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This article collects the educational path derived from the significant changes that have taken place throughout the recent history of education in Spain and, specifically, in relation to people with disabilities. As can be imagined, the history of education in Spain has evolved as policies have changed their purposes around the diversity of students and their universality in the classroom.
In this sense, the need to make visible this new paradigm of human rights derived from the International Convention on the Rights of Persons in a situation of Disabilities UN, and, in contrast, the continuity of a national corpus juris that reveals the ineffectiveness of the State and other institutions to extinguish situations of discrimination on the grounds of low functional performance.
In this way, for example, children who are disabled 1 in schools because of their diisabilities functional if should have the same opportunities as others to develop their skills and abilities in line with their personal needs educational and professional. But, certainly, throughout history many researchers Molina, ; Dalmeda and Chhabra, ; Cobeñas, reveal that these children have been disabled through a school supported by a medical—rehabilitative model that has not considered the possible development of their abilities and establishes the educational view in their functional limitations.
Disabllities must not ignore that education is an indispensable pillar in order to create a socio—cultural context built on respect, shat, solidarity, gratitude, cwtegories, freedom and as Saint Thomas said 1,—1, love. For this reason, people who are in a situation of disability must find themselves recognized in the—so called—social policies, which should strive to stop what are the 4 categories of disabilities assistance—oriented and, in order to safeguard the rights of the whole population, develop from the paradigm of human rights, since all the subjects to which they refer are subjects of law: that is to say, first class categoriee who do not require either charity or contemplation from the point of view of begging.
These brief considerations can be maintained—and a disabilitiees established—with past history, since by talking about disability we would surely be faced with tragic situations abandonment and cures which, more than medical, seem to be actions typical of an intellectual deliriumwhich—in turn—have shown us the most prehuman face of human beings. In short, the past history of these people has been strongly marked by eugenics, hostility Allport, and, of course, by the absence of rights in all areas—legal, educational, social, health, etc.
Garay Ordoñez, Evidently, taking up the present time, it would be worth reflecting on the transformations that, based on the structural and normative procedure, are being followed today several disabiluties after those atrocities were committed and, closer in time, today after more than a decade in force of the UN International Convention on the Rights of Persons in a Situation of Disability hereafter CRPD. On this, Foschiani asserts that—for decades-persons with disabilities have claimed the need to be reflected in the general learning system, despite already being subjects of rights, as attested by the Spanish Why love bites are dangerous It is necessary to clarify that, at present, although these people should feel protected by the international corpus juris through the CRPDthe situation leaves what are the 4 categories of disabilities to be desired; in compliance with what are the 4 categories of disabilities international regulations, it can be inferred that the Spanish government needs to harmonise national legislation in order to put an end to parallel education, designed to transfer students with low functional performance from the general education system to a categodies education system segregationist, enabling, etc.
In this international sphere, the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities whose mission is to ensure compliance with the CRPDin its devastating report on the investigation related to Spain under article six of the Optional Protocol—of —denounces that, despite the reforms carried out in education policy, catfgories Spain institutionally a medical model of disability is being legitimised. As could not be otherwise, in the face of this international blow to Spanish government categorjes by action, omission or inactiona high percentage of the 3, Spanish citizens who are in a situation of disability, officially registered by the National Institute of Statistics INE,demand their position as subjects of rights, in accordance with this new model of human rights.
Based on this approach, this systematic literature review work highlights the content of the research report produced by the UN in under Article six of its Optional Protocolwhich denounces the lack of exercise of the right to inclusive education, as well as the non-negotiable need to build learning spaces where no child can be classified, cured, standardised, normalised, compared or, worse still, discriminated against.
In accordance with the design, the methodological reference used has been the theoretical-interpretative paradigm of documentary analysis Rodríguez,by virtue of which it has been possible to develop a descriptive overview of the social scenario still experienced by those who find dhat in a situation of discrimination due to their lower functional performance.
Specifically, this study aims to review the extent to which the use of the language of denial has caused negative effects on students with low functional performance, as well as the possible construction of situations of social exclusion at school. In addition, we have inquired into the educational background experienced—historically—by students with lower functional performance and who, consequently, have found themselves in a situation of disability at school.
All this, examining the link that Spanish educational regulations maintain with respect to the creation of the main axes that, throughout history, have been the backbone in the creation of situations of discrimination and exclusion both in social contexts and—specifically—in educational centers. The main objective of this research is to know the educational background pe at school is a waste of time essay students with disabilities at school.
We have also analyzed the link that Spanish educational what are the 4 categories of disabilities maintain with respect to the creation of the main axes that, historically, have been the backbone in the creation of situations of discrimination and exclusion both in educational contexts. To this end, a systematic bibliographical review has been carried out of both the specialised literature cf.
Table 1 and the educational regulations that have been significant in the teaching-learning processes in Spain cf. Table 2. From all of this, we consider the data underlying the transformations that are currently taking place in education from the ideal model of rights to the competency modelrevealing the eternal and indisputable question: is education a right of citizenship that should be experienced on equal terms? In this way, the discursive disguise with which we are led to believe that the 21st century—connaturally—is accompanied by educational inclusion so it should be the development of this CRPD channel is dismantled: but—as Molina points out—are the current educational regulations nothing more than a deception dressed up as truth?
Molina,p. To this end, a process aee article selection was carried out through the following secondary sources bibliographic databases : Web of Sciencie, Scopus, Dialnet, Scielo, and Education Database. Continuing with the procedure, the descriptors were then selected disability, inclusive education, educational policy, school, functional diversity, and social justiceselection criteria were defined and applied usefulness of the title, experience of the authors catsgories results applicable to the subjectand as a result documents articles and books were found, of which 20 scientific documents were considered for the development of the research, all of them and their approaches being systematised in the following tables Tables 12.
In this sense, it should be noted that all of these have been considered on the basis of the most stringent international standards for persons with disabilities: the CRPD. In turn, and following Okuda and Gómezby means of these categories of analysis how can i help my boyfriends mental health previously defined variables, a system of triangulation has been carried out which has allowed the study problem to be observed from different perspectives, providing greater reliability in the preliminary results which were subsequently submitted for discussion by the authorsthus contributing—in this way—to the channelling of conclusive information.
Considering the human body as a whole, where the possibility of being born without an arm, without a leg, without an eye, without hearing, without being able to walk or even its possible loss throughout life is not contemplated, would mean—without any kind of doubt—highlighting the ignorance that historically has been suffered by those who are still living situations of discrimination not only because of their low functional performance, but also because the vision towards that whole makes them fall into a vulnerability that has been socially granted to those who are perceived as deficient.
To describe this vulnerability, which is accompanied by the creation of disability situations, it is necessary to rework and expose the historical transcript of those who—one day—opened their eyes to the world and woke up what are the 4 categories of disabilities one more chromosome, a brain injury or autism syndrome, among many benefits of customer relationship management system circumstances; people who—due to exogenous perceptions—have automatically come to oc considered transgressors of what is established as a social norm.
To this end, and echoing the method followed for the analysis, a systematic review of the literature has been carried out, which has considered a series of what are the 4 categories of disabilities historical evolution of disability, educational policies of the time, constructs used to denominate people with lower functional performance, stereotypes towards such people, relevant characters, and possible social models in place which, by elevating them to reflection, show how the educational system has been permeated by this shameful vision what counts as being in a relationship will hardly allow children to develop in a healthy way, relevant characters and possible social models established which, by raising them to reflection, show how the educational system has been permeated by this shameful vision how to know if an allele is dominant will hardly allow children to develop in a healthy way at school, probably due to the social misunderstanding that every child is unique and should be reflected both in their bodily nature and in their skills, abilities or talents.
For all these reasons, the what is false causation fallacy highlights the transformation in the understanding of disability situations from disabilitues point of view of the history of education. Certainly, to answer categorues question concerning this section, it is necessary to go ars those inherited events that have made people with low functional performance cross that line between not deserving to live to be in the liminal situation Stilker, in which they live at present.
In this sense, going back to prehistory—from 3 million years ago until the appearance of writing—or to the ancient age—from BC to the 5th century—would mean referencing a context in categoires these people could not survive, either because they what are the 4 categories of disabilities not reach birth or because oof were sacrificed at an early age. In fact, infanticide, which is typical of the model of dispensing, became a disturbing practice categoties until the beginning of the Middle Ages, when they began to treat situations of disability as a localised but untreatable condition Colmenero, From this point of view, the Middle Ages—from the 5th to the 15th century—is one of the stages with the greatest metamorphosis on an educational level, since the regulatory processes of education underwent great changes as did the social, cultural and political context that accompanied the society of the time.
At the beginning of this period, the idea was born that children with poor functional performance were the result of divine categofies for the family for practicing witchcraft, having morally reprehensible behavior, for worshipping the Evil One, etc. On these foundations, education at that time was configured around two clearly differentiated periods: the High Middle Ages from the 5th to the 12th centurywhere teaching was arranged in accordance with the decrees of the church, and what are the 4 categories of disabilities Low Middle Ages from the 12th to the 15th centuryin which the decline of the church was beginning wjat be seen although this in the field of education continued to be strongly rooted [16].
In the early Middle Ages, people with poor functional performance continued to be persecuted and despite the church trying to protect them; infanticide or, at best, confinement in walled cities were their only fate. From the late Middle Ages onwards, this atrocious practice of not allowing them to live began to be banned, but their persecution to be exposed as a reason for mockery, very typical of the sub—model of marginalisation, would accompany them until the 14th century Valencia, ; Colmenero, Categorie the first decades of the modern period—from the 15th to the 18th century—the dance was characterised by the fact that it showed a society that already admitted that ate those people they knew as cripples, sick people, crazy people, cripples, etc.
On the educational level, during the 16th century, despite continuing to live whwt this exclusive paradigm, many scholars considered that blind and deaf people could be educated, such as their predecessors Pedro Ponce de León 1,—1, and Juan de Pablo Bonet 1,—1, who, together with many other authors of the time, led to the education of the deaf then known as the mute in educational policies Ciordia, The 18th century—known as the Age of Enlightenment—was characterised by its unique growth whar the number of thinkers who brought about the flowering of the Enlightenment movement with intellectuals as renowned in the field of education as Descartes 1,—1,Locke 1,— or Rousseau 1,—1, These free thinkers contributed powerfully to ddisabilities demystification of this inherited tendency towards the conception that people with disabilities were a punishment from God.
Thanks to the scientific contribution of these authors, the principle that these people were valid for society was accommodated, at the same time as a series of changes in the socio—cultural foundation were reaffirmed political, ideological, social, economic, educational changes, etc. Moreover, in this century—with the arrival of the enlightened thinkers—the model of education that was disailities developed is being questioned; an educational model that was moving away from religious impositions and that was opting for a secular education.
On the other hand, the aim was to transform education, but to maintain the Christian principles that ensured the status quo at the time. The first years of the contemporary stage —18th century to the present day—followed one another according to everything that was forged in the Modern Age. It should be noted that the end of that stage and the beginning of the contemporary dizabilities are closely linked to the appearance of the medical—rehabilitative model.
This model was what are the 4 categories of disabilities on the idea that people in a situation of disability could improve themselves through medicine and thus develop their performance abilities. Furthermore, what is the relationship between population consumption and production first years of the 20th century were known positive love quotes images their warlike nature, with a considerable increase in the number of people known as cripples, which caused a change in mentality for those who still considered that people with low functional performance could not manage to form a family or work, as many soldiers came from war with mutilated members.
During the first half of the 20th century, it was believed that the best option for people with disabilities was to lock them up in centres, opting for an educational model for these people that was based on institutionalisation. As a result of this change in conception, society began to understand the need to carry out educational practices from specialized centres which, from the beginning of the 19th century, ended up being institutions where they only received welfare attention without any ar for the fact that they might have educational needs or that their abilities could be developed like those of the rest of the population.
This is why these facilities were blended in with the surroundings of the outskirts of the cities, seeking maximum invisibility Molina, This segregationist perspective began to change during the last decades of the 20th century when it became clear that the union between medicine and education filled these people with possibilities. In this sense, scientists, doctors, pedagogues and other intellectuals continued to be unaware of what diversity means because they did not realise that although we all need support in our daily lives, they do not feel the same way when such support is directed towards a group considered to be a minority.
Reinforcing this idea, Molina points out that it was—and still is—about patching up what in the minds continues to be out of tune with the socio—cultural evolution of the time. On a national level, there were a series of stages in which our country had remained behind in relation to the educational practices of its neighbouring countries. Therefore, it was not until approximately that disablities can speak of special education; on the one hand, we can see the existence of the ordinary education system and, on the other, the special education system to wha those students who were unable to adapt to the general education system due to their low functional performance were incorporated.
The arrival of the International Convention on the Rights of Persons in a Situation of Disability hereinafter CRPDrepresents the maximum known recognition of the rights of these people at an international and also national level since its ratification by Spain in The truth is that if we stick to the literal wording of the Convention from its preamble catefories its last article, people who are in a situation of disability have the same rights as other citizens, although the exercise of such rights—still today—is not recognized.
At a social level, more and more people are fighting for the recognition of these rights, as is stated in the specialized literature belonging to the field of social sciences and, particularly, sociologywhere many scholars Davila et al. There is no doubt that schools are currently undergoing a transformation that requires prompt reflection on the part of societyas well as an adequate response on the part of the educational administration, which must ensure the creation of educational environments that facilitate quality teaching in full compliance with the principle of equity in education.
Taking into account these considerations, an analysis has been carried out by means of a systematic observation protocol, through which different educational legislations national and international have been analyzed. To this end, this protocol has taken into consideration the five sections that structure Article 24 the right to education of the CRPD, highlighting the recognition of equal opportunities, the inclusion of students in regular and free education, the facilitation of reasonable accommodations, the cwtegories of life skills and social development, the promotion of teacher training and the consolidation of higher education for students with lower functional performance.
In this sense, the reflections presented below are confirmed according to the presence or absence in the reviewed legislations of indicators referring to full compliance with Article 24 of the CRPD. The school legislation is something that has mutated so significantly that it exposes the shortcomings of the system itself, which is both unregulated and permeable to the occurrences carried by the northern winds, and by virtue of which in just a few years citizens can witness numerous ups and downs in national education legislation, as if that which should structure the purpose and object of the education system understood as a good and not as a service could be at the mercy of political circumstances, social circumstances, international changes, political conflicts or fluctuations in the financial markets.
In addition to this coming and going of curricular changes, and this administrative delirium which perhaps considers teachers as simple technicians or camp monitors with a low profile and little capacity to participate in the design of specific legislation for professional performance for which they have had to train for years at universitythere what are the 4 categories of disabilities tye voices of experts in the field denouncing—alarmingly—the impersonal treatment given especially to those children who show low functional performance.
The truth is dissbilities education should be like a virus, capable of expanding at will as much as the student wishes; in fact, it is as wide as the horizon the student wants to draw, but—in turn—it can be as intimate as what are the 4 categories of disabilities teacher particularizes or as the legislation of the last decade pretends individualizes. Such powerful terms as individualization and inclusion try to border what are the 4 categories of disabilities the th of the 21st century, producing how to create a good relationship with yourself reproducing from the past a writing of articles in the Spanish educational legislation catsgories already then tried to make us see that functional diversity would be present in the classrooms and with it regulate the possible needs of students with low functional performance Daros, Obviously, as has already been denounced by international bodies, the legislation tye by the Spanish government at present contravenes all regulations which have urged the right to quality education for all children, as they are:.
Similarly, in order to protect the right to education of all children, the most recent international corpus juris should be noted, which, due to its high importance in the field of free, quality education for all, should be emphasised:. What does f.r.e.d stand for objective number four is dedicated to the need for inclusive and equitable education as a basis for solving all the problems present in society.
At the national level, the General Law on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and their Social Inclusionrecognises in its Article 16 that persons with low functional performance will be attended to in a comprehensive manner on the basis of the necessary support and adjustments. In addition, the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities CRPD is the normative reference framework for inclusive education and equal opportunities, regardless of the functional performance of the student.
This is cited in article 24 of the Convention, which shows signs of incoherence with the Spanish corpus juris. This law curtails some of the rights recognised by the ratification what are the 4 categories of disabilities the CDPD, since it maintains the possibility of banishing students with disabilities from the general education system.
Thus, when students dsiabilities a hindrance to an unholy general education system or to an administration that is hermetic and impervious to the peculiarities, their only way out is to be ostracised by a parallel to the general education system known as special education. A system that has what are the 4 categories of disabilities in the way of special, but rather the opposite; precisely because society teaches us that special is always a good thing: do you want the normal menu or the special menu at home, do you want the standard package or do you prefer the car with the what are the 4 categories of disabilities package?
Or are we as cynical as hypocrites to believe that those children who know they are considered by others as special are happy about it? No further questions, Your Honor In this what is average inflation rate definition, the OLIEQ does not comply with the mandate established after the disabjlities of the CRPD; Firstly, because it uses language that is incompatible with the concept of inclusion, insofar as the semantics used are aligned with the most sordid postulates of discrimination, since it uses concepts that enclose a reality that is disguised as sewer poetry: for example, the incorporation of the special educational needs construct.
This can lead teachers to terminological confusion, since it is not possible to understand what needs are special within an education that advocates—from its preamble—an education system that overcomes all social barriers; therefore, are not all needs special? At the same time, the OLIEQ legitimizes the presence of special education centres for those students with special educational needs that cannot be met within the measures of attention to diversity proposed by ordinary education centres.
As an example, in the case of people spouse meaning in urdu a high functional performance, not only are they not displaced to a special school, but the educational centres carry out action plans that promote curricular enrichment programmes. And, in the same way, another issue is that—in the history of education—it has been and is frequent that the Administration imposes new conceptualizations that lead to budgetary reorganizations and a decrease in the funds destined to the diversity present in Spanish classrooms, for example, the differences that have arisen with the OLIEQ between special and specific educational needs Molina, In what are the 4 categories of disabilities way, it can be concluded that Spanish education legislation continues to be nourished by the medical—rehabilitative paradigm based on discrimination and exclusion of those whose functional performance is far from the established social norm.
Given this set of premises, it is significant to ask how it is possible that inclusive education is a right at an international level and in force in the country and that, on the contrary, the national regulatory framework which should be in harmony with the international one contravenes full compliance in the effective participation of all children in their learning, without any child being excluded from the general education system, through the implementation by both the Administration and the educational centres of the necessary reasonable adjustments.
In total harmony with the clarification made by the UN Committee on Rights, in its initial report ofit can be deduced that—years later—the concern for the lack of coordination between the Public Administration and the Educational Services continues to reign in our country. In general, there is a lack of understanding between what inclusive education means and the completely segregated educational regulations in Spain. There is what are the 4 categories of disabilities overwhelming inequality between the observance of the educational rights of those with low functional performance and the position of an Administration which keeps its eyes on a model based on the rehabilitation of these people, aware that this will continue to lead to their social exclusion.
When introducing explanatory models on the conceptualization of disability, it becomes essential to question the multi—theoretical approaches emerging from the social sciences. Furthermore, among the functions of models or paradigms is that of representing the reality under study, as well as creating a conceptual framework in accordance with criteria and standards that help citizens to forge innovative currents of thought.
The latter is what has happened, for example, with the arrival of the new model of human rights which, despite being in the pens of theorists for almost a decade, has been articulated in controversy with pre—existing models and paradigms. Furthermore, as a consequence of historical evolution, the model approach from which the environment of people in a situation of disability has been interpreted categries been modified, is it possible to open a password protected pdf file from an approach based on rehabilitation as it was considered that low functional performance came from an intrinsic situation revealed disabiligies an illness or disorderto another approach which takes the inclusion of the person as a reference point, as it is considered that the disability is given by a context which does not adapt to the person, generating situations of discrimination or exclusion.