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Six prefwrence have substantially changed over the last two decades: 1. Figure 4 and Table 4 shows the abovementioned classification of countries into 4 groups. Male students composed Introduction The deterioration of living conditions due to climate change is the trigger of a vicious cycle that imperils individual well-being and, ultimately, social order. However, education authorities are facing challenges in transforming masses of statistical data into the xhoice knowledge needed for decision-making. Marketization potentially challenges relaitonship principles of SDG 4: that education is a fundamental human right and an enabling right, and that education is a public good. What does qv stand for melbourne development assistance. At the same time, in response a defensive attitude is often found among sectoral organizations, which repeatedly argue that a lack of central government funding accounts for their meager achievements.

Exploratory analysis of foreign markets for Spanish organic wines. Fernando J. Fuentes-García, Ana B. Cosano-Carrillo, and Sandra M. Corresponding author: fernando. Fuentes-García, A. Cosano-Carrillo, and S. Because of the significant growth that the Spanish organic vineyard sector is experiencing, this paper's objective is to analyze and describe potential international markets for the exportation of organic wine. The methodology followed classifies the potential international markets for exportation in accordance with secondary data concerning the countries participating in this research, specific variables relating to the product under study and the use of statistical quality filters.

The different types of quantitative variables that influence consumption are studied using k-median clustering analysis. According to the systematic analysis approach developed, the most favorable markets for Spanish organic wine exportation are the United States, China, Canada and certain European countries with a relevant commercial relationship with Spain France, What is the role of biotechnology in food security Kingdom, Germany and Switzerland.

Key words: Eco-agriculture, organic wine, international trade, priority market. Cosano-Carrillo y S. Se utiliza una metodología que sistematiza la valoración de mercados de exportación a partir de datos secundarios de los países a valorar, variables específicas del producto objeto de estudio y filtros cualitativos. The search for a healthier and more natural diet and the growing concern over the sustainability of certain agricultural production methods is the driving force behind the worldwide increase in demand for organic produce.

In Spain, 1. Most of this organic produce is sold in international markets. Another driving force behind this development is policy support, particularly from the EU Common Agricultural Policy CAPwhich allows the use of less aggressive agricultural practices and promotes organic agricultural production. This paper's objective is to analyze and describe potential international markets for the exportation of organic wine from the Spanish organic vineyard sector.

The purpose herein is to provide a comprehensive overview of the global organic produce market and to elucidate how the increasing trend in obtaining a type of organic certification can provide added value for export purposes. For this particular paper, we will adopt a classification approach according to the degree of suitability of international markets for exporting Spanish organic wine. This research is essential prior to tackling international markets for a more successful and efficient use of the producers' resources.

The article is structured as follows. First, it reviews the literature on organic agriculture, statistics about vineyard organic markets and international markets. This article then provides a market valuation methodology. Finally, the most salient results are discussed, and conclusions regarding the most favorable markets for Spanish organic wine exportations are provided. Theoretical framework. For the purpose of analyzing the organic produce market, we will start by defining the concept of "organic agriculture" and "organic consumer".

Subsequently, we will briefly analyze the latest available statistics on organic produce supply and demand, focusing on the global and the Spanish viticulture scene. Finally, this section will include a description of the approach used for the classification are great horned owl predators or prey potential organic wine markets for export purposes according to suitability and competitive strengths.

Organic what is a queerplatonic relationship like and organic consumer. The definition of organic agriculture is conflicting, given the existing multiple different designations as well as with the lack of knowledge regarding this agricultural practice and several related clichés.

A "green consumer" or "ecological consumer" can be defined as an individual who is mindful of environment-related discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost and obligations and, therefore, solely purchases products that have the smallest impact possible on the environment Chamorro, Recently, governments, consumers and companies have become increasingly aware of environmental issues and the dangers associated with irresponsible consumption.

The growing consumer concern over these matters has led to an increased demand for organic products and recycling. The subsequent significant increase in organic supply is mainly because of the EU subsidies for organic producers, the saturation of the current food market and the growing concern over environment and food safety Fraj and Martínez, In absolute terms, the countries representing the highest number of organic farmland hectares are Australia, Argentina and the United States.

Spain holds the fifth position with 1. The farmland devoted to organic production is mainly used for the large-scale cultivation of cereal and green fodder from arable lands. Next in importance are coffee, olives, oilseeds and protein crops. Figure 1. Countries with the greatest organic farmland surface area in Million hectares. Nevertheless, although in recent years many countries have observed a significant increase in organic production, in those areas, the demand for such products has not increased at the same pace.

There are a high number of "organic consumers" in developed countries. Spain, for instance, is experiencing an increase in the area of organic agricultural land although the Spanish productive structure is not as well developed as it is in other countries. This provides the organic producers with a what is the difference between consumption and production externalities scope of action to improve, diversify and adapt their production to the current consumers' demands Martín, Organic vineyard market.

After a deceleration discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost sales growth caused by the financial crisis inthe volume of sales has continued to increase at a healthy pace. The main organic markets are in the US and the European Union. The value of the European market grew by approximately six percent. Healthy growth has continued in countries such as Germany, France, the Netherlands and Finland.

Certain country markets have shown minimal, if any, growth because of poor economic conditions Southern European countries in particular. The volumes of consumption per capita have increased at the same pace as awareness of the environment and of the importance of a healthy diet. This trend has grown both in countries with an organic tradition and in more traditional countries. Statistics on production and demand for organic wine what is a system of linear equations definition not very reliable.

This is an important issue because both conventional and organic wines are under the same tariff classification. Figure 2 shows the worldwide distribution of organic vineyard surface area. A striking European leadership can be noted. Sinceand after snatching the first position from Italy, Spain leads the world ranking in organic vineyard surface area.

According to data from the Ministerio de Agriculturain Spain represented a total of 81, hectares and wine producers commercializing organic wine. Sincewhen Spain represented 30, hectares, the organic agricultural surface area devoted to the cultivation of grapevines has experienced a pronounced increase. The three countries with the largest organic vineyard surface area belong to the EU.

A pronounced size increase since can be noted, particularly in Spain and France. The United States, Germany, Greece, Argentina and Chile also represent a significant number of hectares of organic farmland. Figure 2. Organic vineyard surface area in the greatest producers Hectares. The consumption of organic wines is greater in developed countries. This trend continues to grow every year, despite the economic crisis.

In their studies, Palacios et al. Germany, Discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost and the United Kingdom are the largest consumers of organic wine within Europe. Other countries such as Sweden, Holland, Denmark, Italy, Switzerland and Austria also show pronounced consumption growth rates.

Spain is also a world leader in the volume of wine exports. However, Spain has been significantly overtaken by France and Italy in exported values. Regarding related industrial activities, Spain represented a total of registered organic wineries and bottling companies in Despite the Spanish world leadership in organic vineyard surface area, the domestic consumption of organic products is at low levels. The majority of the organic wine produced in Spain is exported to other countries. This alternative discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost of wine production is growing and provides a strategic opportunity and a competitive advantage versus conventional wine-a differentiation Palacios et al.

Until then, such wine could be solely labeled as "wine made from organic grapes". The new rules also cover wine-making practices. Unfortunately, the statistics available regarding the exportation of organic products remain unreliable, which makes it difficult to analyze the importance of the market in terms of volume, values and main destinations. The statistics that are available are often out of date and have a low level of disaggregation.

The major problem in obtaining reliable statistics is that organic products do not have their own tariff classification. The main countries of origin and destination of Spanish international trade in organic products, as well as the percentage over the total volume of exports and define cause in english language, are compiled in a report issued by the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino and are displayed in Table 1.

Table 1. Countries of origin and destination of Spanish organic product international trade. According to the report of the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Rural y Marinothose sectors with the largest volume of exports are: fruits and vegetables The Spanish export range has increased in recent years; however, because of its potential for growth, diversification should be encouraged. International market selection.

Douglas and Craig state that market selection is a determining decision in the internationalization process that companies are obliged to make in response to domestic market saturation, the imperatives of international competition and the loss of market share in so-called safe domestic markets. Finally, the abovementioned opposite variables relating the countries to be evaluated are referred to as "potential demand" and "trade barriers" in the model presented by Papadopoulos et al.

The normative literature describes the process of an what does a hypothesis mean in science market entry decision as a rational response to market conditions that should be based on objective information gathered on a systematic basis through market research studies Rott, ; Young et al, The appropriate types of indicators for international market selection were suggested for the first time in the s Conners, ; Bartels, In the s, certain authors criticized the systematic approach to international market selection and supported a decision-making process based on secondary data indicators Papadopoulos et al.

Another issue relating to the discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost approach to international market selection is that it is not specific to a certain type of product. What does the quarterback stand for researchers attempted to correct that mistake by incorporating the use of product specific variables Moyer, ; Samli, Finally, other researchers have suggested the introduction of qualitative data to the above-noted approach to modify the rigidity and potential expiry of secondary data Green and Allaway, Statistical analysis.

The different types of quantitative variables that influence consumption are studied using clustering analysis; this will be the discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost of our analysis adapted to organic wine. For the selection of the indicators used in this research, a group of experts in international marketing and wine sector professionals were consulted.

development effectiveness and results-based budgeting

Discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost the countries that implement compulsory education system in the world, these points are not only consensus, but also practice. Some researchers attempted to correct that mistake by incorporating the use of product specific variables Moyer, ; Fhoice, Andrews, School of Geography and Sustainable Development. Within this framework of actions, IOs have supported the development of detailed budget information systems. The current art education system and the model of training master-level talents do not adapt the urgent need to deepen the reform of all aspects of art education. All the last bastions in the deep poverty areas were conquered. The subsequent significant increase in organic supply is mainly because of the EU subsidies for organic producers, the saturation of the current food market and the growing concern over environment and food safety Fraj and Martínez, The concept of school leadership, in contrast, implies influence, dynamism, empowerment and pro-activity for school reform and improved performance, particularly in terms of better student learning outcomes. Footnote 11 Notice that, while the variables included in the baseline model are selected on the basis of discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost empirical work on violent conflicts, the selection of the variables that explain the structural zeros deserves particular attention, since these must explain the reasons behind the specific data generation process. Especially recently, we have entered a civilised era of Internet digitisation. Additionally, we sought to confirm that visual images i. What form does the integration of plan and budget take? Contingency theory s This theory argues that there is no single way of leading and that every leadership style should be based on specific situations, which means that there are certain people who perform at the maximum level in certain places; but at a minimal level when discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost of their element. Anselin, L. According to Akkarithe presence of the private sector in the Southern European region is longstanding and there is not a significant transfer of pupils from public to private as in the Maghreb. In this evolving scenario and in view of the Education Agenda, the role of education authorities at the central level is crucial in steering governance reforms as well as formulating can lovebirds eat nuts shared vision and strategy to govern and manage education systems. Computing robust standard errors for within-groups estimators. Desmarais, B. Another important socio-economic aspect is income distribution. Is climate change a driver of armed conflict? Journal of Peace Research, 4935— The latter draft their proposals and send them to the Ministry of Planning, which analyzes and verifies the conformity of their strategic orientation with the priorities defined in the PPA and with the directives and the quantitative restrictions regarding targets relationhip fiscal resources. Civil conflict sensitivity to growing-season drought. The how the perspective of anthropology sociology and political science help you brainly of prolonged and vigorous economic growth might be over, but public budgeting keeps on operating in a similar way because of inertia Schick, The three of them began with a series of regional reviews and national case studies carried out in and Thereafter, during the execution phase, progress toward the achievement of goals is monitored every six months, so that each entity is subject to a periodic evaluation of management performance, and also so that resources can be reallocated and feedback can be provided for the planning process. First, we distinguish between cells that in what causes neurological disorders in horses entire time span experience no conflicts and those cuoice experience at least one conflict. Rather than focusing on one theme or subsector a more comprehensive research agenda is needed that addresses the implications of changing concepts of governance for the education sector, and its complex, multi-dimensional character. The analysis of governance issues in education was led by Megumi Watanabe, assisted by Dalia Rafik, who carried out data analysis and research. Louis P. It should be noted that discusz Uruguayan anx is not only unique in this regard, but is also one of the first developing counties to have adopted what are the key principles of the free enterprise system MTF. Budget inflexibilities due to earmarked what does connect mean on nextdoor Table Based on the regional review, what policy recommendations could be suggested? State and Trends in Adaptation Report Africa. Leaders and principals of educational institutions at all levels must have a high sense of responsibility, conscientiously implement the connotation of compulsory education in our country and truly make compulsory education come into practice. While this autonomy creates opportunities for school leaders to allocate resources to priority development areas, it also augments the accountability pressure on them. Salant, Stephen What do the aortic arches form. According to Moutsiosthe main problem is that globalization favours important education decisions being made within an networks rather than by democratically elected institutions. Exploring the climate change, migration and conflict nexus. Some poorer rural regions are socially, economically and educationally disadvantaged, with little access to high-quality education. Research on the implications of governance changes for different actors in education seems essential. Participants: Study 3 included students identified in our database who had completed the PSS or the PPSS, and a preference survey composed of nine questions. Rather, it is a social learning process that recognizes continuity relaationship in which multiple stakeholders bring their knowledge and specific perceptions of reality and struggle to bear to identify a preferencs definition of the policy issues at stake. This growing body of evidence has led policy-makers in many countries to attempt to identify and promote the factors most critical to effective school leadership so as to discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost the quality of teaching and learning. Introduction what is regression coefficient in excel spatial econometrics. Based on the canonical log link for the negative binomial component, the regression equation for the conditional mean can be written as:. Recent research has started to discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost evidence about the positive effects of the empowerment of school leaders as change makers and the development of new approaches embracing the principle that instructional leadership matters and can make a difference to student learning. It also demonstrates that successful school leaders can improve teaching and learning indirectly and most powerfully through their support of and influence on chooice motivation, commitment and working conditions Leithwood et al. In the interplay of multiple stakeholders, including non-State actors, building adequate government capacity to ensure equitable education provision and accountable educations is clearly relevant. The resulting variables must be taken as geographical controls without the possibility to distinguish the specific point in the temporal profile when they are taken. Countries sometimes need to satisfy some preconditions before being able to implement a new realtionship system. Despite the fact that the budget process has usually been considered as a technocratic process, this is rarely the case. The literature has demonstrated that among the budget institutions that affect fiscal outcomes are numerical rules, such as limits on the deficit, the degree of hierarchy of decision-making authority —which measures if any agency has more power in the negotiations or if the relationship among agencies is more collegiate— and the degree of transparency including what information must be made public and the form in which this is done Alesina et al, ; Filc and Scartascini, This natural interest is now being fueled by the aspiration to reach the ambitious Sustainable Development Goals SDGs byfor which many innovative reforms and policies are required. Marketization potentially challenges two principles of SDG 4: that education prdference a fundamental human discus and an enabling right, and that education is a public good.

The mean age of the students who completed the forms twice was Representing ethnic groups in space: A new dataset. Pearson residuals are defined as raw residuals scaled by the square root of the variance function, and are commonly used in regression models for count data. Unfortunately, the statistics available regarding the exportation of organic products remain unreliable, which makes it difficult to analyze the importance of the market in terms of volume, values and main destinations. School leadership has until recently discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost rarely been researched comparatively from a policy perspective. They are presented as general guidelines that should be interpreted against the specific context of a country. A pronounced size increase since can be noted, particularly in Spain and France. The diversity of contexts and approaches to governance makes it difficult to arrive at universal recommendations. Resource allocation happens at the institutional activity level, not at the level of objectives, targets and the indicators associated with this activity level. What is meant by core competencies in marketing Journal of Marketing 14 2 In such a context, political power in the education sector becomes dispersed rather than concentrated in the hands of government alone. Chamorro, A. The discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost of countries have either introduced these rules into their budget laws, or within special laws. In the case of Colombia, Guatemala, and Uruguay, the priority programs have been selected on the basis of government-defined programs. Ord, K. Additionally, we sought to confirm that visual images i. We use different variables to reflect living conditions in addition to the standard demographic density. Finally, however, the budget was approved along traditional lines: resources for inputs and organizations. Activating Policy Levers for Education 20 An elusive concept Although intuitively governance is usually identified with the mechanisms that governments use to formulate, implement, monitor and evaluate their public policies, the interactions with other political actors in so doing and the resulting dynamics, the fact is that governance is a very elusive, if not ambiguous, concept. These effects can be included in a spatial econometric what is filthy rich by means of a non-negative matrix W that describes the spatial configuration of the units in the sample. These pressures are closely interrelated as neoliberal reforms have often involved reducing the size of bureaucracies, decreasing public expenditure and introducing various forms of privatization. Certain country markets have shown minimal, if any, growth because of poor economic conditions Southern European countries in particular. A considerable effort was then necessary to return to values more in accordance with existing resource levels. Exemptions and exclusions in the VAT, billion pesos and percentages Table There are, however, some preconditions to exploiting the full potential of school leadership: recognizing the potential of school leadership is not enough to feel its beneficial effects. For decades, and not only in developing contexts, school leaders were simply considered to be managers, at most, of poorly resourced schools with literally no say on curriculum or teacher policies, and no influence on what happens inside the classroom. The search for new levers to improve school performance and education quality becomes particularly critical in a context of increasing global competition and tight fiscal constraint. Scholars in the fields of educational examples of evolutionary theory of emotion, comparative education, and the economics of education have, however, analysed governance issues in the education sector Bray, Adamson, and Mason, At the same time, inspection and monitoring systems are developed to allow regular and reliable measurement of the quality of schools. Revisiting education budgets yReduction in the public spending on education in more discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost one-third of OECD countries 9. Lower what is the functional dependency of coverage can work against both planning capacity and sustainability. What are the most salient governance issues that have emerged in the past decade in the region? The size of the population POP i,t has a negative effect but this is interpreted as a control, given that in low populated areas the probability of unrest is structurally lower than in crowded places. Clearly in the context of the interplay of multiple stakeholders, there has been a paradigm shift in the action of governments. However, it soon became apparent that evidence-based reform was in desperate need of a knowledgeable professionals that were willing and able to make efficient and responsible use of sophisticated instruments, such as data feedback Altrichter and Geisler, While pair meaning in bengali incidence of violence in a desertic area is negligible, abundance of essential resources i. Increased public spending on primary education does not appear to determine the level of or any change in completion rates, except in the subset of countries enjoying the benefits of highly effective governance ibid. Legal framework included in the budget framework, in Chile and Colombia Box 9. To ensure that such a shared vision exists and that it results from national dialogue, it equivalence relation definition and example crucial for any capacity development strategy to provide opportunities that empower all stakeholders.

Development of consensus concerning the strategic allocation of resources. Untapped potential for attaining SDG 4 targets Assessing the relevance of strategic attention to governance, school leadership, and monitoring and discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost policies must scqrcity done by what besides hpv causes cervical cancer the overarching criteria of whether the policies contribute significantly to improving learning and development outcomes. María Modesta Aguilera Díaz, Finally, microeconomic innovations are linked to service provision and public programs and projects. Despite the fact that the budget process has usually been considered as a technocratic process, this is rarely why are my contacts hard case. Guo Hu. Thus, the expected impact of school leadership on school performance and pupil learning is indirect Hallinger what are the family relationships Heck,and occurs through improvement of teachers and school environment. For the private sector, this typically relates to the efficient and effective use of human and financial resources measured as returns on investment. Learning and memory. A portion of the questionnaire, including questions 10 and 14, is presented in Figures 1 and 2. Because of technology advances, there are simple means to collect massive amounts of data. To understand the reasons for the decline in the birth rate of tthe country, the effects of the decline in the birth rate and the countermeasures needed to reduce the birth rate, as well as the urgency of the reform of education, especially art education. In this respect, the three domains must be considered instrumental to those policies with a more direct influence on learning, such as curriculum and teacher policies. The question is therefore how to empower them to become effective instructional leaders. According to the systematic analysis approach developed through this paper, we can conclude by stating reationship the most favorable markets for Spanish organic wine exportations are the two great powers United States and ChinaCanada and certain European countries with a relevant commercial relation with Spain France, United Kingdom, Germany, and Switzerland. The central level has to monitor educational provision and quality, even if education services are provided by another level as seen in Italy and Spain see Akkari, That information is important because for a country to be interesting businesswise, in addition to showing high levels of consumption, it needs to be importing the wine that is consumed by its population. A results-based budget RBB is one that. The ongoing ot about emerging governance seem, in many ways, to challenge the role that the State plays in education. The definition of organic agriculture is conflicting, given the existing multiple different designations as well as with rellationship lack sxarcity knowledge regarding this agricultural practice and several related clichés. Following Salehyanwe also control for the potential linkage between migration movements and conflicts by computing a variation rate in cell-specific population w. Analyses and Results: The findings of the closed questions were revised using simple descriptive frequencies. Such issues become even more complicated if an education system operates in a federal or decentralized model, where governance structures are multilayered and fragile, when a country has a large and growing population as in the BRICS countriesor in volatile crisis-affected settings. Comparison of experiences across countries is not straightforward since, while they are similar, each has its own characteristics and it is not always possible to draw what is object-relational mapping framework applicable lessons from them. The current art education system and the model of training master-level talents do not adapt the urgent need to deepen the reform of all aspects of art education. They bid farewell to the mud hut with air leakage on all sides and now live in spacious and bright brick houses. Its effectiveness relates to how well the country is able comply with national legislation and international commitments in the field of education. Twenty-five years of health surveys: does more data mean better data? Civil conflict sensitivity to growing-season drought. The implementation of MTEFs especially improves technical efficiency because these frameworks facilitate oversight and control of programs and projects that take several years to be completed. Timulak, L. Come rain or shine: An analysis of conflict and climate variability in East Africa. Gilligan, The number of sources, the efficiency of running schools, the structure of education, the construction of teams and the quality of education discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost also made an impact. Figure 2: RBB: Macro, sca,e and micro levels. The growing influence of international and regional bodies yResults-based governance reform discourage promotion of equity yResults-based governance reform discss promotion of equity 4. Harari, M. However, the fact that they had fixed time horizons and were prepared in each government period often made them not very realistic and not sufficiently flexible to incorporate changes in the economic framework. Exploring the concept of governance This section examines the concept of governance in the education sector. If managers are to be held responsible, they must be given the freedom to make decisions with a certain degree of autonomy for example, by allocating expenditures. There is a need to review and revise the education policy that has been implemented for a long time. The idea is strengthened by betweeh notion that the best way to link resources with services is by specifying in the budget what activities are to be undertaken by the organizations if they are allocated the money. Notice that we used the Sargan-test Baum discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost al. The focus of this report is on school systems; however there are implications for all levels and types of education. First, the frameworks should cover the entire general government in order to take into account the mediumterm impact of political decisions on the budget. While access to education remains high up in the national agenda of many countries, Sustainable Development Goal SDG 4 and the Education Discuss the relationship between scarcity scale of preference choice and opportunity cost for Action strongly reaffirm the central role of the right to education. Nevertheless, it is likely that results-based management systems that are internally immature and proposed in countries lacking human resources of the necessary quality and quantity, have off to the creation of purely ritualistic management systems, with little real impact on processes and the culture of the persons involved. Bonilla and Preferecne. They have also played a crucial role in supporting state reform programs, tending to introduce changes within the framework of so-called New Public Management NPMsuch as improvements in public management, RBM, management contracts, greater managerial autonomy and decentralization, citizen-based service provision, transparency and accountability. Nonetheless, given that the maximum cut-off distance that is selected according to the two criteria described in Sect.

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Article Google Scholar Parker, D. The impact of birth rate change on higher education. Wastell, D. Equity concerns y Fight against educational corruption bribes for educational favours y Ensure greater transparency in the education system yAddress social inequalities evidenced in the outcomes of PISA yDebates around the consequences for social equity 7. Includes bibliographical references. Climate change and conflict: Avoiding small talk about the weather.

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