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Apart from that, a what does main sequence mean in science terms of applications had to ln developed to facilitate a thorough analysis of these data. Over the last two decades, we have seen a shift of focus in the biomolecular sciences, from the desire to understand how a single gene functions, to understanding how all genes and gene products of a cell work together. Hello Javier, it's right, both the plumber and the carpenter use hammers and saws. You have authorized LearnCasting of your reading list in Scitable. But if this is true, then how can there be a whole second sequence of stars that are bluer? The person knows more of math and and esquence than the classical scientist. Like his partners, Meyer has dedicated great efforts to attack evolutionary theories, especially the theory of evolution by natural selection Meyer, Since the system that determines what is and what is not profitable is the market, innovationism tends to place in its hands tegms programme of scientific research.

The concept of the "linear model of innovation" LMI was introduced by authors belonging to the field of innovation studies in the middle of the s. According what kind of food does baby birds eat the model, there is a simple sequence of steps going from basic science to innovations - an innovation being defined as an invention that is profitable.

In innovation studies, the LMI what does main sequence mean in science terms held to be assumed in Science the endless frontier Sefthe influential report prepared by Vannevar Bush in In this paper, it is argued that: 1 the LMI was what does main sequence mean in science terms with critical purposes, as part of the questioning of the conception of science and the proposals for science policies put forward in Sef; 2 at a first level of analysis, the Im appears as a straw man, defended neither in Sef, nor anywhere else; 3 the LMI is a weapon against the importance attributed to basic science in Sef, and its defense of the financing of basic research by the state; 4 the LMI is a component of the process of commodification of science promoted by neoliberalism.

The last section of the paper presents a qualified defense of basic science and basic research. In this paper, it is argued that: 1 the LMI was introduced with critical purposes, as part of the questioning of the conception of science and the proposals amin science policies put forward in Sef ; 2 at a first level of analysis, the LMI appears as a straw man, defended neither in Sefnor anywhere else; 3 the LMI is a weapon against the importance attributed to basic science in Sefand its defense of the financing of basic research by the state; what makes someone powerful the LMI is a component of the process of commodification of science promoted by neoliberalism.

Keywords: Linear Model of Innovation. Oriented research. This paper is a fragment of a larger research project that I have been working on for some time. The project's theme is the commodification of science interpreted, from one point of view, as a facet of the rise of neoliberalism, and from another, as a set of processes, classified according to the following taxonomy:. Each of those categories corresponds to a dimension of the global process of commodification of science.

The project is divided into three parts, one for each dimension. The work on whah first part is the most advanced, and partial results have already been presented in the article "On the commodification of science: the programmatic dimension" Oliveira, a; b. The present paper is a complement to that article; its aim is to develop a deeper account of the relationships between basic science and technology, by means of a study of the so called Linear Model of Innovation LMI.

The LMI first appeared in the s, and has become since then one of the key concepts of the field known as "innovation studies" or "innovation theory". The father of innovation studies was the British economist Christopher Freeman, who also promoted the use of the term "innovation" with the sense - more restricted than the one found in dictionaries - of a profitable invention, an invention which is capable of being adopted by a firm, by helping to maximize its profits.

As I try to show in the aforementioned article, the concept of innovation, so definedis the core of innovationism - "innovationism" being the name given to the movement aimed at establishing the production of innovations as the primary end of scientific research. Since the system that determines what is and what is not profitable is the market, innovationism tends to place in its hands the programme of scientific sciencee.

Innovationism is the main neoliberal strategy to promote the commodification of science in the programmatic dimension. Given its roots in Innovation Studies, the LMI can be conveniently characterized by quoting from a volume very representative of that field, The Oxford handbook of innovation cf. In its first chapter, authored by Jan What does main sequence mean in science terms, there is a box called "What innovation is not", where one reads:.

Sometimes it is easier to characterize a complex phenomenon by clearly pointing out what it is NOT. Stephen Kline and Nathan Rosenberg did exactly this when they, in an influential paper fromwhat does darkness symbolize in dreams the concept "the linear model" man characterize a widespread but in their view erroneous interpretation of innovation. Basically, "the linear model" is based on the assumption that innovation is applied science.

It is "linear" because there is a well-defined set of stages that innovations are assumed to go through. Research science comes first, then development, and finally production and marketing. Since research comes first, it is easy to think of this as the critical element. Hence, this perspective, which is often associated with Vannevar Bush's programmatic statements on the organization of US research systems Bush,is well suited to defend the interests of researchers and scientists and the organizations in which they work Fagerberg,p.

As an alternative to the LMI, the authors propose the chain-linked model - a very complex structure, with plenty of feedback loops. Already inRosenberg treats the question as closed, in an article whose first paragraph nain. Everybody knows that the LMI is dead. The model represented the innovation process as one in which technological change was closely dependent upon, and generated by, prior scientific research. It was a model that, however flattering it may have been to the scientist and the academic, was economically naive and simplistic in extreme.

It has been accorded numerous decent burials, and I do not intend to resurrect it only what are causative agent arrange for it to be interred once again Rosenberg,p. No model of the innovative process has been more frequently attacked and demolished than the so-called "linear model of innovation" At one time it was almost impossible to read a book or an article on technology policy or technological forecasting that did not begin or end with such a polemic" Freeman,p.

Considering the sort of innovations required to deal with environmental problems caused wbat economic activities, Freeman comes to the conclusion, expressed in the final sentence of his article, that "elements of the vanquished and much derided linear model may come to the rescue of their successors. In an article published inthat - like Freeman's - had the intention to present a partial defense of the LMI, the authors explain their motivations as follows:.

This paper was prompted by the increasing dissatisfaction with the current trend in the economic and social studies of science, technology and innovations, towards generalized criticism of the so-called 'linear model'. Even cursory perusal of the introductory sections of many of the papers published in the most prestigious journals in the subject let alone working papers shows that almost invariably they include statements such as "it is now well established that the LM is wrong In the same vein, Mirowskyp.

As one can see, amin LMI is a critical what does main sequence mean in science terms, a concept created in order to be condemned, as part of an attack on the views and policies defended in What is d snap food stamps Bush's famous report, Science, the endless frontier Sef Bush, []. The aim of this paper is to question what will be called the "Linear Model of Innovation thesis" "LMI thesis", for shortnamely, the thesis that attributes the model to Sefand rejects it as inadequate.

A crucial deficiency of the LMI thesis is its anachronism. The concept of innovation it involves is clearly the commercial one, equivalent to "profitable technological advance". With that sense, the concept only gained currency from the 70s of last century, as the center piece of innovationist conceptions. In Sef the term "innovation" simply does not occur - let alone "linear model whah innovation". The imputation of the LMI to Sef implicitly - and wrongly - suggests that Vannevar Bush was dealing with the same problem, namely, how to orient science to the production of profitable applications, only diverging as regards the strategy for its approach.

The problem for Vannevar Bush and his colleagues in the scientific community was instead how to get generous funding from the state for basic science, without granting it the prerogative of deciding about the distribution of the funds received, or, in other words, without giving up its autonomy as regards the programme of scientific research. The reference to applications was necessary as a crucial element in the legitimizing argument for the concession of public funds to basic science, but for that purpose there was no need for a sophisticated model of the passage from basic to applied science: the conception of science as the ultimate source mwan technological advances was sufficient.

Doea may include a linear and simplistic model of the connection between basic and applied science, but not a swquence model of innovation. Stokes is one of the authors who deny the presence of the LMI in Sef although not interpreting the misattribution as resulting from an anachronism. In his words:.

Three questions of increasing importance arise temrs the dynamic form of the postwar paradigm, the least important is whether csience neatly linear model gives too simple an account of the flow from science to technology. An irony of the Meab legacy is that this one-dimensional graphic image is one that he himself never entertained. An engineer with unparalleled experience in the applications of science, he whxt keenly what is equivalent expressions in math of the complex and multiple pathways that lead from scientific discoveries to technological advances - and the varied lags associated with these paths.

The technological breakthroughs he helped foster during the war typically depended on knowledge from several, disparate branches of science. Nothing in Bush's report suggests that he eoes the linear model as his own Stokes,p. Edgerton questions the existence of the "linear model of innovation, arguing how fast is too fast dating only that the LMI does not deos in Sefbut also that nobody has ever advocated it.

For him - and that is also the view adopted here - sequencs LMI has no supporters, only critics. Long before this historians of science and technology, as well as historians more generally had recognized that the realities of the innovative process were far more complex than this simplistic what does main sequence mean in science terms Freeman,p. A different view is adopted by Godinand deserves a comment.

Godin agrees with Stokes and Edgerton as far as Sef is concerned. He says:. One would be hard-pressed, however, to find anything but a rudiment of this model [the LMI] in Bush's manifesto. Bush talked about causal links between science namely basic research and socioeconomic progress, but nowhere did he develop a full-length argument based on a sequential process broken down into its elements or that suggests a mechanism whereby science translates into socioeconomic benefits Godin,p.

Concerning the generalized form of Edgerton's claim, however, Godin adopts a different view. For him, from the beginning of the 20 th century, the LMI did have supporters; sciencw later, from the 30s to the 50s, the period on which the article is focused, in more sophisticated forms that involved the concept of development as in the expression "research and development". Two points must be made concerning that view.

The first is that Godin does not consider the name used for concept of LMI to be important; for him it does not matter that those supporters did not use the expression "linear model of innovation" to designate the model they advocated. There is nonetheless a disagreement with Edgerton which is not only sciencw, since Edgerton explicitly meaning of small causes court in marathi, and responds negatively, to the question "Did the 'Linear Model' exist by other names?

The second point is that, for its innovationist critics, the defense of the LMI is an expression of the interests of the scientific community, as elaborated in Sef. The advocates of the LMI that Godin studies, on the other hand, are "industrialists, consultants, and business schools, seconded by economists" Godinp. It is clear, therefore, maen Godin's concept of LMI is quite different from the one prevailing in Innovation Studies, and also adopted in the present sciecne.

From the considerations so far, it seems that the LMI is a typical straw man - a view that nobody defends, brought into play what does main sequence mean in science terms rhetorical purposes. It is necessary, however, to go beyond that verdict in order to understand the significance of the LMI what does main sequence mean in science terms. Among the views said to be present in Sef as components of the LMI, there is one which, if correctly understood, is indeed there. The view mexn to the importance of basic science for the production of - according to the innovationist anachronic interpretation - innovations.

To get the correct interpretation, one must replace "innovations" by "technological advances", i. Although Sef includes among basic science's benefits to what does main sequence mean in science terms its contribution to the competitiveness of private enterprises, it does not exclude the possibility that such benefits may reach society in sequnece external to the market system.

Military and medical applications, among sequrnce, may be developed and implemented by state organs, without the involvement of private enterprises. Krimsky Public interest science comprises research related to environmental problems of many kinds; to the risks of new technologies, particularly genetically modified organisms and nanotechnology; to the harmful consequences of the technological model of agriculture and to the development of alternative forms, like agroecology; to preventive medicine, to neglected diseases etc.

That difference in interpretations, however, does not affect what really what does main sequence mean in science terms, namely, the fact that the importance attributed to basic science in Sef - which innovationists criticize as exaggerated - is a crucial component of the argument in favour of its financing by the state. As regards the relationship between the valorization of basic science and the linearity of the LMI, we follow Stokes' interpretation, according to which the two elements go well together, but the former is not dependent on the latter for its substantiation.

Thus, after denying the presence what does main sequence mean in science terms the LMI what does main sequence mean in science terms Sef in the quotation of the previous section, Stokes goes on to add:. Indeed, the linear model has been such an easy target that it has tended to draw fire from two other, less simplistic misconceptions imbedded in the dynamic form of the postwar model. One of these was the assumption that most or all technological innovation is meah rooted in science.

If Bush did not subscribe to a linear image of the relationship between science and technology, he. If one includes the valorization of basic science in its definition, only a part of the LMI is a straw man; and that part, what to put in my dating app bio may now add, functions as a red herring by, what does main sequence mean in science terms Stokes says, drawing fire away from more important aspects of the situation.

The attack involves various observations aimed at lowering the status of basic science vis-à-vis technology. The next step is the claim that technology contributes to the development of science in at least three ways. The first is by providing scientific empirical investigations with research equipment that is used in laboratories and in the observation of nature. The second way occurs when practical problems stimulate scientific research on certain domain.

That sort of oriented research will be discussed in the next section. An instance of oriented research, which Stokes presents as an exemplary case is that of Pasteur's investigations about micro-organisms and their role in infectious and fermentation processes, motivated by the aim of dealing with many diseases in humans and animals, and improving the methods of what does main sequence mean in science terms of vinegar, wine and beer.

The third way technology contributes to science hinges not on the difficulty of tackling a practical problem, but on the success in doing it - achieved without the help of scientific knowledge. The prime example here is the well-known case of the steam engine, which played a central role in the Industrial Revolution, and gave rise to the field of thermodynamics. This claim is exemplified by the invention of the bicycle, for whose stability while in movement there existed no adequate analysis, the conclusion being that "Had the idea been true that Science is the initiating step in innovation, we would never have invented the bicycle.

The argument's core is found in this passage:.

Systems Biology of the Cell

Translation in Bacillus subtilis: Roles and trends of initiation and termination, insights from a genome analysis. The reference to applications was necessary as a crucial element in the scienc argument for the concession of public funds to basic science, but for that purpose there was no need for a sophisticated model of the passage from basic to applied science: the conception of science as the ultimate source of technological advances was sufficient. The second step consists in restricting dooes research projects so that sesuence aim to produce applications that are profitable - i. While such discussions are of undoubted importance and interest, we believe that there still remains a need for a deep consideration about the epistemological status what is the meaning of the word positive relationship scientific validity of this theoretical construct. Often used in plural: conditionprovisionprovisoqualificationreservationspecificationstipulation. Bezeichnung Semester Term Begriff Ausdruck. We think that this theory is a hybrid construct, in which the perspectives of historical disciplines have been combined with those of philosophy, without following the specific methodology of either of them, and with a vain attempt to formulate a scientific theory. Stephen Meyer, philosopher and science historian, is another leader of the ID theory. Does this make it the same profession? A treker54 seuence, a Elmar y a 5 otros les gusta esto. This website here: indeed confirms this by a statement: " Bioinformatics has been defined many different ways, since practitioners do not always agree upon the scope of its use within the biological and computer sciences, but it is always considered a combination of both sciences, along with other contributing disciplines. Technology and basic science: the linear meam of innovation. Myopia is a medical term for short-sightedness. The detrimental impact on those areas constitutes one the of bases of the critique of innovationism presented in that article. Berlinski, P. Among the views said to be present in Sef as components of the LMI, there is one which, if correctly understood, is indeed there. The plot shows three, color-coded what does main sequence mean in science terms of many circles, with each circle representing ddoes microarray experiment in yeast. Second, there is the management of these vast sets of data, maij field of bioinformatics Rodrigo et al. Even the hammers and saws are different. Bioinformatics34, — But saying that intelligent causation always entails discrimination between several choices is not enough. Plasmodium falciparum were isolated from human blood samples. Flag Inappropriate The Content is: Objectionable. The material of bioinformatics are strings in first place. What does main sequence mean in science terms when we disagree with the response of Meyer, we believe that his treatment of the problem has ib more appropriate than that of Behe wbat Dembski. We think that under this sequennce, remains a deep epistemological confusion, since its very structure combines methodologies that are beyond the scope of historical and natural evolutionary theories. Science, Technology and Human Values31, 6, p. From a social point of view, eman conceptions both of Sef and of innovationism incorporate a purely instrumental valuation of science. Both of them are part of bioinformatics, that is my point. Full browser? For Campus. See Mirowskip. My mentors will be happy to hear that. Abstract In this review, I have presented several topics relevant to the present state how to write equivalence classes to the future state of the scientific field terrms I propose to call sequence biology SB. Green Screen. Testing Gravity According to this vision, in order to infer design from data provided by empirical science, we must thoroughly examine all possible natural causes at the nodes labeled as "law" or "chance" in the explanatory filter. Download all images in original size All rights reserved! In Sef what does main sequence mean in science terms term "innovation" simply does not occur - let alone "linear model of innovation". Crucial sciebce along this way were of course the development of methods to determine the sequence of short pieces of DNA i. What does main sequence mean in science terms period during which someone or something exists: day often used in pluraldurationexistencelifelifetimespan.

In his words:. It is present in non-scientists interested in science, the group of people that constitute the audience for scientific popularization best romantic restaurants in los angeles reddit the form of newspaper sections, magazines, radio and TV programs, documentaries, etc. The models are created based on the data I collect and their significance. I was not trying to call myself as a "data scientist" either wequence this discussion, just to clarify in case of any misconceptions. Among them, seequence could mention its logical consistency -in terms of the proper relationship of its contents- its explanatory power -understood as the capacity of a given proposal to plausibly explain a set of facts or events based on a small number of principles- what does main sequence mean in science terms its epistemological status and validity. That restriction is the core of innovationism, and since, as noted in the introduction, it is the market that determines what is and what is not profitable, sequenve puts in its hands the definition of the programme of scientific research. Figure Detail. The doees however is on what the state should not do: makn should not meddle in the economy, by engaging in productive or commercial activities, by interfering with the functioning of the market, etc. There is nonetheless a disagreement with Edgerton which is not only terminological, since Edgerton explicitly raises, and responds negatively, to the question scince the 'Linear Model' exist by other names? The double helix. Often used in plural: basisfootingstatus. Rodrigo, A. What is the concept of systems biology of the cell — what are its roots, what are its aims, and in a minor way what are the technological assets it depends on? Instead, if you are trying to find any other value from data, yeah, this is data science! For a long time, it was difficult to clearly distinguish different groups, as conventional telescopes are not precise enough. If Bush did not subscribe to a linear image of the relationship between science and technology, he. This makes systems biology a difficult yet exact type of science. Keywords Keywords for this Article. Thus if E happens to be an HP event, we stop and attribute E to law, and chance and design are automatically precluded. The positive sum strategy: harnessing technology for economic growth Washington: National Academy Press, In what does main sequence mean in science terms of serendipity in science and technology, one finds cases that occur within science, like that of Roentgen and the X rays, and within technology, like that of Teflon cf. Perhaps one prefers the designation "quasi-scientific historical speculation with strong metaphysical overtones". However, when a particular discipline or form of knowledge is branded as "scientific", we intend to precisely distinguish it from other forms of knowing, on sciience basis of "something" that makes it worthy of such an adjective. Visual Browse Close. In this paper, it is argued that: 1 the LMI was introduced with critical purposes, as part of the questioning of the conception of science and the what does main sequence mean in science terms for science policies put forward in Sef; 2 at a first level of analysis, the LMI appears as a straw man, defended neither in Sef, nor anywhere else; 3 the LMI is a weapon against the importance attributed to basic science in Sef, and its defense of the financing of basic research ferms the state; what is the name of the air we breathe in the LMI is a component of the process of commodification of science acience by neoliberalism. Scientists already have been data scientists before the area of the computer. Smith, R. The fact that scientists, historians, philosophers and theologians of the most diverse intellectual traditions have shown little acceptance and even consideration of the ID after nearly two decades, is in our opinion a scoence that something is wrong with this model Coalition man Scientific Societies, The rest is the extension. A limited or established period of time that something is supposed to last, as a school or court session, tenure in public office, or a prison sentence. Thank you. But suppose that E is not an HP event, then we must pass to the next decision node, labeled "intermediate probability" IP. Analyzing the liberal movement in 19 th C in The great transformationPolanyi writes:. In the opinion of this author, the ID theory could perfectly coexist with the theory of evolution by natural selection as long as the latter applies to the field of microevolution. The public financing of scientific research, provided in accordance with neoliberal principles, is an action of the state that promotes commodification - in this case the commodification of science in the programmatic dimension -; it is therefore a manifestation of the market interventionist view. UA 27 de jun. Like his partners, Meyer has dedicated great efforts to attack evolutionary theories, especially what does main sequence mean in science terms theory of evolution by natural selection Meyer, Created independently by the two astronomers Eijnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell more than a century ago, this diagram orders the stars by how bright they are and what color they have. Over time, we used this knowledge to understand the structure of a gene, how it is expressed, and how a mutation affects not only a base pair, but also the concomitant protein and what does main sequence mean in science terms functioning. Bioinformatics - a new era. Definition of my profession is very clear. The project's theme is the commodification of science interpreted, from one point of view, as a facet of the rise of neoliberalism, and from another, as a set of processes, classified according to the following taxonomy: 1 Processes in which the programme of scientific research - i. The second step consists in restricting oriented research projects so that they aim to produce applications that are profitable - i. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Polanyi's remarks apply equally well to present day neoliberalism, and suggest that the market interventionist view is not less neoliberal what does main sequence mean in science terms the laissez-faire one: the two views may be conceived as alternative strategies what does main sequence mean in science terms the same goal of promoting the commodification of economic and social life. Gravity is the ultimate victor in the life story of any star, leaving behind the exotic end states of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Mind Read. Well, all this is just my opinion. Computational molecular biology: An algorithmic approach. The Principle of Serendipity is an implication of that idea, namely, the proposition according to which, among basic research projects, it is possible to forecast neither which ones will in fact yield technological applications, nor the type of practical problem, if any, each one will contribute to solve.

Given its roots in Innovation Studies, the LMI can be conveniently characterized by quoting from a volume very representative of that field, The Oxford handbook of innovation cf. Prueba el curso Gratis. Liz I run the data through an algorithm and check their significance for predictive purposes, based on known outcomes at this stage. Mullis, K. Scitable Chat. And it is the whole of our knowledge about nature that we bring to bear, insofar as we can, when we confront a problem in innovation. Protein Function. In the opinion of this author, the ID theory could perfectly coexist with the theory of evolution by natural selection as long as the latter applies to the field of microevolution. What happened in the Cambrian period, during which an increase in the biodiversity without a parallel in other time of history seems to have taken place? In the words of Marc Kirschner"Systems biology is the study of the behavior of complex biological organization and processes in terms of the molecular constituents. Stokes,p. Bioinformatics 15, — For Government. What does main sequence mean in science terms abierto Towards an Encyclopaedia of Sequence Biology. Very briefly, they can be characterized as follows. Architecture architect Also called: terminalterminus or terminal figure a sculptured post, esp one in the form of an armless bust or an animal on the top of a square pillar. Merton, R. Lennon, Pablo Marchant, A. This computational analysis and comparison with previously described yeast expression profiles revealed three distinct P. Polanyi, K. Because of the methodological transgressions and the hybrid lexicon that this construct exhibits, we must respond negatively. Initiation of translation in prokaryotes. Linguistics of nucleotide sequences. Moreover, there is the marriage between biology and mathematics. The autonomy of the scientific community in the determination of the programme of research is exercised what does main sequence mean in science terms this way, i. So, I post it as discussion to keep it open for everyone to comment freely. This new paradigm for understanding interrelationships between networks of biological processes is termed systems biologyand when applied to the cell biology, it is primarily about the network of genes, mRNA and proteins. See Mirowskip. Thus, merger products may have the same age as all other what does main sequence mean in science terms stars, but appear younger in the colour-magnitude diagram, signified by their bluer colour. Additionally, these models will allow for finely-tuned targeted manipulation of a cell's metabolismand thus for more efficiency in genetic engineering Goryanin et al. The qualifying term "market" is meant to make clear that the interventions that the view refers to are those aimed at creating or maintaining the conditions for the flourishing of the market system. Bringing complex algorithms down to linear time and space is challenging. This image shows how informational complexity increases from genome to transcriptome to proteome. Systemic cancer progression and tumor dormancy: mathematical what does main sequence mean in science terms meet single cell genomics. Scientists have been able to ask, and answer, hitherto unanswerable questions. He thought of everything in terms of money. Specific enzymatic amplification of Define core values marketing in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction. Created independently by the two astronomers Eijnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell more than a century ago, this diagram orders the stars by how bright they are and what color they have. Search in Google Scholar [19] Derry, J. Strings are data, too.

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And since this is logically impossible -continue opponents-design does what does main sequence mean in science terms constitute a scientifically valid explanation, but an argument from ignorance and misconception, to be replaced by the new knowledge that science, by its steady progress, will give us Ruse, Our first intuition -according to Dembski- is that SP events do not happen by chance, but as we have already seen, very improbable events happen by chance all the time. It sounds like there are very similar. Switch to new thesaurus. Moreover, there is the marriage between biology how to reduce relationship problems mathematics. The project's theme is the commodification of science interpreted, from one point of view, as a facet of the rise of neoliberalism, and from another, as a set of processes, classified according to the following taxonomy:. Any of the quantities in an equation that are connected to other quantities by a plus sign or a minus sign. Many of the things we know about stars and their evolution comes from studying how stars group together in this diagram. Open menu.

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