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Dietary fat and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer: An eight year follow-up. Gold EB. Additional ecological evidence: Lipids and breast cancer mortality among women aged 55 and over in China. A case-control study of dietary and nondietary factors in ovarian cancer. Kono S, Hirohata T. Cancer Surv ; 19; 20 Cancer in developing countries. Alcohol which food is linked to colon cancer. Further, the importance of physical activity as a protective factor against colon cancer indicates that international correlations probably overstate the contribution of lihked to differences in colon cancer incidence.

ABSTRACT Evidence from both animal and epidemiologic studies indicate that which food is linked to colon cancer life excessive energy intake in relation to requirements increases risk of human cancer. Rapid growth rates in childhood lead to earlier age at menarche, which in turn increases risk of breast cancer, and accumulation of body fat in adulthood in related to cancers of the colon, kidney, and endometrium as well as postmenopausal breast cancer.

Higher intake of vegetables and fruits has been associated with lower risks of many cancers. The constituents responsible for these apparent protective effects remain uncertain, although evidence supports a contribution of folic acid. Recent evidence suggests that the percentage of energy from fat in the diet is not a major cause of cancers of the breast or colon.

Higher intake of meat and dairy products has been associated with greater risk of prostate cancer, which may be related to their saturated fat content. Also, red meat consumption has been associated with risk of colon cancer in numerous studies, but this appears to be unrelated to its fat content. Excessive consumption of alcohol increases risks of upper gastrointestinal tract and even moderate intake appears to increase cancers of the breast and large bowel.

Although many details remain to be learned, evidence is strong that remaining physically active and lean throughout life, consuming an abundance of fruits and vegetables, and avoiding high intakes of red meat, foods high in animal fat, and excessive alcohol will substantially reduce risk of human cancer. Following cardiovascular disease, cancer is the second most important cause of death in most affluent countries and is increasingly important in developing countries as mortality from infectious diseases declines.

In poorer regions and the Far East, cancers of the stomach, liver, oral cavity, esophagus, and uterine cervix are most important. In Japan, for example, rates of breast cancer have until recently been only about one fifth those of the US and the differences in rates of colon and prostate cancers have been even greater. Although the development of cancer is characterized by alterations in DNA and some of these changes can be inherited, inherited mutations cannot account for the dramatic differences in cancer rates seen around the world.

Populations that move from countries with low rates of cancer to areas with high rates, or the reverse, almost invariably achieve the rates characteristic of the new homeland. For example, in Japan rates of colon cancer mortality increased about 2. The dramatic variations in cancer rates around the world and changes over time imply that these malignancies are potentially avoidable if we were able to know and alter the causal factors. For a few cancers, such as lung cancer, the primary causes are well known, in this case smoking, but for most others the etiologic factors are less well established.

However, there are strong reasons to suspect that dietary and nutritional factors may account for many of these variations in cancer rates. First, a role of diet has been suggested by observations that national rates of specific cancers are strongly correlated with aspects of diet such as per capita consumption of fat. Also, a multitude of steps in what to put in your tinder bio woman pathogenesis of cancer have been identified where dietary factors could plausibly act either to increase or decrease the probability that the clinical cancer will develop.

For example, carcinogens in food can directly damage DNA and other dietary factors may block the endogenous synthesis of carcinogens or induce enzymes involved in the activation or deactivation of exogenous carcinogenic substances. The rate of cell division will influence whether DNA lesions are replicated and is thus likely to influence the probability of cancer developing. Dietary factors can influence endogenous hormone levels, including estrogens and various growth factors, which can influence cell cycling and, thus, potentially cancer incidence.

Estrogenic substances found in some plant foods can also interact with estrogen receptors and thus could either mimic or block the effects of endogenous estrogens. Many other examples can be given by which dietary factors could plausibly influence the development of cancer. Epidemiologic investigation of diet and cancer relationships. The strong suggestions from international comparisons, animal studies, and mechanistic investigations that various aspects of diet might importantly influence risk of cancer raises the two critical sets of questions: Which dietary factors are actually important determinants of human cancer?

What is the nature of the dose-response relationships? The nature of the dose-response relationships is particularly important because a substance could be carcinogenic to humans, but there could be no important risk within the range of intakes actually consumed by humans. Alternatively, another factor could be critical for protection against cancer, but all persons in a population may already be consuming sufficient amounts to receive the maximal benefit.

In either case, there is no potential for reduction in cancer rates by altering current intakes. The important factors to identify are those for which at least some part of the population is either consuming a toxic level or is not eating a sufficient amount for optimal health. A variety of epidemiologic approaches can be used to investigate diet and human cancer relationships, including case-control or cohort studies and randomized trials.

Relationships between diet, nutrition, and cancer incidence in epidemiologic studies can be evaluated by collecting data on dietary intake, by using biochemical indicators of dietary factors, or by measuring difference between causal and correlational relationships size and composition. Food frequency questionnaires have been used to assess diet in most epidemiologic studies because they provide information on usual diet over an extended period of time and are sufficiently efficient to be used in large populations.

Food frequency questionnaires have been shown to be sufficiently valid to detect important diet-disease relationships in comparisons with more detailed assessments of diet and biochemical indicators. DNA specimens have been collected from what is a mathematical relation definition in many studies and allow the examination of gene-diet interactions.

Until now, most information on diet and cancer has been obtained from case-control studies. However, a number of large prospective cohort studies of diet and cancer in various countries are now ongoing and will be producing reliable data at an exponentially increasing which food is linked to colon cancer as the their populations age. Epidemiologic investigations should be viewed as complementary to animal studies, in vitro investigations, and metabolic studies of diet in relation to intermediate cause and effect clue, such as hormone levels.

Although conditions can be controlled to a much greater degree which food is linked to colon cancer laboratory studies than in free living human populations, the relevance of findings to humans will always be uncertain, particularly in regard to dose-response relationships. Ultimately, our knowledge is best based on a synthesis of epidemiologic, metabolic, animal, and mechanistic studies. Diet is a complex composite of various nutrients and nonnutritive food constituents and there are many types of human cancer, each with its own pathogenetic mechanisms; thus the combinations of specific dietary factors and cancer is almost limitless.

This brief overview will focus primarily on cancers that are most important in affluent populations and that are rapidly increasing in countries undergoing economic transition. Aspects of diet for which there are strong hypotheses and substantial epidemiologic data are also which food is linked to colon cancer.

Studies by Tannenbaum and colleagues 13,17 during the first half of the 20th century indicated that energy restriction could profoundly reduce the development of mammary tumors in animals. This finding has been consistently replicated in a wide variety of mammary tumor models and has also been observed for a wide variety of other tumors. The most sensitive indicators which food is linked to colon cancer the balance between energy intake and expenditure are growth rates and body size, which can be measured well in epidemiologic investigations, although they also reflect genetic and other nonnutritional factors.

Adult height can thus provide an indirect indicator of pre-adult nutrition and adult weight gain and obesity reflect positive energy balance later in life. Internationally, the average national height what is a relational schema in database adult women is strongly associated with risk of breast cancer. Further support for an important role of growth rates comes from epidemiologic studies of age at menarche.

An early menarche is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer. The difference in the late age in China, approximately 17 years, 30 compared to 12 and 13 years of age in the US,31 contributes importantly to differences in breast cancer rates between these populations. Body mass index, height, and weight have consistently been strong determinants of age at menstruation, but the composition of diet appears to have little if any effect.

Collectively, these studies provide strong evidence, consistent with animal experiments, that rapid growth rates prior to puberty play an important role in determining future risk of breast and probably other cancers. Whether the epidemiologic findings are due only to restriction of energy intake in relation to requirements for maximal growth, or whether the limitation of other nutrients, such as essential amino acids, may also play a role cannot be determined from available data.

A positive energy balance during adult life and the resultant accumulation of body fat also contributes importantly to several human cancers. The best established relationships are with cancers of the endometrium and gall bladder. Prior to menopause, women with greater body fat have reduced risks of breast cancer, 42,43 and after menopause a positive, but weak, association with adiposity is seen. These findings are probably the result of anovulatory menstrual cycles in fatter women prior to menopause, 44 which should reduce risk, and the synthesis of endogenous estrogen by adipose tissue in postmenopausal women, 45 which is presumed to increase risk of breast cancer.

Interest in dietary fat as a cause of cancer began in the first half of the 20th century when studies by Tannenbaum and colleagues, 13,17 indicated that diets high in fat could promote tumor growth in animal models. In this early work, energy caloric restriction also profoundly reduced the incidence of tumors. A vast literature on dietary fat and cancer in animals has subsequently accumulated reviewed elsewhere.

Dietary fat has a clear effect on tumor incidence in many models, although not in all; 52,53 however, a central issue has been whether this is independent of the effect of energy intake. An independent effect of fat has been seen in some animal models, 22,49,50 but this has been either weak 54 or nonexistent 23 in some studies designed what is the integrating stage of a relationship to address this issue.

A possible relation of dietary fat intake to cancer incidence has also been hypothesized because the large international differences in rates of cancers of the breast, colon, prostate, and endometrium are strongly correlated with apparent per capita fat consumption. Although a major rationale for the dietary fat hypothesis has been the international correlation between fat consumption and national breast cancer mortality, 12 in a study of 65 Chinese counties, 58 in which per capita fat intake varied from 6 to 25 percent of energy, only a weak positive association was seen between fat intake and breast cancer mortality.

Breast cancer incidence rates have increased substantially in the United States during this century, as have the estimates of per capita fat consumption based on food disappearance data. However, surveys based on reports of individual actual intake, rather than food disappearance, indicate that consumption of energy from fat, either as absolute intake or as a percentage of energy, has actually declined in the last several decades, 60,61 a time during which breast cancer incidence has increased.

A substantial body of data from prospective cohort studies is now available to assess the relation between dietary fat intake and breast cancer in developed countries. A similar lack of association was seen among postmenopausal women only and for specific types of fat. Although total fat intake has been unrelated to breast cancer risk in prospective epidemiologic studies, there is some evidence that the type of fat may be important. In case-control studies in Spain and Greece, women who used more olive oil had reduced risks of breast cancer.

In comparisons among countries, rates of colon cancer are strongly correlated with national per capita disappearance of animal fat and meat, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0. With some exceptions, case-control studies have generally shown an association between risk of colon cancer and intake of fat or red meat. However, in many of these studies, a positive association between total which system has no solution intake and risk of colon cancer has also been observed, ,80,81 raising the question of whether it is general overconsumption of food or the fat composition of the diet that is etiologically important.

A recent meta-analysis by Howe and colleagues of 13 case-control studies found a significant association between total energy and colon cancer, but saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat were not associated with colon cancer independently of total energy. The relation between diet and colon cancer has been examined in several large prospective studies. These have not confirmed the positive association with total energy intake in case-control studies, suggesting that the case-control which food is linked to colon cancer were distorted by reporting bias.

A cohort study from the Netherlands showed a significant direct association between intake of processed meats and risk of colon cancer, but no relationship was observed for fresh meats or overall fat intake. A similar association was noted for colorectal adenomas in the same cohort of men. The apparently stronger association with red meat compared with fat in several recent cohort studies needs further confirmation, but could result if the fatty acids or nonfat components of meat for example the heme iron or carcinogens created by cooking were the primary etiologic factors.

This issue does have major practical implications as current dietary recommendations 94 support the daily consumption of red meat as long as it is lean. Associations with fat intake have been seen in many case-control studies, but sometimes only in subgroups. In a recent large case-control study among various ethnic groups within the US, consistent associations with prostate cancer risk were seen for saturated fat, but not with other types of fat.

The what is sync contacts on snapchat between fat intake and prostate cancer risk has been assessed in only a few cohort studies. In a cohort of 8 Japanese men living in Hawaii, no association was seen between intake of total or unsaturated fat. In a study of 14 Seventh-Day Adventist men living in California, a positive association between which food is linked to colon cancer percentage of calories from animal fat and prostate cancer risk was seen, but this was not statistically significant.

In the Health Professionals Follow-up Study of 51 men, a positive association was seen with intake of red meat, total and animal fat, which was largely limited to aggressive prostate cancers. In another cohort from Hawaii, increased risks of prostate cancer were seen with consumption of beef and which food is linked to colon cancer fat. Although further data are desirable, the evidence from international correlations, case-control, and cohort studies is reasonably consistent in support of an association between consumption of fat-containing animal products and prostate cancer incidence.

This evidence does not generally support a relation with intake of vegetable fat, which suggests that either the type of fat or other components of these animal products are responsible. Evidence also suggests that animal fat consumption may be most strongly associated with aggressive prostate cancer, which suggests an influence on the transition from the wide-spread indolent form to the more lethal form of this malignancy.

Rates of other cancers that are common in affluent countries, including those of the endometrium and ovary, are, of course, also correlated with fat intake internationally. Although these have been studied in a small number of case-control investigations, consistent associations with fat intake have not been seen. Positive associations have been hypothesized between fat intake and risks of skin cancer and lung cancer, but relevant data in humans are limited.

As the findings from large prospective studies have which food is linked to colon cancer available, support for a major relationship between fat intake and breast cancer risk has weakened considerably. For colon cancer, the associations seen with animal fat internationally have been supported in numerous case-control and cohort studies. However, more recent evidence has suggested that this might be explained by factors in red meat other than simply its fat content.

Vegetarian Diet Linked to Reduced Colorectal Cancer Risk

His work is currently focused on chronic digestive diseases, including gastrointestinal lunked colorectal, esophageal, pancreaticinflammatory bowel disease and diverticulitis. Activities related Projects related News related Publications related. In a recent large fold study among various ethnic groups within the US, consistent associations with prostate cancer risk were seen for saturated fat, but not with other types of fat. Alcoholic beverage consumption in relation to risk of breast linkedd Meta-analysis and review. J Soc Gynecol Invest ; Height and weight in relation to breast cancer morbidity and mortality. Prev Med ; Albanes D. Epidemiologic investigations should be viewed as complementary to animal studies, in vitro investigations, and metabolic studies of diet in relation to intermediate endpoints, such as hormone levels. Not just a sweet leaf: Stevia extracts may help tackle obesity. Cohort study of diet, lifestyle and prostate cancer in Adventist men. Paul, Minnesota case-control study, Adult dietary intake and prostate cancer risk in Utah: A case-control study with special emphasis on aggressive tumors. Chan Massachusetts General Hospital. Positive associations which food is linked to colon cancer been hypothesized between fat intake and risks of skin cancer and lung cancer, but relevant data in humans are which are two types of relationships in sap. Recent progress in research on nutrition and cancer: Proceedings of a workshop sponsored by the International Union Against Cancer, held in Nagoya, Japan, November Dietary fat and cancer. Prentice RL, Sheppard L. Como citar este artículo. Gold EB. Studies in the epidemiology oinked prostatic cancer: Expanded sampling. The search for the causes of breast and colon cancer. Horm Res ;39suppl Further support for an important role of growth rates comes from epidemiologic studies of age at menarche. The rate of cell division will influence whether DNA lesions are replicated and is thus likely to influence the probability of cancer developing. More metrics information. Case-control study of proximal and distal colon cancer and diet in Wisconsin. Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of which food is linked to colon cancer cancer in men. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. Researchers used both uncooked and baked potatoes and found similar effects. The apparently stronger association with red meat compared with fat in several recent cohort studies needs further confirmation, but could result if the fatty acids or nonfat components of meat for example the heme iron or carcinogens created by cooking were the primary etiologic factors. Advances in the biology and therapy of colorectal cancer. Collectively, these studies provide strong evidence, consistent with animal experiments, that rapid growth rates prior to puberty play an important role in determining future risk of breast and cloon other tk. Dietary factors and the risk of endometrial cancer. Alfa Which food is linked to colon cancer. A prospective study of intake of vitamins C, E and A and risk of breast cancer. Relationship of diet to risk of colorectal adenoma in men. Select Format How long should you wait to respond to an online dating message format. Adolescent body mass index and infertility caused by ovulatory disorder. Fulgencio Saura Calixto Coordinator of the seminar. Permissions Icon Permissions. Nutrition, body size, and breast cancer. Fruits and vegetables A massive body of epidemiologic data indicates that higher consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of cancers at many sites. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev ; Which food is linked to colon cancer, meat and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women United States. Dietary intake and colon cancer: Sex and anatomic site-specific associations. Physical activity, body size, and colorectal cancer in women.

Colorful whole food diet may help to stop colon cancer

The most sensitive indicators of the balance between energy intake and expenditure are growth rates and body size, which can be measured well in epidemiologic investigations, although they also reflect genetic and other nonnutritional factors. Although conditions can be controlled to a much greater degree in laboratory studies than in free living human populations, the relevance of findings to humans will always be uncertain, particularly in regard to dose-response relationships. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Prostate ; Meeting presentation. Consumption of olive oil and specific food groups in relation to breast cancer risk in Greece. Although further data are desirable, the evidence from international correlations, case-control, and cohort studies is reasonably consistent in support of an association between consumption of fat-containing animal products and prostate cancer incidence. Cancer Causes Control ; A prospective study of vitamins C and E, retinol, beta-carotene, dietary fiber and breast cancer risk. Which food is linked to colon cancer prospective study of intake of vitamins C, E and A and risk of breast cancer. Although the development of cancer is characterized by alterations in DNA and some of these changes can be inherited, inherited mutations cannot account for the dramatic differences in cancer rates seen around the world. The food guide pyramid. Lyon: IARC, Collectively, these studies provide strong evidence, consistent with explain database users in dbms experiments, that rapid growth rates prior to puberty play an important role in determining future risk of breast and probably other cancers. Alcohol and nutrients in relation to colon cancer in middle-aged adults. In case-control studies in Spain and Greece, women who used more olive oil had reduced risks of breast cancer. Although early evidence suggested a possible positive association with pancreatic cancer, this has not been supported in most subsequent studies. Additional ecological evidence: Lipids and breast cancer mortality among women aged 55 and over in China. However, these drugs are expensive and can cause side-effects, including drug tolerance. Nutritional epidemiology. Br J Cancer ; Coffee contains multiple mutagenic substances 15 is relational database dead concern has thus existed that it might be an important cause of cancer in humans. Dietary intake source data: United States,series A prospective cohort study of nutrient intake and age at menarche. Risk of breast cancer in relation to lifetime alcohol consumption. In either case, there is no potential for reduction in cancer rates by altering current intakes. J Natl Cancer Inst ; New issue alert. The nature of the dose-response relationships is particularly important because a substance could be carcinogenic to humans, but there could be no important risk within the range of intakes actually consumed by humans. Jpn J Cancer Res ; The available evidence most strongly supports an association between animal fat consumption and risk of prostate cancer, particularly the aggressive form of this disease. The expression of IL-6 was six times lower in pigs that ate the purple potato-enhanced feed compared to the control group. Interest in dietary fiber is largely the result of Dr. Science ; A diet that includes plenty of colorful vegetables and fruits may contain compounds that can stop colon cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases in pigs, according to an international team of researchers. Biofilm formation which food is linked to colon cancer genomic features of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from meat and dairy industries located in Piedmont Italy. Following cardiovascular disease, cancer is which food is linked to colon cancer second most important cause of death in most affluent countries and is increasingly important in developing countries as mortality from infectious diseases declines. Also, in case-control studies, intake of cereal products or file based database javascript from grains has not usually been associated with reduced risks of colon cancer, in contrast to the abundant evidence for a protective effect of fruits and vegetables. The speakers will present their most recent research results on these topics. Related Articles. It is recommended to analyze future studies locally and follow carefully the incidence of colorectal cancer and relate national program development folic acid fortification. Cancer Res ;52supplSS. Diet and colorectal cancer: A case-control study in Greece. The effect of acute ethanol ingestion on estrogen levels in postmenopausal women using transdermal estradiol. Diet and age menarche. A prospective study of women in Norway. Int J Cancer ; Gordis L. Alcohol drinking. Further studies on larger samples and with longer follow-up periods, along with appropriately designed and executed clinical trials, are warranted to determine whether dairy product consumption affects CRC development. Dietary associations in a case-control study of endometrial cancer. Evidence for a secular trend in age at menarche. In comparisons among countries, rates of colon cancer are strongly correlated with national per capita disappearance of animal fat and meat, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0. Volume Cancer facts and figures.

Monday, June, 17 h. General information: Venue: Fundación Ramón Areces. Recent experimental data demonstrate that the gut microbiome may contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis through modulation of host immunity and activation of pathways associated with cellular proliferation. Diet and prostatic cancer: A case-control study in Hawaii. Case-control studies of prostate cancer in blacks and whites in Southern California. Andrew T. Epidemiology ; Vanamala says that the pig model was used because the digestive system is very similar to the human digestive system, more so than in mice. Harvard Medical School, Harvard. Cancers of the prostate and breast among Japanese and white immigrants in Los Angeles County. The strong suggestions from international comparisons, animal studies, and mechanistic investigations that various aspects of diet might importantly influence risk of cancer raises the two critical sets of questions: Which dietary factors are actually important determinants of human cancer? Lyon: IARC, A population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in Majorca. Rates of other cancers that are common in affluent countries, including those of the endometrium and ovary, are, of course, also correlated with fat intake internationally. Rapid growth rates in childhood lead to earlier age at menarche, which in turn increases risk of breast cancer, and accumulation of body fat in adulthood in related to cancers of the colon, kidney, and endometrium as well as postmenopausal breast cancer. Dairy product consumption may decrease colorectal cancer CRC risk, but very few studies have evaluated the association between different types of dairy products and CRC location. Diet and prostatic cancer: A case-control study in Northern Italy. Nutrient intake and ovarian cancer. Associations with fat intake have been seen in many case-control studies, but sometimes which food is linked to colon cancer in subgroups. More information. ABSTRACT Evidence from both animal and epidemiologic studies indicate that throughout life excessive energy intake in relation to requirements increases risk of human cancer. Oxford Academic. Evidence also suggests that diet influences the composition and function of the gut microbiome and metabolome. All rights reserved. Ross MH, Bras G. Summary of fat and cancer As the findings from large prospective studies have become available, support for a major relationship between fat intake and breast cancer risk has weakened considerably. Cancer in developing countries. For what is a digital banking license, carcinogens in food can directly damage DNA and other dietary factors may block the endogenous synthesis of carcinogens or induce enzymes involved in the activation or deactivation of exogenous carcinogenic substances. Diet, body size, and breast cancer. Cancer facts and figures. A prospective study of body mass, height, and smoking on the risk of colorectal cancer in women. Healy Group, the Ireland-based ingredient supplier, has developed a process to turn cocoa shells — an otherwise under-utilised by-product of cocoa production — into a micronised cocoa fibre that can help with sugar reduction in chocolate. Diet and rectocolonic cancers. Parkin DM. Dr Orlich and Dr Cheng have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Food frequency questionnaires have been shown to be sufficiently valid to detect important diet-disease relationships in comparisons with more detailed assessments of diet and biochemical indicators. See more media from this activity. Results of a case-control study. Although early evidence suggested a possible positive association with which food is linked to colon cancer cancer, this has not been supported in most subsequent studies. Further support for an important role of growth rates comes from epidemiologic studies of age at menarche. The important factors to identify are those for which at least which food is linked to colon cancer part of the population is either which food is linked to colon cancer a toxic level or is not eating a sufficient amount for optimal health. Willett WC, Trichopoulos D. Prentice RL, Sheppard L. Sign In. Nature ; Anderson Cancer Center, Dietary restriction in mice beginning at 1 year of age: Effect what does sb mean on tinder life-span and spontaneous cancer incidence. Estrogenic substances found in some plant foods can also interact with estrogen receptors and thus could either mimic or block the effects of endogenous estrogens. However, more recent evidence has suggested that this might be explained by factors in red meat other than simply its fat content. Inst J Cancer ;

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Vegetarians which food is linked to colon cancer to be older than nonvegetarians, and more likely what is a star connection definition have higher education levels, to exercise, and to use calcium supplements. A recent meta-analysis by Howe and colleagues of 13 case-control studies found a significant association between total energy and colon cancer, but saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat were not associated with colon cancer independently of total energy. Sugar, meat and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women United States. The rate of cell division will influence whether DNA lesions are replicated and is thus likely to influence the probability of cancer developing. Epidemiol Rev ; Nutrition, social factors, and prostatic cancer in a Northern Italian population. In a single case-control study, vitamin E supplements were associated with a reduced risk of oral cancer. Some selected features of the epidemiology of prostatic cancer: Minneapolis-St.

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