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G ndduqueme unal. Received for review August 5 th, accepted March 14 th, final version April, 14 th ABSTRACT: This paper aims at presenting a planning model for adapting the behavior of virtual courses based on artificial intelligence techniques, in particular using not only a multi-agent system approach, but also artificial intelligence planning methods. The design and implementation of the system by means of xre pedagogical multi-agent approach and the definition of a framework to specify the adaptation strategy allow us to incorporate several pedagogical and technological approaches that are in accordance with the teamwork points of view, thus providing a very concrete implementation and installation.
A novel pre-planner was included that allows transparency and neutrality within qi proposed model and which also offers support to translate diffeerent virtual course elements within a planning problem specification. RESUMEN: El artículo tiene como objetivo proponer un modelo de planificación para la adaptación de cursos virtuales, basado en técnicas de inteligencia artificial, en particular usando el enfoque de sistema multi-agente SMA y métodos de planificación en inteligencia artificial.
El diseño y la implementación por medio de un SMA pedagógico y la definición de un framework what is the relationship between literature culture and language especificar la estrategia de adaptación permiten incorporar diversos enfoques pedagógicos y tecnológicos, de acuerdo a los puntos de vista del equipo de trabajo, lo cual resulta en una implementación e instalación concreta.
Se incorpora un novedoso pre-planificador que permite la transparencia y la neutralidad en el modelo propuesto y también ofrece soporte para traducir los elementos del curso a las especificaciones de un problema de planificación. In the 70s it was expected that information and communication technologies ICT would improve education, making significant contributions to learning, in particular for personalized education.
In such a design, each student would yhe recognized individually, the specific student's rhythm of learning would be respected, and different paths towards the proposed educational objective would be followed, using the enriched learning objects and multi-modal activities provided [1,2,3]. However, Dastbaz et al. Current research is focused on the technological challenges of thee and using these environments as well as on their potential to support competition, collaboration, communication, and improved socialization skills.
The community advances in different topics, looking forward to making their promises and hopes come true; plus, the evaluation of the diverse tendencies in virtual education systems position both adaptive systems and what are the different types of agents in ai pedagogical systems as front line topics in researches and proposals [5,6].
This paper proposes a model for customized virtual courses supported in a generic adaptation strategy using multi-agent systems MAS and other artificial intelligence AI techniques. The course generation module is of what are the different types of agents in ai interest, consisting of a pre-planner and a planner, which take advantage of the AI planning techniques to deliver a personalized plan. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 outlines main concepts of adaptive educational systems; afterwards, Section 3 introduces the proposal, and Section 4 presents the components and whole process of the system.
An overview of the experimental platform that supports the model is presented and described in Section 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are presented in Section various methods of phylogenetic analysis. The adaptability of a system may be defined as its capacity to dynamically adapt its behavior to the requirements of the user-system interaction [7].
Recently, the term personal learning environment has begun to be used to describe and classify technology-supported learning systems. There are several components susceptible to adaptability in a virtual education system: interfaces, the course plan, pedagogical strategies, retrieval information, and the evaluative process, which involves the integration of individual with collaborative learning activities. A real and thorough customization process requires a determined adaptation strategy, which implies defining which aspects to adapt, the conditions for such an adaptation, the objectives pursued and the way in which it will all be done.
In other words, What should we adapt? When should we adapt? What are the adaptability goals and the adaptability rules [8]? Particularly in the case of educational systems such a strategy must also take into account the request of the International Community expressed in the 3rd workshop of authoring of adaptive and adaptable educational agennts carried out in Holland in the year [9]. This request focuses on determining what the main characteristics are to model in the student, defining how to formulate the pedagogical knowledge in a reusable way while supporting pedagogical scenarios and regarding the cognitive styles.
The adaptation technologies in Web systems may be summarized in the adaptive selection of contents, adaptive navigation support, and adaptive presentation. Duque et al. An adaptive educational model definition requires the precise determination of a variety of components in such a way that they may be handled in the adaptation process.
On one hand, the adaptation task must define the relevant elements of the student profile that determine the customization student model ; and on the other hand, the course must be represented in such way that it can be adapted according to the needs of the learners a domain modelspecifying the components which can be adapted, according to the focus of the system.
The automation of this process requires and demands a clear adaptation strategy that conjugates these elements through rules or algorithms, which balancing the expected needs and goals, divferent deliver a customized course to each student. This is represented in Fig. Figure 1. Adaptive model components in educational systems. The solution to this problem requires the combination of two efforts: the first one encompasses pedagogical and educational technologies; the second one includes information technologies used for designing and building computational learning systems.
AI techniques have shown their advantages, cannot connect to network share windows 10 applying case-based reasoning CBRneuronal networks NNAI planning, Bayesian networks BNfuzzy systems, genetic algorithms GAespecially the multi-agent system MAS which seems to be a promising alternative [11,12,13,14,15,16].
The model we propose is shown in Fig. It presents the clear separation between the structure of the course represented through the hierarchical educational objectives EOs to be achieved and the teaching materials or what is an average rate definition units EUs that support the educational activities according to various pedagogical strategies, applied to the differences among learners.
The most relevant characteristics inside the educational process are defined for the student in the psychological, psycho-pedagogical learning stylesnon-permanent characteristics, and technological contextual levels. His or her academic profile is stored in terms of the EOs obtained. Figure 2. Generation of an adaptive virtual course [10].
The planning and re-planning strategy becomes complex since when the course what are the different types of agents in ai being structured, the fine granularity of the EUs and the heterogenic characteristics of the students, through applying a variety of intelligent techniques helps overcome a large part of the difficulties without giving up on the adaptive learning goal. According differet the challenges established by the community, this work defines a generic adaptation strategy that allows the inclusion of diverse pedagogical and technological approaches.
Thus, this strategy is performed based on the student profile, the specification and the organization of the pedagogical resources, and elements to adapt in the personalization of the course. This situation certainly creates new challenges and makes the task more complex. The path to follow may be oriented by disintegration into functional blocks, without losing the systemic point of view, which leads to distributing the solution in diverse entities that require specific knowledge, processing and communicating among each other.
Having these characteristics, modeling the problem using MAS seems to be a promising option. The main motivation for selecting MAS is the possibility of distributing the components of intelligence outlined by the solution on the proposed problem. This situation has direct repercussions on the modular development of the system, which also makes it easier to refine or exchange each one of the aspects without tue affecting the others, according to the approach chosen by the developer.
Supporting such expectations, the theoretical reference proves that very good results have been achieved in ib similar problems to the one in discussion, based on pedagogical knowledge distribution and processing. The use case diagram shown in Fig. Taking into account the perspective of multi-agent architecture, Section 4 presents all the components included in our proposed computational learning model.
Figure 3. Use case diagram. The MAS-CommonKADS methodology extends the knowledge engineering methodology CommonKADS with techniques from object-oriented and protocol engineering methodologies, defines the necessary models for the analysis and design phases, and provides complete documentation; besides this, other applications in similar cases report to have very positive results [19].
Nevertheless, the experienced acquired suggests including some models from other methodologies such as MaSE Multi-agent system Software Engineering [20] which uses hierarchical objective diagrams as support in dividing some complex tasks, and GAIA [21] which focuses on role modeling; this issue being important in clearly determining what can be expected from the agent. Some examples of the conceived models are showed in Fig. The ade mechanism must be specified for the description of the tasks which require knowledge, and this mechanism determines how the elemental inferences are integrated in order to achieve an EO.
Agentx description of the conversations among agents is made both in graphical and textual representations. In addition, whzt Organization Model, which describes the structural relationships between software agents, is also presented. A complete what is exchange rate exposure definition depicting the proposed system is presented in Fig.
Figure 4. Artifacts of the models used in the development of the MAS. The student agent zgents handling diverse elements in the profile of the learner according to particular interests. Forms and tests supplied by the supporters of the included characteristics are used for input information, such as psychological tests, learning styles tests, socio-grams, and some others is a long distance relationship healthy obtained from the system during the interaction process.
For the update, two pathways are established:. Firstly, new tests or forms providing new student's learning enhancement information; secondly, monitoring differeht actions of the student, and differenf some cases through machine learning by using data mining techniques arw logs and collected data. The domain agent manages the structure of the course associated to an acyclic graph whose nodes are the EOs to be achieved, while keeping the information of the EUs or pedagogical resources PRs.
Concerning the student's learning assessment process, performing tests, input tests, and so on, are performed by the diagnostic agent who, in order to apply the tests, gives a previous classification to the student in one of the knowledge categories established. The local retrieval agent is in charge of the retrieval of the stored learning objects and has only information about the way in which the resources will be received, permitting the agent to use diverse visions for the resource composition, naming and allocation, and supporting standard technologies particularly related with learning objects, such as LOM and DCMI.
As can be seen, the adaptation strategy is embedded within the planning agent which is internally an artificial planning system of a hierarchical task network HTN that allows the personalized course to be created [22]. Previous works have taken advantage of artificial intelligence planning techniques, in particular, the HTN planner for composition courses [23,24,25]. In this case, taking linear equations in one variable examples pdf process of generating a customized course to a planning problem implies defining the triplet S, T, D : where S represents the initial state of the student academically, pedagogically, etc.
They are of the form h v Pre Del Add and the methods M that represent the macro-operators that permit dhat aggregation of a list of actions and are of the form h v Pre T on, or more general form as h v Pre1 T1 Pre2 T2. Pren Tn. In addition, we include a novel pre-planner oriented to the automated generation of the planner domain which is used by the course generation plan. On the other hand, the pre-planner allows transparency and neutrality for the proposed model.
Figure 5 shows the equivalences between course elements and the pre-planner and planner problem arguments. Figure 5. Pre-planning and planning for course generation. Translating the course generation problem into planning environment implies the definition of operators, methods, and problem planning in SHOP2 terms [26]. The algorithms required for translating the domain course for planning environment specifications are presented next. Ch EU1. Ch EU2. Ch EUn. Are lambs hearts good for you the course generation agejts to a SHOP2 planning problem:.
D: Domain, conformed by methods and operators, obtained in the previous steps. The planning algorithm allows for the process to advance from the initial state and starts yhe the required tasks according to T, by the application of the methods and operators in D that support the declared strategy. At the end, the customized plan is deployed as a sequence of causal definition signals what are the different types of agents in ai by the EUs operators that must be developed by the what are the different types of agents in ai in order to achieve the proposed objectives involved in the course.
If the execution of the plan does not produce the sgents results, or the student finds it difficult to achieve the EOs, it is necessary to re-plan the course locally or globally. As a sound and simple alternative, the technique known as case-based reasoning CBR may be selected by the program developer. The main issue involving CBR what are the different types of agents in ai that it offers similar solutions to similar problems, which allows the system to reuse successful solutions for similar problems.
Particularly, in this case, it implies retrieving the information obtained by the system from related successful experiences, assisting the objectives proposed for students with similar profiles. It is development-free software based on multiplatform tools Windows, Linux that allow its access from any Web navigator. Figure 6 shows the system's software elements and the relationships through which they interact. Figure 6. General architecture difterent the adaptive pedagogical MAS proposed.