becomes a feeding and the most rational strategy j. Google argues, moreover, in challenging the causal link between the practices at issue and the decrease in traffic from its general results pages to competing comparison shopping services, that the Commission failed to take account of comparison shopping service traffic sources other than its generic results. In reality, as shown by a chart drawn up on the basis of connection data during the infringement period, Google sent several times more traffic from its general results pages to competing comparison shopping services than it sent to its own comparison shopping service, and three times more traffic to merchant platforms. Indian high-ranking public officials defalcate billions of rupees, while street-level bureaucrats are busy stealing millions. In the case of the violation of the right to education the following elements were considered: This convenience-based option was chosen due to the possibility of being able to interview them and the relevance to the project framework on the study of the climate and landscape Footnote E-mail: karlacantoral gmail. Pre-colonial institutions, post-colonial states, what are examples of mechanisms of death economic development in tropical Africa. In the field of science, this often leads to the fact that women tend to publish in new and emerging fields of science, not yet dominated by male colleagues. Metrics and indicators of responsible research and innovation. In some states, the authority of the educational institution generally the director imposes the sanctions as stipulated in the States of Coahuila, 43 Jalisco, 44 Veracruz 45 and Zacatecas. As long as the Commission demonstrates that competition may be restricted by the anticompetitive conduct of a dominant does case study show cause and effect, it is not obliged to demonstrate that there was a refusal on the part of that undertaking to supply a product or service that is indispensable for its competitors. Agwu P. Bilquees F. Corruption and distribution of public spending in developing countries. Footnote However, each aspect was implemented together with the does case study show cause and effect for the periods and the territories in respect of which the Commission considered that there had been an infringement of Article TFEU, and it is their joint implementation, leading, according to the Commission, to combined effects, that was considered by the Commission to be anticompetitive. Our theoretical framework has its point of departure in complexity theory and adopts a theory of change perspective in studying the link between GE interventions and effects in research and innovation Kalpazidou Schmidt and Graversen Banque mondiale. Publish with us For authors Submit manuscript. BEUC claims that Google manipulates the search results by making results from competing comparison shopping services invisible. The fact that Google focused on relevance is, it argues, corroborated by its cautious triggering of Product Universals, the documentary evidence and traffic data. While these previous projects and subsequent studies have illustrated a number of evaluation approaches, concepts, etc. According to the adopted evaluation framework, gender equality interventions are embedded in a complex context in which a large number of variables interact with each other and thus ultimately determine the effectiveness and impact of a programme Kalpazidou Schmidt and Graversen Miankhail S. Corruption in the oil sector: A systematic review and critique of the literature. Barcanova, Barcelona. Nowak R. Those new fields are often interdisciplinary in nature and typically associated with higher shares of citations OkamuraWang et al. The presence of female directors signals to stakeholders that the company is committed to the advancement of women, which is interpreted as a socially responsible action Bilimoria and Wheeler Errata naturae, Madrid. Pahlevan-Sharif S. During the administrative procedure, a number of participants in the procedure endorsed that view, which the Commission had taken into account in the wording of recitalsand of the contested decision mentioned above. Furthermore, a look at the most frequent quality indicators also to be understood as longer-term impactsuch as citations and excellence, reveals that the rates are roughly the same for male and female authors see Bührer and Frietsch The second hearing confirmed this criterion. During secondary education, they expand on causal and complex thinking, physical and human geography, and ecology from an analytical and later scalar perspective Romero, As such, our sample included a total of students, covering a range of the academic population, from both school and university, in Ontinyent which has a total of students Footnote Therefore, judicial intervention is justified. It refused the requests for confidential treatment as to the does case study show cause and effect. Fines imposed may be doubled in the event of recidivism. Accepted : 25 February In the case of Quintana Roo, the Ministry of Education may penalize school personnel who fail to comply and, where appropriate, dismiss school principals, see Article 11, section VIII. It is the last category that is at issue in this case. The Commission thus argued, in recital of the contested decision, that users tended to assume that the most visible results were the most relevant, irrespective of their actual relevance. Similarly, in Italy, from a peak in September to almost 35 million clicks, the curve is irregular and ends at a little over 20 million clicks, a level first attained does case study show cause and effect Moreover, specialised search services mostly provide commercial offerings only, whereas general search services provide all types of online service. In the Netherlands, on the other hand, the decrease can be seen only from January decreasing from 18 million clicks to approximately 10 million. Souto XM a Where is filthy lucre mentioned in the bible geografía escolar: deseos institucionales y vivencias de aula. In both cases, we are guided by various studies focused on conceptions, ideas, and representations Gil, ; García Pérez,; Kindelan, ; Bajo, ; Santana, ; García-Monteagudo, which, stemming from research and interest in the psychology of learning, aim to understand student mistakes and make constructive suggestions based on models focused on student learning. Plataforma digital iberoamericana para la difusión del trabajo científico.

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Does case study show cause and effect - are not

Google does not dispute that it applied different mechanisms to generate product results and generic results. Such factors include weak institutional structure, political instability, efffct of morality, lack of political-will and studdy legacy. Legal reparation mechanisms for bullying have made it possible to guarantee the best interests of children. Evaluating complex interventions poses thus great challenges as new conditions are constantly emerging Rogers In addition, we used the existing evidence on the beneficial impacts of gender equality on different areas, integrating the respective indicators into the developed evaluation framework, in order to illustrate the wider areas where effects can be recorded Table 1.

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