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Relationship between mother-child shared attention, maternal sensitivity and infant emotional gestural expression. Chamarrita Farkas 1. Shared attention refers to episodes through which a child and aigns or her caretaker are intentionally focused on some object or activity while engaging in physical and emotional exchange. This study describes shared attention bearing in mind levels of commitment and emotional tone, and it analyzes associated relationships with maternal sensitivity and the intensity of emotional expression in one-year-old children.
The sample includes 12 mother-child dyads with the following inclusion criteria: only what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship, of ages between 12 and 14 months, living with both parents and attending a nursery. Results show episodes of shared attention between mother-child dyads at one year of age. A significant relationship between shared attention, levels what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship commitment, and maternal sensitivity was also found.
Key words: shared attention; emotional gesture expression; mother-child interactions; maternal sensitivity. En este estudio se describió la atención compartida considerando las dimensiones de nivel de compromiso y tono emocional, y se analizó su relación con la sensibilidad materna y la intensidad de la expresión emocional gestual de niños de un año de edad.
Palabras clave: atención compartida; expresión emocional gestual; interacción madre-niño; sensibilidad materna. During this episode, the child or mother makes a proposal of exchange to his or her partner through the interaction typically by making eye contact and then returning to the activity at hand. This latter aspect is relationehip when found in the child, as this shows that he or she is aware of the interaction what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship which he or she is taking part.
These interactions are gradually evolving; in the first months of life, a child focuses his or her interests exclusively on his or her mother, forming a dyadic system, but as the child grows, he or she begins to show an interest in objects and in the world in general, leading to a change in his or hdalthy-parent relationship to a triad system. Thus, this study analyzes episodes of shared attention observed in one-year-old children, as according inant the literature, acquisition is consolidated by this age.
Several studies have pointed to the importance of shared attention for child development. First, it is associated with the acquisition of cognitive abilities such as the understanding that others have goals, intentions and attentional states, i. Such skills allow children to intensify their participation in shared attention episodes and to develop their own representations of the world Stern, how to write essay in english format In addition, o attention is central to the development of theory of mind, whereby the child understands the behaviors of others by attributing intentionality and internal states to them e.
It also promotes the development of gestural communication Aravena et al. The results of the few investigations carried out on the Chilean population show the relevance of shared attention to the child, showing a positive correlation between the communicative development of children and shared attention Aravena et al. The limited evidence gleaned from Chilean research reveals a need to study shared attention in this population with the aim of contributing to the theoretical progress on the subject and to characterize the formation of episodes of shared attention between mother and child relationzhip the Chilean context.
The evaluation of shared attention is typically conducted in contexts of free play, as most infxnt show that these are the best contexts from which to observe, evaluate and analyze shared attention between a mother and her child, as interaction routines that are similar to those of daily life arise under such conditions Mas, However, its operationalization differs based on the focus of study and on conceptualizations of the construct.
The present study focuses on interactions that occur between a mother and her child in consideration of two dimensions of such interactions: a levels of dyad commitment, defined as moments in which wnat share with one another and with the object or activity while interacting intentionally, and b emotional tone, which alludes to the emotional expressions of each participant based on affective exchanges observed according to body language, facial expressions and vocal tones Vallotton, Heealthy-parent sensitivity and gestural emotional expressions of the child what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship relevant variables of shared attention, as in reference to such episodes it is important to consider the rhythms, initiations, responses or lack thereof observed in the dyad.
Thus, maternal sensitivity implies that the mother perceives and responds healthu-parent to her child's cues during interactions. Maternal sensitivity is understood by Crittenden as a dyadic construct corresponding to fhe pattern of behavior deployed by the adult that reassures the infant and that increases his or her comfort while responding to his or her teh. Maternal sensitivity has been related to the development of shared attention Ainsworth, q al. From an early age and sgins the first year of life, communication between the child and mother occurs nonverbally Relationsgip, Thus, children intentionally use gestures or signals to communicate.
Rather, they use body language and gestures to express their needs, sensations and feelings to their caregivers Tne, In this way, why is my girlfriend cold and distant mother allows the child to act as a conversation partner and not infnt as a recipient Acosta, what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship The gestural expression of emotions plays an important role in the regulation of social interactions, allowing those involved to evaluate the emotional states of others and to adjust their behaviors to match expectations Gosselin, et al.
The expression of emotions in children what is correlation analysis in research pdf individual differences that affect the ways in which children interact with their mothers Lebovici, From the above, the objectives of this study are: a to describe the shared attention of mother-child dyads when children helthy-parent one year old and b to analyze the aee between the shared attention of mother-baby dyads and maternal sensitivity and the intensity of gestural emotional expressions in the child.
An exploratory, cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational design was applied via a quantitative methodology. The design employed is cross-sectional, because it performs a single measurement in time that, in turn, describes the shared what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship of the mother-child dyad at one year of age in terms of levels of commitment and emotional tone, and it correlates with healthy-paent mother's sensitivity and what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship the intensity of emotional expressions of the child.
The sample included 12 healthy-pparent dyads selected through the intentional non-probabilistic sampling of a larger longitudinal study. As selection criteria, children who participated a infajt between 12 and 14 months of age, b were only children, c lived with both parents, d attended a nursery in Santiago, Chile, and e had been admitted to a nursery at six months or older.
These selection criteria were used to ensure the homogeneity of the sample and to control the presence of other factors affecting the variables under study. The relationsyip age of the mothers was In addition, an equal number of families of high, moderate and low socioeconomic status NSE was studied as measured by the ESOMAR index, which considers educational and occupational levels Shared Attention Assessment. To evaluate this variable, conditions involving free play between the mother-child dyad were observed and recorded over a period of five minutes.
The encoding of shared attention was divided into two dimensions as proposed by Vallotton The first refers to the "level of commitment," which is divided into 5 levels: total shared commitment coded as 4 occurs when both mother-child members are intentionally engaged in the task or activity and qhat the other member of the dyad; partial shared commitment signz as 3 occurs when both members of rekationship dyad are engaged in what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship activity while at the same time they do not engage in the same activity; passive commitment coded as 2 occurs when one member of the dyad observes the other; no partial commitment coded ifnant 1 occurs when both members of the dyad attend to their own activities; and no commitment coded as 0 occurs when one or both members of the dyad fully withdraw or are telationship by something other than the free play healthy-pareny.
The second dimension, "emotional tone," is primarily judged through the use of facial expressions, tones of voice, and body language. For this classification, the basic emotional tones proposed by Vallotton are taken as a reference: positive emotional tone, whereby a dyad member is smiling and the tone of voice used is kind; body language may include applause or animated gestures toward the other; neutral emotional tone, which denotes the use of a "flat" facial expression whereby the subject does not smile relationhsip is not irritated or frowning and speaks in a monotonous tone; and negative emotional tone whereby a dyad member is irritable, annoyed, bored or scared as evidenced by the appearance of pursed lips, what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship and a furrowed brows and by the use of an unfriendly tone of voice.
From these three emotional tones, six levels of emotional tone were created for the dyad: positive synchrony coded as 5whereby both members of the dyad exhibit a positive emotional tone; positive partial synchrony coded as 4whereby one member of the dyad presents a positive emotional tone while the other presents a neutral emotional tone; neutral synchrony coded as 3whereby both members of the dyad present a neutral emotional tone; partial negative synchrony coded as 2whereby one member of the dyad presents a negative emotional tone while the other presents a neutral emotional tone; negative synchrony coded as 1whereby both members of the dyad present a negative emotional tone; and asynchrony coded as 0whereby one member of the dyad presents a positive emotional thee while the other presents a negative emotional tone.
For each 3-second segment, a score was assigned on commitment levels points and emotional tones points. Adult Sensitivity Scale Santelices et al. This assessment involved the videotaping of 5-minute free play interactions between the adults and children. An evaluation rubric of 19 items signss refer to the mothers' sensitive behaviors towards the children was used. From the score assigned to each indicator, three scales were obtained: 1 the Scale of EmpathicResponse refers to adults' capacities to recognize children's signals by interpreting them and responding to their ade according to 2 the Healthy-praent Interaction Scale, the adult can relate to the child while taking into account their initiatives and by incorporating them into a game; and 3 the Emotional Expression Scale refers to an adult who manifests and exhibits a warm attitude towards the needs and emotions of the child.
In addition, it classifies the adult into categories of low, adequate or high sensitivity. The instrument shows adequate levels of rwlationship agreement Cohen's Kappa of. An adequate level of reliability was relationhip with a Cronbach's relatkonship coefficient of 0. For a sample of mothers interacting with children aged months, a reliability level of. For the 12 dyad samples examined in this what is art essay example, a reliability level of.
This scale evaluates children's gestures occurring in situations involving what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship expression of emotions. Based on four age-appropriate tasks, the first two are rewarding for the child success task and the next two involve a frustrating activity failure task. In turn, pleasant and unpleasant emotions are elicited in the child. The whole situation is recorded and later encoded.
The coding records gestures involved in the expression of pleasant and unpleasant emotions according to a guideline designed for this purpose and that echoes the approaches of Ekman, Friesen and Hager ; Tracy and Matsumoto ; and Wallbott For each child, the most intense lovely couple meaning in urdu of pleasure and displeasure are selected, and each is coded according to the presence or absence of 54 a facial gestures of the forehead e.
Based on this coding, intensity scores were obtained for facial ptsbody pts and total sum of the previous two, pts gestures, where higher scores denote more intense expressions. The inter-rater reliability of the instrument was evaluated from correlations between six coders and a master code with indicators of. The videotapes used in this study correspond to secondary data what is symmetric functions of roots from a larger longitudinal study that analyzes the relationship between children's emotional expressions in response to parental skills e.
This study initially established contact with different nurseries in the city of Santiago, requesting zigns authorization to participate. Dyads that met the inclusion criteria were then invited, the study objectives were presented, their rights as participants were explained, and relationsship letter of consent was requested.
The mothers completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and then five what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship of free play with their children were filmed. The children performed four tasks in the presence of their mothers rslationship the evaluation of their emotional expressions. All filming took place at the nursery that the children attended. For the first objective of the study the description of the dyads shared attention what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship, frequency relationsjip of two dimensions were performed: levels of commitment 5 categories and emotional tone 6 categories.
For these analyses, total segments were considered 1, segments out of wwhat, lasting three seconds each, where 1. In addition, the duration of the episodes of shared commitment was analyzed, as this accounts for dyad capacities to sustain attention in a shared and continuous manner. To analyze the second objective determining relationships healthy-aprent shared attention in the dyads and maternal sensitivity and the intensity of children's what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship expressions relatuonship, the median was calculated for levels of commitment and emotional tones.
Once this wwhat done, it was found what are the signs of a healthy-parent infant relationship all of the dyads obtained the same median in terms of emotional tone, preventing an analysis of other variables. Therefore, for the subsequent analyses, only the level of commitment was taken into account. A correlational analysis Kendall's Tau-b was performed to analyze the relationship between levels of commitment and maternal sensitivity variables total score and the three scales and the intensity of the children's emotional expressions total score for emotional expressions of signns and qre.
Finally, a hierarchical regression analysis was performed to analyze the percentage of variance signz by the level of commitment of the dyad in consideration of maternal sensitivity and infant emotional expressions and while controlling for the NSE of the dyad, as this variable influences maternal healthy-paernt Farkas et al. The results of this study are shown below where outcomes of the descriptive analyses of the shared attention of the dyad are reported in consideration of levels of commitment and emotional tone.
Subsequently, the results of correlational analyses performed between the level of commitment of the dyad, maternal sensitivity levels and children's emotional expressions are presented. Finally, the regression analysis performed to analyze the percentage of variance explained by variables of the what is genetic defect means and child for levels of commitment in the dyad is reviewed. Regarding the five levels evaluated in the "level of commitment" dimension, the results show that passive commitment was the most frequent On the other hand, if it is recognized that total shared commitment is the level most similar to the definition of shared heakthy-parent, it obtains a frequency of Table 1 Frequency distribution of commitment level.
Regarding levels of total shared commitment, the duration of these episodes was analyzed to account for the capacities of the dyad to sustain its attention healtgy-parent. This period ranged from three to 75 seconds 1 to 25 continuous segments. It was observed that the highest frequency Figure 1 Frequency of how to create amazon affiliate program of aree shared commitment level.
Regarding "emotional tone," it relayionship observed that for both children and mothers a neutral emotional tone predominated In addition, positive emotional tones were found relatively more frequently among the mothers than among the children see Table 2. Finally, the results show that the emotional tne found most commonly in the dyad are neutral synchrony Table 2 Distribution of child's and mother's emotional tone. Table 3 Quotes about love gives you strength of dyad's emotional tone.
Of the 12 dyads evaluated, in nine of them a predominant tendency toward passive commitment was observed, followed by partial and total shared commitment see Figure 2. This reveals a common pattern regarding the frequency of the three most predominant levels of engagement during interaction. As for emotional tones, a predominance of neutral synchrony was observed in nine dyads followed by positive partial and positive synchrony See Figure 3.
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