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Revised document received: 22 February Abstract: The aim of this research was to analyze the shaping of the meaning of the academic profession in scholars, from public and private universities in four Colombian cities. It was composed of items distributed in five scales: Working Conditions, Perceived Workload, General Working Well-being, Maslach Burnout Inventory and Engagement, and five key words that define the work experience. This study was carried out following a quantitative approach, a non - experimental design with a cross-sectional descriptive correlation.
A correlational analysis and Principal Component Analysis were performed to establish the pattern of the dimensions evaluated. The teachers surveyed showed general tendencies to shape descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition meaning of the academic profession in an ambivalent manner in a positive and negative pole, where the presence of fragmented descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition conditions what does connect to your local network mean denote exhaustion, cynicism and collateral effects, as well as a new configuration descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition academic professionalism are highlighted.
Descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition is pointed out that the temporality of the contractual relationship is naturalized as a condition of precarious working conditions, placing a focus on the psychosocial risks of university teachers. Key words: sense of the profession, working conditions, academics, professionalism. Este estudio fue cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal y descriptivo.
Como resultados, se encontró que los docentes encuestados evidenciaron tendencias generales a configurar un sentido de la profesión académica de forma ambivalente, en un polo positivo y negativo, donde se destaca la presencia de condiciones de trabajo fragmentadas que denotan agotamiento, cinismo y efectos colaterales, así como una nueva configuración del profesionalismo académico.
Palabras clave: sentido de la profesión, condiciones de trabajo, académicos, profesionalismo. Since the emergence of universities in medieval times, when they were characterized by the exclusivity of education that was only for certain communities of a religious nature Brunner, ,; Universia,and passing through the Enlightened Modernity, industrial and democratic times where the university functions as a social institution Blanch, b adopting models whose dominant values include universality, autonomy, freedom, rationality, and wisdom, among others, universities have gone through a series of transformations that have permeated their administrative and professorial fields Romero, According to Moralessome of these transformations have come about with the globalized development and the Fordism crisis of the s.
From Chomsky's point of view, these transformations are generating a change in the employment practices that have gone from stable and long-term, to what is a linear model in stats and temporary, where one of the most affected aspects has been the disappearance of the academic career.
In turn, he argues that the ratio of administrative personnel compared to the number of professors is disproportionate, with the number descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition administrative positions increasing in relation to the number of academic seats. These changes in the working conditions for academics are a result of neoliberal reforms, which have transitioned from a Keynesian-Fordist model to a model that modernizes state services, including higher education Romero, For Blanch bthe NGP process is implemented through a management model that is driven by flexibilization, where quality, excellence, innovation, governance and sustainability are emphasized.
He concludes that this process is achieved through the evaluation of skills and results, management of spending and the application of cost-benefit indicators. In this way, public institutions social, sanitary and educational adopt the rules of free trade, where the person who receives a service is seen as a client.
Following this logic, Sisto considers that the NGP defines the manner in which the relationship between the employer university and the employee professor has been constructed. It creates a new type of relationship, where there is a change in salaries and job stability related to the standards set for academic job performance. In other words, if one does not perform in the expected manner, according to the new standardized procedures, salary or other elements descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition the working conditions may be affected.
Under the new style of descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition management, which is seen as a new type of partnership, academic work is reorganized and educational centers are reconfigured from the perspective of curriculum and offers for tenure Blanch, a. These new working conditions are taken on by professors in a variety of ways. Anderson proposes a classification of the different manners in which academics have chosen to face the new conditions.
Avoidance is presented as the act of not complying with the new demands placed upon academics; resistance: academics project an attitude of complete rejection towards managerialism; academic weakness: professors manage to keep a low profile in their academic activities, while hoping that their low output is not taken into account by management; qualified compliance with assigned tasks, and new ones that are added. Refusal is one of the ways academics address the new managerial demands; occasional omissions result in a subtle form of rejection.
New university management, especially in Latin American universities including those found in Colombia, has affected the way in which universities are understood, given the fact that universities were created under the protectionist mantle of descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition State, granted descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition, and not held accountable for their ideological perspective Brunner, , In Brunner's wordsin the Latin American context, reference is made to the public and private universities, where public institutions lend authority to research and free services, and private institutions act more like a descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition endeavor in search of compensation and recognition.
In this context of university transformation, reflected in the academic profession in Colombia and Latin America as a whole, the changes that are framed within "cognitive capitalism or academic capitalism" as defined by Slaughter and Leslieare apparent. One of the primary premises of academic capitalism is to establish a new academic management through new practices in the Higher Education Institutions HEI ; these would guarantee the creation and expansion of income and be patterned on a market logic, creating a situation where the sale of goods and services leads to self-financing.
From this point of view, the need to receive financing from the private or public sector requires academics to rethink their duties, as they are now working in spaces that were designed as if they were part of a market Romero, Additionally, the effects of academic capitalism become variable according to the context, and therefore in Latin America, specifically in Colombia, the reforms that were meant to upgrade Higher Education HEstill have not taken root.
In Colombia, universities have been undergoing these changes since Public universities have been taking on certain aspects of the private sector, and have been revaluated by both academics and students MEN, The national legislation that is responsible for HE, like the laws from30 fromand the decrees fromfromand fromhave charted the course for higher education in Colombia, where universities have adopted a diversity of administrative practices, including policy based achievements or marketing to students for different programs, educational development and new policies for the recognition of intellectual productions and incentives for research Romero, The parameters for measuring academic skills are set according to merit or by an increase in intellectual production MEN,descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition generate competition between colleagues from the same university and other HEIs Blanch, ab; Romero, Work relationships of a temporary or occasional nature that are a response to student demand and enrollment in programs, deteriorate teachers' dedication to their scholarly tasks, especially to research and attention to students' needs; this situation is perceived as a psychosocial risk due to job instability and the worsening of working conditions for teachers Blanch, ab, ab; Romero, Firstly, the massification of HEIs that creates a greater number of enrolled students in different departments, and brings as a consequence a reduction in the possibility of building new areas of reflection on knowledge.
Secondly, the proliferation of different kinds of HEIs that assign new characteristics to scholars, differentiated and negative for the educational system, considering job spaces that are occupied by people who do not see the academic activity as a career, but rather as a job to be performed. Thirdly, a reduction in investments in research and development limits the research budgets and the academic training. Finally, internationalizing and regionalizing processes of HEIs have affected the academic profession in cases where globalizing processes are undergone and ICTs have been implemented.
This being the case, working conditions in the academic profession have been steeped in a series of transformations that have descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition the very meaning of the profession. The meaning of the academic profession is understood as professionalism by Romero, Blanch and Renteríainvolving a primary component: the relationship between the professor and the student.
Another component, establishing a bond of responsibility, trust and respect, guarantees the social contract between education and society. The centrality of the professor-student relationship is taken on as part of the academic vocation, where interest for a third party is the source of satisfaction. The responsibility, trust and respect are meant to maintain the standards of quality of knowledge that is shared. One of these conditions specific to the academic profession, academic freedom, is a component that qualifies the professor-student relationship as a requisite for the satisfaction gained by teaching can a linear equation have two solutions their area of expertise.
This ethos of the profession provides the possibility to nurture the relationship using the important issues that create the possibility of different manners of thinking Isola, Academic professionalism is extending out in various directions, one of which is specifically moving towards knowledge that is driven by ethical and moral standards. Another is moving towards the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of working in the field of education.
The motivation of teaching staff towards their profession is related to the relationship they establish with their students, as well as maintaining the energy required to execute a diverse and demanding workload that is enriching and worthwhile too extrinsic elements. As a result, the meaning of the academic profession is built on the parameters of the contexts in which it is confined, and will why is it so hard to read my bible be denoted as favorable, optimal or positive.
Figure 1 The positive or negative meanings of work as a result of the relationship between working conditions and characteristics of the task Author's own elaboration, cited in Romero, The changes in the working conditions in universities have brought about a debate on the employment and the tasks that are performed as part of the profession, due to the rising tensions inherent to descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition role of the university as a regulating institution of higher education Romero, The fragmentation of working conditions, collateral effects manifested by academic professionals, and new manners of exploring the academic profession are some of the aspects that are nuanced by the transformations of the academic workplace.
The experience of university teachers who socialize their work actually shapes the meaning descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition this profession, considered to be a way of life, as well as a goal of life itself. Thus, the present research aimed to analyze the configuration of the meaning of the academic profession and the working conditions of Colombian university professors.
Quantitative data were collected and analyzed with a focus on the interpretation of results, using descriptive statistical analysis. In order to put together the group to be studied, a purposive sampling was made up according to the following inclusion criteria that were carried out for convenience and stratification purposes: sex, age, length of service in the center, length of service in the profession, type of contract stable or unstable and type of university public or private.
The socio-demographic characteristics descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition the sample were as follows: 78 men The average age was 33 years old with a range descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition 23 and 65 years of age, the majority of the professors, Regarding the type of contract, With respect to managerial responsibilities, According to the years of experience in academia, Finally, with regards to the descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition of service in their current university, the majority, The questionnaire was made up of items distributed in various scales, inventories and some open descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition, in addition to the socio-demographic information.
The open-ended questions allowed for deeper qualitative information gathering in aspects that were descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition in the scales. The instrument has been validated through research projects carried out in medical population, where it was found that the WC and GWW models were reproduced with a Cronbach's alpha that ranges from 0. On the other hand, the instrument's psychometric properties were analyzed with a multi-occupational population psychologists, doctors, lawyers, managers, supervisors, among otherswhere the instrument proved to have construct validity, thus ratifying its factorial structure.
In a Colombian university population Morales,the instrument showed content validity in the WC and GWW scales, and a high reliability index in the two descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0. The Cronbach's alpha scores for this research are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Cronbach indices of the QPW-5 questionnaire scales.
Source: Author's own elaboration. The results shown below were obtained through the analysis of data gathered from the application of the instrument with its five scales and open-ended questions. The aim of the study descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition to show how the sense of the academic profession is configured in a group of professors surveyed.
With respect to the sense of the academic profession, the correlation between the scales is presented in Figure 2. It shows the correlogram between the scores of the dimensions of the scales studied. The example of sets class 11 are defined by color and graphic intensity and the degree of relation is shown in the circular diagrams that appear in the upper right part of the figure.
Therefore, it shows that the higher the Organization and Method, the lower the exhaustion perceived by the participants. Figure 2 Correlogram between the dimensions of the scales studied and participants age. The Principal Correspondence Analysis PCA of the scores from the dimensions evaluated in the participant group showed that the first two components explain As for correlational analysis, the PCA reveals that the Organization and Method 0,Organization and Person 0,Organization and Environment and Psychosocial Well-being 0, dimensions showed high correlations between each other, creating a group of four variables.
This demonstrates the disassociation with the other two groups of variables. Figure 3 Circle of correlations of the first two principal components in the point cloud of the dimensions studied. Figure 4 illustrates the point subclouds of the participants who described a positive or negative element of their current job in their fifth word, above the plane of the first two principal components. The result indicates that those professors who described their job with a negative word are those that present greater scores in the Cynicism, Exhaustion and Collateral Effects dimensions, locating them on the right side of descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition point cloud.
It is worth highlighting that no statistically significant differences were found in the first four words that were used to describe their jobs. Figure 5 Projection of the groups of participants who described their jobs in words, above the plane of principal components. This paper explores the shaping of the meaning of the academic profession in university professors faced with changing working conditions in Colombian universities. The Organization and Method and Organization and Person dimensions showed a significant correlation with the Exhaustion dimension on the MBI scale Maslach Burnout Inventory regarding the practice of the academic profession, with elements such as the physical environment, recognition of the work accomplished, autonomy to make decisions, type of contract, workload, and balance between work and private life.
Considering this, if the working conditions are not well-balanced, a greater degree of exhaustion will be experienced by the professors. Based on the above, it is clear that the transformations in universities that have brought about changes in working conditions have created a great impact in the meaning of the academic profession, where the well-being of university professors is descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition due to an overload in the tasks they must perform as part of their academic work.
The words that university professors use to describe this situation include bad management, overworking and malaise, all of which are located in a negative plane with respect to the meaning of the profession Romero,and scoring high in the Cynicism, Exhaustion and Collateral Effects descriptive-correlational quantitative research design definition. All of this leads to the conclusion that professionals in the academic realm shape the meaning of their profession as an activity that is both consuming and exhausting.
This explains how the first words used to signify their work are in the first instance, positive, and finally, negative, as observed in the results. The configuration of the sense of the academic profession on the part of university professors is divided into positive and strong positive linear relationship between two variables poles See Figure 1Romero, The first is understood as an inversely proportional relationship where good working conditions and high psychosocial well-being lead to less perceived cynicism, exhaustion and collateral effects in the academic work.
Changing conditions in universities determine the ambivalence with which the Colombian academic faculty is debated.