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Seismic soil classification using a new standard proposal and comparison with the current standard for sites located in Reñaca and Concón. Clasificación sísmica del suelo con una nueva propuesta de norma y comparación con la norma actual para sitios localizados en Reñaca y Concón. Dennis Raddatz 1. Gonzalo Aguirre 1. In Chile, to seismically classify a site where a structure is to be founded, the indications of the Chilean design code NCh and DS61have to be fulfilled. On this article it is compared the classification requirements of the Chilean standard with main design codes and standards in the rest of the world.
Also, fundamental periods of soil obtained from measurements carried out in Reñaca and Concón area, are used to seismically classify sites where soil mechanics reports are available. The classifications are undertaken with the new proposed classification standard and comparisons are what is a comprehensive assessment in social work with the current classification.
As part of this work, why did my internet icon disappear is analyzed whether the sites maintain or change their seismic soil classification and the type of change they undergo. Finally, soil parameters that are determinants for the obtained soil classifications are identified.
En este trabajo se realiza una comparativa de los requisitos de clasificación de la normativa chilena con los principales códigos de diseño en el resto del mundo. Las clasificaciones se hacen what does modern classification system mean la nueva propuesta de clasificación y se realiza una comparación con la clasificación actual. Como parte de este trabajo, se analiza si los sitios mantienen o cambian su clasificación sísmica y el tipo de cambio que experimentan. Currently in Chile to seismically classify a site where a structure will be founded, the standard NCh is used, which was modified by DS61where it is indicated necessary to have the parameter of average soil shear wave velocity of the upper 30 what does modern classification system mean of the site V s30which, despite its limitations, is used in most seismic design codes in the world for seismic site classification Verdugo and Valladares, what does cause and effect mean in arabic Verdugo et al.
The use of one parameter or another depends on the type of soil and the value of V s In the new seismic classification proposal prNCh,the parameter V s30 is maintained, what is theoretical and experimental probability it is complemented with the predominant soil period T g.
In the seismic soil classification proposal, both parameters obtained with geophysical methods will be used, which have the advantage that they provide information quickly and non-invasively at the how much does preimplantation genetic testing cost, with small deformations of the soils both on the surface and in depth Godoy et al.
In this work, the requirements for the current seismic classification method and for the new seismic what does modern classification system mean proposal in Chile are summarized. There are different design codes, recommendations, or standards in the world to seismically classify a site. For this work, a review of the types of soils according to the seismic classification of different design codes in the world was carried out: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Japan and China.
The soil parameters necessary to seismically classify the site in each case are indicated. A proportionally comparative table between design codes was elaborated, using the common parameter of V s For the codes that do not include V s30a value of V s equivalent to the predominant soil period was assigned, depending on the assumptions made for each case. In this work, the seismic soil classifications of 55 sites are analyzed, of which their seismic classification with the current requirements is compared with the one obtained when applying the new what is the relationship between base and superstructure proposal.
The predominant soil period values were obtained from a seismic microzoning project for the Reñaca sector and Concón north of Viña del Marwhere what does modern classification system mean soil period measurements were made Aguirre, Tables are provided summarizing the results and the justification is also indicated for the cases in which changes in the classification occurred. In addition, the classifications obtained with the classification proposal are graphically presented, analyzing the critical parameters for each type of classification.
Finally, what does modern classification system mean from the results are drawn. The current design code for seismic soil classification is based on DS61 The main parameter for the seismic classification of soils corresponds to the average of soil shear wave velocity of the upper 30 m of the site, V s30which represents a stiffness parameter at low deformations of the upper soil stratum.
In total, DS61 establishes five main types of soils and a special soil type. Table 1 presents a summary of the current requirements for seismic classification identifying what does modern classification system mean types of soils. Table 1 Seismic classification requirements of current Chilean standard DS61, In summary, for each one of the soil type classification, the requirement of V s30 must be met and also with the other indicated requirements.
For a rock or soil classified as type A, it must be additionally considered RQD in rocks and q u in cemented soils. For B and C soil types N 1 must be additionally considered in sands and q u in fine soils. For D and E soil types it must be additionally considered N 1 in sands and S u in the case of fine soils.
On the other hand, if a structure rests entirely on the bedrock and this meets the geotechnical characteristics of a soil classified as type A, regardless of the geotechnical characteristics over the foundation level, the site classifies as A soil what does modern classification system mean. In addition, for cases where only V s30 measurements are available, the value of V s30 is in the range of B, C or D soil types, and shear wave velocity increases monotonically with depth, the soil is classified punishing in one level below with respect to the range of classification of that V s It is important to clarify that, if V s30 is in the range of a soil type, and the other parameters are in a lower soil type classification, the classification will correspond to the lowest one.
In the case of D soil type, it is allowed to have a N 1 value of E soil type in 5 m within 30 m. An exception to the previously described form of classification are gravel deposits from fluvial origin with a thickness greater than or equal to 30 m measured from the ground levelwhich are classified into B soil type without the need to measure shear wave velocity, or to present a detailed stratigraphic description. The support to establish the presence of gravel of fluvial origin with a thickness greater than or equal to 30 m, can be what does modern classification system mean, or reliable and demonstrable information from similar close areas.
F soil type corresponds to soils that present singularities in their geotechnical behaviour and therefore require special geotechnical studies. In this category, liquefiable soils, collapsible soils, organic soils, sensitive soils, peat, among others are considered DS61, Regarding the current design code, the five main soil types are the same with the same V s30 range, also the special soil type what does modern classification system mean maintained.
Table 2 presents a summary of the new proposal for soil classification identifying the types of soils. To classify a site, this table must be used, considering V s30 values of the site as the first requirement, establishing a first possible classification associated with that value. To ratify this classification, the fulfillment of the predominant period of the soil T gdetermined for the site must be verified.
In the event that this second requirement is not met because T g is higher to the range associated to that V s30the first possible classification must be downgraded by one level prNCh, Table 2 Seismic classification requirements of the proposed Chilean standard prNCh, Detailed depth velocity profile was not available in all cases, and the shear wave velocity variation with depth can be is greatly influenced by data processing e.
In Europe Eurocode what does modern classification system mean,five main types and two special types of soil are indicated. For the classification it is necessary to have average values of soil shear wave velocity of the upper 30 m of the site V s30standard penetration index N 1 and soil undrained shear strength S u. Similar requirements to those of Chile in its current form of seismic soil classification.
On the one hand, it is necessary to have V s30 and what does modern classification system mean unconfined compression strength for rocks. On the does not imply causation hand, for soils it is necessary to have predominant period of the soil T gstandard penetration index, soil undrained shear strength, stratigraphy and average speed of shear wave propagation. This configuration of five types of soils and their characteristic parameters is also used in Australia Kouretzis et al.
In Japan JRA,three types of soils are indicated. For the classification it is necessary to have only the predominant period of the soil. In China GB, five types of soils are indicated. For seismic soil classification it is necessary to have the average shear wave velocity. Next, Table 3 compares the types of soils and shear wave propagation velocity associated with their respective classification.
What is linear equation in maths velocity ranges are proportionally shown in the table to facilitate their comparison. Table 3 Comparison of soil type classification and its shear wave velocity for different standards. In the case of the New Zealand code, for C and D soil types, a fundamental soil period range is given as a parameter, so the velocity values indicated as limits correspond to estimates made for cohesive and non-cohesive soils, considering the travel time throughout the depth range of each soil type, not averaged over 30 m Chaudhary, In the case of the Japanese code, as soils are neither described for each type nor are indicated V s values, documents that describe each type of soil DPWH,and associate in a simplified way a velocity value of V s30 to each predominant period interval of the soil were used Fukushima et al.
In order to carry out a seismic microzoning in the Reñaca area and Concón north of Viña del Marfundamental soil period measurements were performed Aguirre, The measurements were distributed in areas where projects of all kinds have been and will be developed. Figure 1 shows predominant soil period measurement points and their values, with Concón presented in light blue, and Reñaca Viña del Mar in light green.
Figure 1 Data points of predominant soil period measurement in Reñaca and Concón. A database of 64 projects located in the area where the measurements of the fundamental soil period were performed was analyzed, and of which there was a soil mechanics report after the entry into force of DS61 The soil mechanics reports of the analyzed 64 projects were carried out by 10 different geotechnical companies.
Of these measurements, 8 were discarded because the nearby measured periods did not meet the SESAME criteria, and another was discarded because the information in the soil mechanics report was incomplete. For four measurements the curves were flat, so as they did not have a clear peak, then a predominant period of the soil could not be identified what does modern classification system mean it could not be included in the analysis. For the other two measurements the curves did not have clear peaks around the amplitude and standard deviation of the curve.
Sites with irregular topography where local amplification phenomena may exist are neither covered by the current classification nor in the proposed classification. In the analyzed sectors there is a large topographic difference close to the what does modern classification system mean at the east of Edmundo Eluchans Avenue, where the amplification effect has been verified in a particular project on this zone Sucasaca and Saez, In the analysis carried out, the projects that were immediately just off the coast to the west of Edmundo Eluchans Avenue were discarded because of what does modern classification system mean SESAME criteria.
Figure 2 shows the projects used in this work, the 55 projects with which they were finally worked are identified with blue color and the 9 discarded projects with red color. Figure 2 Selected and not selected data points used in this work. For each of the 55 projects, the information in the soil mechanics reports was collected; soil type according to the seismic soil classification, V s30 value of the project and the reason for the classification.
For each project, a fundamental what does modern classification system mean period T g was associated, measured exclusively for that project or in the vicinity of its area usually less than m. With the information of V s30 and T geach project was seismically classified considering the criteria of the proposed seismic classification system prNCh, The original classifications and those obtained from applying the new criteria were compared, and for the cases of differences, the reasons are analyzed.
A graph of the obtained classifications was prepared, in order to explicitly appreciate the critical parameters in the different soil classification ranges. For the 55 analyzed projects, the seismic soil classification obtained with the proposed classification was compared with that obtained with the current classification. Below there is a summary shown in Table 4 with all the changes and not-change of classification that occurred from this analysis.
Table 4 Comparison of seismic classification changes between proposed and current classification system. It is observed that most of the projects maintained their classification Respect to the ones that changed, the projects that increase They did not have SPT when they were classified with the current classification system, so their classifications had been punished. This was the reason for both cases in which the classification improved 2 levels.
Fundamental soil period is not part of the range of the original seismic soil classification, so the result of its measurement produces that the level in can aa and aa get married to each other classification must be punished because T g has a value in a range of classification lower than the associated to the V s30 value. In one case, the value of V s30 was incorrectly calculated, when performing the correct calculation, it automatically lowered one classification level.
In order to analyze the critical parameters of what does modern classification system mean classification, the seismic soil classifications obtained with the new classification proposal are plotted as shown in Figure 3. The what does modern classification system mean to graph them was that, for each of the 55 projects, their classification was graphed as a point, with the pair T gV s30of a different colour depending on the soil classification type.
In addition, lines were plotted on the graph that represents the lower shear wave velocity limit and the fundamental soil what does modern classification system mean range of each soil classification type according to the classification proposal. That is, for a project to have a classification it must be located above that classification line.
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