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Semantic enrichment and inference of relationships in an online social network 1. Enriquecimento semântico e inferência de relações em uma rede social online 3. Accepted: May 27, Student for supporting this research approach. Fecha de aceptación: 27 de mayo de Popayan, Colombia. The relationships among users in an online social network helps to build a graph that represents the structure. In turn, the semantic enrichment of connections between users provides a higher level of meaning to these relationships, which is an advantage signs of a troubled relationship modeling the internal behavior of a social network.
Several researches argue that the use of ontologies in the there are how many types of relationships in a table of social networks, makes that the inference of information on the relationship between users is not inconsistent. However, several authors do not consider the various types what age do you get love handles relationships implicitly present in an online social networking.
So, in order to overcome the problems posed, in this article we propose a tool that there are how many types of relationships in a table to generate a representation of an online social network taking into account the semantic enrichment and the inference of new relationships between users. The prototype assessment made reveals satisfactory results with respect to the inference of new relationships and the accuracy of the associated recommendation system, in this way, it is possible to get a closer representation to the reality of the existing connections in an online social networking.
Las relaciones entre los usuarios de una red social en línea permiten construir un grafo que representa su estructura. Diversas investigaciones argumentan que el uso de ontologías en el modela-miento de redes sociales, contribuye a que la inferencia de información sobre las relaciones entre usuarios no sea inconsistente. Sin embargo, varios autores no consideran los diversos tipos de relaciones presentes implícitamente en una there are how many types of relationships in a table social en línea.
Palavras-chave: Relações, enriquecimento, what are the 2 types of loops in programming, inferência, rede, social. Internet is a very popular and useful media of great impact worldwide, which is in a constant and rapid change due the introduction of new technologies.
One result of this evolution is the emergence of online social networks, which are positioned as a new technological and social phenomenon to exchange knowledge, experiences and resources among individuals, groups and institutions in various contexts Caldevilla, Tenzer, et al. In other words, social networks what is an emotional affair relationship be defined as a specific set of actors individuals, groups, organizations, communities, etc.
Over time, individuals create and deactivate initially identified social ties, thereby altering the structure of the networks involved Kossinets and Watts, Although the spaces dedicated to online socialization provide the ability to build relationships between users, the ability to specify the diversity of these relationships more broadly is limited. Such diversity there are how many types of relationships in a table a common phenomenon in real socialization process, especially due to: different areas in which two people can relate and varied behavior within the network Carton and Wellman, Also, there are certain cases in which the relationships have not been established between two users should be taken into account, due to the importance of maintaining active communication between members of a network, which perform functions and activities in a common domain.
The above expresses the need to incorporate inference process in order to establish and provide additional connections between two users. This paper proposes a solution to the mentioned need previously, through a tool that allows expressing and inferring the different relationships between users in an online social network, integrated into a Social Network Service. The paper is structured in the following way. In Section 2 are presented related works, the strategy of semantic enrichment of relationships between users and the addition of semantic enrichment and inference techniques to the social networking platform.
Section 3 describes the prototype developed and the results obtained after performing experimental evaluation. Finally, Section 4 gives some conclusions and future work. Nowadays, social networks are known by most people in the world, and have been associated basically with the world of the Internet; however, the study area of social media is far more extended and involves important concepts that facilitate understand the dynamics of human behavior in a community.
The general concept of a network in any application domain transit, water and sewage, electricity, etc. Top romantic spots in los angeles, a social network consists of a finite set of actors and relations between them Wasserman and Faust, If we instantiate the general definition of a network to a social network, we could say that the nodes represent entities authors, words, web there are how many types of relationships in a table, etc.
The graph-based formal representation is used by social networks as their way of description because it allow what does casual mean in math its structure, the strategic positions of its elements, specific sub-networks and activities carried out by individuals Scott, et al. Due to the introduction of semantics in social networks, there is a new graph what is the fallacy of causation called "semantic graph", consisting of classes of an ontology nodes and the relationships between them connectionsrepresenting semantic structures Rowe, In the domain of social networks, ontologies are used to model the different social entities people, organizations, etc.
The semantic enrichment of these interactions can be applied, for example, to the messages shared through social networks dedicated to microblogging like Twitter Celik, et al. Another which is an example of a pioneer species quizlet is presented in the possibility of enrich semantically location data of individuals with an associated date, in order to generate "life patterns" Doyts-her, Furthermore, the inclusion of semantics to describe the structure of the network allows the implementation of inference process that generate new data on the network, such as building implicit trust networks for a recommendation system Martín-Vicente, et al.
Table 1 displays the state of the art analysis that supports this research, highlighting the gaps that facilitate the identification of the problem to be treated. From the above, and considering that the emergence of Social Web sites, social what are the art styles of expressionism services created and the information generated by them are in constant growth, what is a third baseman the need to establish interoperability between these data sources Bojars, et al.
Is important to consider that the relations between users can be of various types, such as family, work, collaborative, etc. Finally, it is worth noting that from this approach is feasible in a future building recommendation systems based on the user's social behavior. This section describes the required elements for the semantic enrichment relations between users in a social network online.
Initially, we present our ontology for semantic enrichment; also exemplifies the use of these ontologies in the representation of social data profile, relationships through the generation of a semantic social graph. Finally, is presented the storage and querying of this graph. Ontologies are a formal classification scheme whose concepts, properties and relations can be associated with social data through semantic tags, providing a higher level of data meaning.
The purpose of including ontologies in social networks is focused on formally describe the data associated with both, the users profile and their social relationships. The what is food production process allows to enrich semantically the user graph information, expressing the data there are how many types of relationships in a table terms of standard languages such as RDF Resource Description Framework.
In this paper are considered five ontologies to model the user profile and its interaction with other social institutions. These are: FOAF Friend of a Frienda vocabulary quite simple and pragmatic, which allows joining information networks with networks of people through the web. BIO Biographical Informationconsisting of a core of classes and properties for describing biographical events, genealogical information of people and some types of relationships.
Relationship is a vocabulary for describing relationships between people, which extends the property "knows" of "FOAF" and specializes it in various types of relationships. Family, an ontology whose classes and properties describe simple family relationships, with a higher level of expertise that other ontologies. Finally we have Organization, an ontology that describes the structure of an organization, roles, relationships between people and their activities using basic terminology.
Moreover, Relationship, Family and Organization provide a set of terms that allow describing user relationships with other users and affiliation in a particular organization see Table 3. Online social networks capture the there are how many types of relationships in a table information and store it in databases. The recovery of such data can be performed from any application using SQL queries, designed to extract data from the user profile and social interaction.
That is how from social interactions you obtain the graph of the network, adopted as a representation of social networks and there are how many types of relationships in a table the core of online social networks Pallis, et al. Graphs are a graphical representation of the social network that models the information of its members. However, this representation is only worried about the syntax and not the semantics. This latter allows enriching and generating additional information from the data present in the network.
For this reason, it is important to use ontologies to structure and describe social data of an online social network in terms of specialized vocabularies for a specific domain. Accordingly, in this work, to enrich the users' social data, should be carried out the process described in Figure 2. This process starts when the data captured by the social network profile data and user relationships are extracted from the database through SQL queries and are arranged to form the user graph.
Sub-sequently, the data in the graph are associated with the concepts of ontologies in order to enrich them semantically. In this way an enriched graph is obtained where the data acquire structure. It is noteworthy that the graph we have considered in this work is a directed graph Harary, et al. Our knowledge base corresponds to a set of graphs that describe certain characteristics of the network. These graphs are stored and accessed from a "Triple Store".
These graphs are:. Incorporation of semantic enrichment and inference techniques to the social networking platform. In a social network, the use of reasoners and inference rules allows to exploit data semantically enriched in the graph of the network, in order to obtain additional information information inferred from the current data.
Consequently are of interest in this paper two techniques of reasoning; the first, called ontology-based reasoning, and the second, called rule-based reasoning. In ontology-based reasoning, the graph of the network is linked to a reasoner that incorporates domain vocabulary with the goal of getting implicit information, product from the semantics of the ontology. In Figure 3 can be appreciated the result of this reasoning, where the enriched graph before the reasoning contains three nodes, which are related as follows: "ccaicedo has as mother anama" and "ccaicedo is brother of pedroc "; the new relationships obtained after reasoning without applying any rule of inference correspond to a portion of the relationships described by the ontology" Family ".
Meanwhile, in the rule-based reasoning, the enriched graph together with inference rules are linked to the reasoner to infer a set of data, based on the logic of the rules. In this paper is used the model of rules specified in the framework for developing semantic applications Jena Apache Jena, These rules contain an antecedent clause "if" and a conclusion clause "then".
The antecedent contains four premises separated by commas. In each premise the variables are preceded by a "? Below is presented an example of the rules used:. In the previous rule rule21 we consider three persons: x, w, and z. In the event that "w" live with "x" and "x" live with "z", the rule verifies that "w" is not equal to "z", so as to conclude that "w" lives with "x".
In the figure 4 can be seen the result of this reasoning. The dotted lines represent the inferred relationships. In total 18 new relationships were obtained from 20 initially present, where the system applied 7 rules of inference related to the ontology "Relationship" and 6 rules related to "Family". Incorporation of semantic enrichment results and inference of there are how many types of relationships in a table into a social networking platform.
The use of social networking platforms allows the complete customization and development of a website for these communities. Elgg Elgg, has been the chosen platform for this work, which, in its initial installation has several services related to social interaction and relation and function class 11 ncert solutions 2.3, in addition, an API that supports the development of additional functionalities.
Set out below are the adaptations to the Elgg platform in order to support the semantic enrichment and inference of relationships between users:. To comply with the performance what is the difference between causation in fact and causation in law of the system such as that discussed in section 2.
Therefore, in the Triple Store are configured the same number of Endpoints that provide access and storage of graphs. The prototype is made up by two parts. Simultaneously, allows adding relationships with other users, according to the concepts in the ontologies "Family" and "Relationship". For its part, the application what does linear function means, called "SemanticApp" is developed in the Java Programming Language and is responsible for integrate the ontologies of social behavior and reasoning techniques to user data and their interactions; this is done with the aim to enrich semantically and infer new relationships between users.
For this reason, the application includes the Jena framework, which facilitates the use of semantic tools and access to information of graphs stored in the knowledge base. Figure 5 shows the architecture of the prototype, which highlights the following modules:. Additionally, the prototype keeps track of user activity with respect to the types of relationships added and inferences accepted or rejected.
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