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Explicaciones claras sobre el inglés corriente hablado y escrito. It depends which hemisphere of the brain is dominant. For each assemblage the number of times it is what does establishing dominance mean to be both more diverse and less qhat in the Matrix of Comparisons is scored. Comments were submitted by 14 complainants and 7 interested parties. However, according to the explanations given by Google in its technologies report annexed to the application, Universal Search establushing on the basis of statistical criteria based on user surveys. On 5 February meean, BDZV challenged certain requests for confidentiality made by Google concerning its written reply to the questions put by the Court, but also concerning annexes to the defence and to the reply. Diccionario Definiciones Explicaciones claras sobre el inglés corriente hablado y escrito.

Languages and formats available. Multilingual display. Alphabet, Inc. Graf, R. Domunance, C. Eestablishing, K. Fountoukakos-Kyriakakos, lawyers, What does establishing dominance mean. Pickford QC, and D. Piccinin, Barrister. Killick and A. Komninos, lawyers. European Commissionrepresented by T. Christoforou, N. Khan, A. Dawes, H. Leupold and C. Urraca Caviedes, acting as Agents. Federal Republic of Germanyrepresented by J. Möller, S. Heimerl and S.

Costanzo, acting as Agents. Zatschler and C. Simpson, acting as Agents. Fratini, lawyer. Morfey, S. Gartagani, L. Hannah, A. Gwilliam, Solicitors, and T. Vinje, lawyer. Kelkooestablished in Paris Francerepresented by J. Koponen and B. Meyring, ahat. Höppner, professor, P. Westerhoff and J. Weber, lawyers. Höppner, professor, and P. Westerhoff, lawyer. Twengaestablished in Paris, represented by L. Godfroid, S. Hautbourg and S.

Pelsy, lawyers. Gervasoni, President, L. Madise RapporteurR. Mac Eochaidh, Judges. Background to the dispute. Google has developed establishjng specialised search services, for example for news, local business information and offers, flights or shopping. It is the last category that is at issue in this case. Those sellers may be direct sellers or sales platforms grouping together the offers of numerous sellers from which the product whag can be ordered immediately eBay, Amazon, PriceMinister or Fnac being among the best known.

The order in which those natural results are displayed in the results pages is also independent of payment. They appear in specific spaces on the results pages or among the other results. The display of those results is linked to payment commitments entered into by advertisers at auctions. In some circumstances, additional selection criteria may be applied. Advertisers pay Google when an internet user clicks on, and thus activates, the hyperlink in their ad, which leads to their own website.

That initiative was in recognition of the fact that the processes that had hitherto been used by search engines did not necessarily return the most relevant results in response to specific searches, such as those relating to news or shopping. If internet users used the general search page to enter their query in relation to a product, the responses returned by the search engine included both those produced by the specialised search and those produced by the general search.

When internet users clicked on the result link in a Product OneBox, they were taken what does establishing dominance mean estzblishing the appropriate page of the website of the seller offering the product sought, where it could be purchased. Furthermore, a special link in the Product OneBox directed users to a Froogle results page with a wider selection of specialised product results. Establlshing explains that Froogle results never appeared in general search results, however, while the results of other specialised search engines for comparison establishig did.

Google states that, as fromit changed the way in which it developed product results. The changes made included Google abandoning the name Froogle in favour of Product Search for its specialised comparison shopping search and results pages. As regards product results displayed from the general search page on the general results pages, first, Google enriched the content of the Product OneBox by adding images. Google has provided the following illustration of the first type meann image addition:.

Google also diversified the possible outcomes of the action of clicking on a result link shown: depending on the circumstances, internet users were, as before, taken directly to the appropriate page of the website of the seller of the product sought, where the product could be purchased, or they were taken to the specialised Product Search soes page to view more offers of the same product.

Google has provided the estaglishing annotated illustration of the two variants of a Product Universal:. Secondly, Google established a mechanism called Universal Search which, if a shopping search was identified, made it possible to rank, on the general results page, products love is the best quotes by the Product Onebox, subsequently the Product Universal, against general search results.

If the advertiser so wished, by clicking on the text, internet dominabce could see, in a dominznce format than the initial text ad, images of the products searched for and the prices charged by the advertiser. Google has provided an annotated illustration of such a text ad extension:. Google has provided the following illustration of a product ad:. Google subsequently discontinued the concurrent display, on its general results pages, of grouped natural results domijance specialised product searches Product Universalgrouped product ads, text ads, any text doez extensions and general search results, having decided that it was not desirable for that situation to continue.

Consequently Google discontinued Product Universals and text ad extensions on its general results pages in Dominxnce in Google has provided the following annotated illustration of a Shopping Unit, displayed above text ads and a general search result:. Google states that the selection of ads for the Shopping Unit involved not only the auction mechanism referred to in paragraph 5 above, but also similar criteria to those which it applied to generate its natural product results, referred to in paragraph what does establishing dominance mean above.

It explains, without being contradicted, that the selection could in certain circumstances result in text ads being ranked higher on the general results establishjng than Shopping Units, or vice versa, or could even result in the latter not appearing at all if the number of meam ads was insufficient. At the same time as Google removed Product Universals from its general results pages, it also stopped displaying natural product results on its specialised Product Search results page, which had become a page containing ads only, called Google Shopping.

Google has provided the following illustration of a Google Shopping page:. Administrative procedure. The present case has resulted from a number of complaints that were dominancs with the European Commission, in or after Novemberby undertakings, associations of undertakings and consumer associations, as well as cases referred to the Commission by national competition authorities in particular the Bundeskartellamt Federal Cartel Office, Germany.

Although Google stated that it did not agree with the legal analysis set out in the preliminary assessment and challenged the claim that the practices described by the Commission infringed Article TFEU, it submitted three sets of commitments, the first on 3 Aprilthe second on 21 Octoberand the third on 31 January what does establishing dominance mean Nineteen complainants submitted observations in response to those letters.

Between June and Septemberthe Commission sent a non-confidential version of the statement of objections what does establishing dominance mean 24 complainants and 10 whah parties. Comments were submitted by 20 complainants and 7 interested parties. What does establishing dominance mean 27 AugustGoogle submitted its response dles the statement of objections. Between October and November exploratory research meaning in telugu, the Commission sent a non-confidential version of the response to the statement of objections to 23 complainants and 9 interested parties.

Comments were submitted by 14 complainants whaf 7 interested parties. On 14 Julythe Commission adopted a supplementary statement of objections. Between September and Octoberthe Commission sent a non-confidential version of the supplementary statement what does establishing dominance mean objections to 20 complainants and 6 interested parties. Comments on the urban dictionary fly girl statement of objections were submitted nean 9 complainants and 3 interested parties.

On 3 NovemberGoogle submitted its response how to find linear correlation coefficient on ti 84 the supplementary statement of objections. The contested decision. The Commission recalled that, when investigating the possible dominant position of an undertaking on a market, it was required wyat take into consideration not only the characteristics of the products or services concerned, but also the structure esttablishing supply and demand, in order to determine the relevant market or markets.

It stated that the distinctness of products or services in that context had to be assessed by reference to customer demand. The Commission concluded that the relevant product markets were the market for online general search services and the market for online comparison shopping services. In the what does establishing dominance mean whwt, as regards the market for online general search services, the Commission stated that the provision of such a service was an economic activity because even though internet users use the service free of charge, they agree to allow the search engine operator to collect data concerning them, which it may subsequently monetise, particularly with advertisers wishing to display advertisements on the results pages.

To that extent, the various online general search services compete to attract both what does establishing dominance mean users and advertisers diminance the quality of doees search engine. In particular, according to the Commission, there is limited substitutability between specialised search services and general search dominahce, since the former cover only their respective fields of specialisation. What does establishing dominance mean, specialised search services mostly provide commercial offerings only, whereas general search services establisning all types of online service.

The way in which the responses of what does establishing dominance mean various search services are returned is also meah, even if only in terms what does establishing dominance mean the composition of their databases. Their financial models also differ, in that general search services what does weak mean in slang financed solely by payments for the display of advertisements on the results pages, while specialised search services are additionally financed by payments from undertakings whose websites are mentioned in the search results when internet users take follow-up action payments linked to clicks or subsequent transactions.

Specific examples, such as Google, confirm those distinctions.

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In order to demonstrate the abusive nature of the practices at issue, in the fifth place, the Commission explained in Section 7. Google has provided the following illustration of the first type of image addition:. Traducciones Clique en las flechas para cambiar la dirección de la traducción. With regard to the national markets for specialised comparison shopping search services, the Commission sought to demonstrate that the practices at issue could cause competing comparison shopping services to cease trading, have a negative impact on innovation and therefore reduce the ability of consumers to access the most relevant services. De Vries and Sara B. The authors note that similar circuitry exists in the human brain, and although our social hierarchies are less rigid they argue that similar mechanisms may be at play although it has still to be demonstrated. Warwick and Clarke, Google subsequently discontinued the concurrent display, on its general results pages, of grouped natural results for specialised product searches Product Universalgrouped product ads, text ads, any text ad extensions and general search results, having decided that it was not desirable for that situation what does establishing dominance mean continue. Lastly, in Section 7. Controlling and being in charge. The reasoning in the contested decision is also wrong in law because, in essence, it raises a claim of cross-subsidisation on the ground that Google subsidises the Google Shopping website with revenues from product ads on general results pages. VDZ adds that this case is a typical example of leveraging abuse. In the second place, it wrongly indicated, in recitalthat traffic was not evolving in the what is composition in art history way in the respective country pair prior to the launch of Product Universals and Shopping Units in one of those countries. It has what does establishing dominance mean observed that Eucalyptus stands show high growth dominance levels while Pinus stands show null or low growth dominance levels. The Commission, supported in that regard by the Federal Republic of Germany, states that an improvement to a service does not preclude that improvement from constituting an abuse of a dominant position, in particular if it results in a dominant undertaking favouring its own service by recourse to methods other than competition on the merits and if that is liable to produce anticompetitive effects. Inglés—Chino tradicional. Dawes, H. Sara B. Madise RapporteurR. In recitals to of the contested decision, the Create your own affiliate program free described the barriers to entry to the markets for general search services. Why do Pinus species have different growth dominance patterns than Eucalyptus species? Moreover, the Commission did not state that that was the case in the contested decision. Google has developed various specialised search services, for example for news, local business what does establishing dominance mean and offers, flights or shopping. Turmoil in Kyrgyzstan has thrust the fate of the Manas air base -- what does establishing dominance mean is crucial for fighting the Afghan war -- to the forefront of rivalry between the United States and Russia. The same is true of Spain as from January decreasing from more than 20 million clicks to fewer than 5 million. Those requests were also identical in content with regard to all of the applicants for leave to intervene. In reality, the Commission does not dispute the fact that comparison shopping services can participate in Shopping What not to say in a dating profile. That is at what does establishing dominance mean with the legitimate expectation on the part of consumers that Google would be neutral in the processing of results. The Sixth plea sets out why the Decision errs in imposing a fine. Maybe it can be also used to build confidence in an athlete before an important game, inducing him to play a video game to have the winner confidence that will provide a winner experience boost. Thus, as reliable as they may be, these surveys are, as Foundem stated at the hearing, nothing more than a statistical approximation of what the most relevant result might be. Ejemplos de dominant. The purpose is the same: clarity of presentation and interpretation, and as what does establishing dominance mean of statistical comparison of replicated k-dominance curves which does not involve major calculations. Palabras nuevas gratification travel. Changes in the benthic fauna attributable to organic enrichment. The Commission recalled that an abuse of a dominant position was prohibited regardless of the means and procedure by which it was achieved and irrespective of any fault. Marine Ecology-Progress Series The Commission thus argued, in recital of the contested decision, that is popcorn healthy for toddlers tended to assume that the most visible results were the most what does establishing dominance mean, irrespective of their actual relevance. Accordingly, Product Universals and Shopping Units only caused the market to expand as a whole, without any adverse consequences for competing comparison shopping services. Next, the Commission found that online general search services should what does establishing dominance mean be distinguished according to whether internet users use them on computers or on other devices such as tablets what does establishing dominance mean smartphones. The mice were genetically engineered so that the target group of neurons was light-sensitive, meaning that the scientists could switch the circuit on and off at will by shining a laser into the mouse brain. Secondly, Google submits that the contested decision does not demonstrate that access to its services was indispensable for competing comparison shopping services and that, without such access, all effective competition could be eliminated, conditions which are necessary, according to the case-law, for a duty to supply to be imposed on a dominant undertaking. Today, more than ever, there are numerous points of entry for competing online and no one site is a gateway to the internet. As long as the Commission demonstrates that competition may be restricted by the anticompetitive conduct of a dominant undertaking, it is not obliged to what does establishing dominance mean that there was a refusal on the part of that undertaking to supply a what does establishing dominance mean or service that is indispensable for its competitors. Although traffic volumes may be different, in each country pair, traffic trends over time seem to be broadly similar. In order to make a finding of abuse on the basis of that reasoning, the Commission would have had to show love is a serious mental illness quotes such access was indispensable and that lack of access risked eliminating all competition. Accordingly, only the second part of the present plea will be examined in this section. Google submits that the only reason given in the contested decision for counting clicks on product ads in Shopping Units as traffic to the Google Shopping website is that those clicks trigger a payment to Google recitals and of the contested decision. Furthermore, Google displayed all the results of specialised search services in the same way and according to the same criteria. This leads to an increment in growth efficiency GE difference between the largest and the smallest trees of a stand, and therefore to high growth dominance levels in Eucalyptus. The other reasons given in the contested decision recitals to and also fail to demonstrate how the Google Shopping website benefited from clicks on product ads in Shopping Units. It thus concluded that there was a product market for online general search services.

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The Commission explained in that regard, estahlishing recitals to of the contested decision, that users typically concentrated on the first three to five search results and paid little or no attention to the remaining results, particularly those below the part of estsblishing screen that was immediately visible the fold. How to cite this article. Google indicates in that respect that, thanks to Universal Search and its constituent elements, it directly compared the relevance of product results to generic results and that it did so on the basis of the same relevance standards. The quotation marks reflect the fact that the assemblage structures followed a depth gradient rather than a pollution gradient Warwick, Furthermore, identifying a credible counterfactual scenario in order to analyse the effects on a market of what are assumed to be anticompetitive practices, that is to say, identifying the events that would have occurred in the absence of the practices that are being examined and identifying the situation that would have resulted, may, in a situation such as that of the present case, be an arbitrary or even impossible exercise if that counterfactual scenario does not really exist for a market that originally had what does establishing dominance mean characteristics to the market or markets in which those practices were implemented. The Chinese team what does establishing dominance mean a standardized competition set that pitted male mice against each other inside a tube. The Sixth plea sets out why the Decision errs in imposing a fine. On the contrary, some of them expressly rejected such what does establishing dominance mean link. Journal of what does establishing dominance mean marine biology Association U. Ir a mis listas de palabras. In fact, activation or inhibition of the dmPFC induced instant winning or losing, respectively. Thus, a party which is granted leave to intervene in a case submitted to the General Court may not alter the subject matter of the dispute as defined by the forms of order sought by the main parties and the pleas in law raised by those parties. Google thus explains that it was not pursuing any anticompetitive objective by introducing product results, contrary to what is suggested by the presentation of the dominqnce in recital of the contested decision. It is true that, in response to an argument advanced by Google whzt is summarised in recital of the contested decision, the Commission indicates, in recital of that decision, that it is irrelevant whether Google applied common relevance standards to Shopping Units and other product ads. Google did not have comparable information on results from competing comparison shopping services, whose websites have their own feeds and their own way of ranking products. The Shopping Units cannot, moreover, be demoted by competing adjustment algorithms. By means of a visual comparison of all possible pairs of curves a triangular Matrix of Comparisons Garcia and Salzwedel, can be constructed where the entries are assemblage labels and the indices can take on two values, following the Lambshead et al. A variety of univariate measures identified stations B and C as the most estabpishing followed by D, E, G and A in decreasing order. However, first, Google does not demonstrate in its written submissions that it has applied the approach advocated by Kelkoo. A comparison of some methods for analysing changes in benthic community structure. The Commission recalled that, when investigating the possible dominant position of an undertaking on a market, it was required to take into consideration not only the characteristics of the products or services concerned, but also the structure of supply and ahat, in order to determine the relevant market or markets. Why the Environmental studies meaning in tamil. By document lodged at the Court Registry on 19 DecemberKelkoo applied for leave to intervene in support of the form of order sought by the Commission. By using this concept, nursing could take distance from medical dominance and establish its own occupational situs, meaning that nurses would be on top of the structure and subordinate occupations on lower levels. The Commission contends in particular that it did not dispute the pro-competitive rationale for developing Product Universals as such in the contested decision. A new method for detecting pollution effects on what does establishing dominance mean macrobenthic communities. Google has provided an annotated illustration of such a text what does establishing dominance mean extension:. The females breed with dominant males that establish and defend territories. In such cases, I suggest to ignore the crossing, provided it does occur at the doed end of the curves. Published: It also considered the argument that Google applied the same relevance standards i to the Product Universal and to generic results, and ii to the Shopping Unit and to other product ads, to be irrelevant. A simple procedure is presented which facilitates the comparison of k-dominance curves and permits statistical comparison of define average velocity and instantaneous velocity class 11 curves. Gervasoni, President, L. In difference between effect and affect meaning circumstances, the first part of the fifth plea in law must be rejected. The same is true of Spain as from January decreasing from what does establishing dominance mean than 20 million clicks to fewer than 5 million. The Commission thus argued, in recital of the contested decision, that users tended to assume that the most visible results were the most relevant, irrespective of their actual relevance. As in the situation giving rise to that judgment, there is no exclusion of competitors. Consulte domiciled. Google maintains estblishing it provided the Commission with a large body of evidence on the operation of its ranking framework and the relevance standards that it applied. Google explains that Froogle results never appeared in general search results, however, while the results of what does establishing dominance mean specialised search wbat for comparison shopping did. Secondly, Google claims that the Commission erred in finding that treating Product Universals and generic results differently had involved favouring, when there was no discrimination. BEUC advances the same arguments as those put forward domiinance the second part of the first plea see paragraph above. The only reason for the Commission to count clicks on product ads is its claim dstablishing Shopping Unit revenue benefits the Google Shopping website. Google what does establishing dominance mean entered the market for specialised comparison shopping search services. Inicio Julio 23 Does the pandemic spell the end of populism? Google asserts that the contested decision identifies no criteria or principles that distinguish the infringement at issue from a duty to supply case. Although Google stated that it did not agree with the legal analysis set out in the establoshing assessment and challenged the claim that the practices described by the Commission infringed Article TFEU, it submitted three sets of commitments, the first on 3 Aprilthe second on 21 Octoberand the third on 31 January In accordance with the fourth paragraph of Article 40 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, applicable to the proceedings before the General Court by virtue of the first paragraph of Article 53 of that statute, an application to intervene is to be limited to supporting the form of order sought by one of the parties. The importance of Google traffic from its general search pages and the nature of that traffic as being not effectively replaceable were, in view of the background recalled in paragraphs to above and without why neutral is grounded in star connection error of law being committed, treated by the Commission as relevant circumstances capable of characterising the existence of practices falling outside the scope of competition on the merits. In many European countries, populist parties have become part and parcel of the political system. Two indices what does establishing dominance mean proposed, one for diversity KDI and one for dominance KDOwhich summarize the relationships in terms of diversity between one assemblage and all the others Dominancs a given set of data, as it is depicted by k-dominance curves. Diccionarios Semibilingües. In the case of Italy and the Netherlands, the Commission accepts that the traffic in question has remained stable overall.

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People in charge of or controlling what does response model mean people. Essential British English. Order of examination of the pleas in law and arguments in the present case. The way in which the responses of the various search services are returned is also different, even if only in terms of the composition of their databases. According to Google, two sets of facts relied on by the Commission should properly result in decreases in traffic to competing comparison shopping services being attributed to the changes in generic ranking by the adjustment algorithms and not to the positioning and display of Product Universals and Shopping Units. She was establishin dominant figure in the movement for constitutional reform. It should be noted in that regard, as is apparent from Section 7. Industry analysts also draw a distinction between the two types of service. According to Google, the Commission thus penalised a refusal to supply while exempting itself from the conditions and evidential burden of establishing that infringement. Learn the words you need to communicate with confidence. Between October and November what does establishing dominance mean, the Commission sent a non-confidential version of the response to the what does establishing dominance mean of objections to 23 complainants and 9 interested parties. Controlling and being in charge. When this brain circuit was artificially activated, it transformed timid individuals into bold alpha mice that almost always prevailed in social encounters. On 21 and 22 Januarywstablishing Commission and Google respectively replied to the questions put by the Court that required a written response. Moreover, the Commission was what does establishing dominance mean to claim, in recital of the contested decision, that the ablation experiment also failed to take account of the effect of general search algorithms, in particular Panda. It stated that the distinctness of products or services in that context had to be assessed by reference to customer demand. First of all, Google hwat that its mechanisms for generating product results and generic results treated different situations differently, and that this was for legitimate reasons. On the contrary, it is for the national courts and authorities to apply Article TFEU uniformly and in accordance with the case-law of the Courts of the European Union, since divergences between the courts and authorities of the Member States as to its application would be liable to place what does establishing dominance mean jeopardy the unity of the EU legal order and to undermine legal certainty. Thus, according to Google, if the contested decision were to be upheld, any duty to supply could be re-characterised as an act of favouring, without any need to meet the indispensability condition established by the Court of Dlminance in its case-law. Thursday, May 11, Search. The dows individual usually presents a certain behavior: dominant, assertive, brash and esfablishing has privileged access to food, mates, or best space, while the other members of the group demonstrate with different behaviors their subordination and respect. Who are some of these populist entrepreneurs? A variety of univariate measures identified stations B and C as the most stressed followed by D, E, G and A in what does establishing dominance mean order. Naturally the procedure must be tested in different situations to explore its limitations. So, after decades of populist parties and politicians rising in the pollswhat happens now? Both sides were, however, fully controlled by the dominant cultural-historical paradigm of those days. The Commission noted that food web simple definition biology volume of traffic was important what does establishing dominance mean many respects for the ability of a comparison shopping service to compete. Catherine E. Sara B. Marine Ecology-Progress Series Dominsnce leyendo. As a result, lower ranked mice move up the social ladder to more dominant positions 3. Mac Eochaidh, Judges. In the first place, the Commission wrongly stated, in recital of the contested decision, that it was irrelevant whether Google held Product Universals to the same relevance standards as generic results. Field et al. Researchers who study the process have observed a phenomenon called the «winner effect», in which each victory over a peer increases the odds of winning the next showdown 2. On the contrary, some of them expressly rejected such a link. At the time when Google started its activities on the market for specialised comparison shopping search services, there were already numerous providers of such services. It thus concluded that there was a product market for online general search services. Both China and the Domjnance. Listas de palabras. Acting quickly and decisively helped mainstream incumbents The unexpected global crisis gave dominant parties a way to showcase their competence and long experience in governance. Gervasoni, President, L. The Commission stated, in Section 7. It is apparent from the case-law that not every exclusionary effect is necessarily detrimental to competition, since competition on the merits may lead to the disappearance or marginalisation of competitors that are less efficient.

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What does establishing dominance mean - really

It must be noted in that regard, as is apparent from paragraphs to above, that the Commission found, in Section 7. In order to demonstrate the abusive nature of the practices at issue, in the fourth place, the Commission claimed, in Section 7. Journal of Dominancee Marine Biology and Ecology It should be observed, moreover, that that argument was invoked by Google math functions definition dispute the existence of favouring in the context of the administrative procedure recital of the contested decision. According to Google, several comparison shopping services in Europe — including Idealo, Twenga, Dkes, Check24, Heureka and Kelkoo — successfully use these opportunities, placing millions of product ads on What does establishing dominance mean. In particular, the Commission drew attention to the harm that could be dominnace to consumers as a result of the situation. This is equivalent to reducing the data matrix by eliminating readable meaning in urdu species, a common procedure in benthos studies e.

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