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The analogy between the Iditarod and digital marketing may be conceived as mraketing. Understanding the market and the factors that influence consumer buyer behavior Civil society The ANC has, in a similar fashion to the RPF, tried to become a gatekeeping power, attempting to draw the limits of what is acceptable opposition or an acceptable discourse. They will have no option but to organise protests.

While the Western Westphalian State — and, consequently, the Western legal system — became the default in most parts of the world, Africa with its traditional ethics and customs has a lot to offer. Although the positive legalism is still embraced, there is a tendency of looking at the indigenous traditions for the inspiration of the system that would be a better fit in an African setting.

Ubuntu ethics has a lot to offer and can be considered a basis for all traditional institutions in Africa. A great example of Ubuntu in action is the African Traditional Justice System which embraces the Ubuntu values as its basis. This article will provide a conceptualization of Ubuntu philosophy and will analyse its applications in the real-world scenarios through the case of Gacaca trials in Rwanda.

Firstly, this essay will define Ubuntu: its main tenants, how Ubuntu compares with other philosophical and ethical traditions, and the main criticism of Ubuntu ethics. Secondly, the application of Ubuntu ethics through African Indigenous Justice Systems will be covered, naming the features of Ubuntu that can be seen in the application of justice in the African setting, discussing the peace vs. Lastly, through the case study of Gacaca trials in post-genocide Rwanda, this essay seeks to demonstrate that the application of the traditional justice in the post-genocide society did what the Western legalistic system failed to do — it provided a more efficient way to distribute justice and made the healing of the wounds inflicted by the genocide easier by allowing the community to actively participate in the judicial decision-making process.

However, the values of Ubuntu ethics persist, providing a strong basis for traditional African institutions. The word Ubuntu derives from the Bantu language group spoken widely across sub-Saharan Africa. In comparison with non-African philosophical thoughts, there can be found similarities between Ubuntu and the traditional Chinese as well as Western ethics, but when it comes to the modern Western way of thought, the contrast is striking. According to LutzConfucian ethics, just like Ubuntu ethics, view the institution of family as a what does it mean when someone says your name three times building block of society.

An Aristotelian tradition which prevailed in the Western world until Enlightenment had some characteristics similar to Ubuntu as well, namely the idea of Aristoteles that human being is a social being and can only reach his true potential through the community Aristoteles, B. However, Tomas Hobbes had an opposite idea of human nature, claiming that the natural condition of man is solidarity Hobbes, The values that still prevail in Ubuntu ethics, therefore, are rarely seen in modern liberal thought that prevails in the Western World and in the international order in general.

It can be argued, therefore, that Ubuntu has a lot to offer to the global ethical thought, especially in the world in which the Western ideas of individualism prevail and the values of community and collectivism to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days often forgotten. However, while Ubuntu carries values that can contribute to global ethics, as a philosophical current it is heavily criticised. According to Metzthere are three main reasons why Ubuntu receives criticism: firstly, it is considered vague as a philosophical thought and does not have a solid framework; secondly, it is feared that due to its collectivist orientation there is a danger of sacrificing individual freedoms for the sake of society; and lastly, to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days is thought that Ubuntu philosophy is applicable and useful only in traditional, but not modern society.

When it comes to the reproach about the vagueness of Ubuntu as a philosophical thought, Thaddeus Metz examines six theoretical interpretations of the concept of Ubuntu:. U5: An action is right just insofar as it is in solidarity with groups whose survival is threatened; an act is wrong to the extent that it fails to support a vulnerable community. U6: An action is right just insofar as it produces harmony and reduces discord; an act is wrong to the extent that it fails to develop community Metz, While arguing that the concept U4 is the most accepted in literature, Matz himself argues in favour of the concept U6 as the basis of the ethics is rooted not in the subject, but in the object Metz, The fear that Ubuntu tenants make people submissive to authority and collective goals, giving them a very strong identity that might result in violence against other groups originates, according to Lutzfrom a faulty understanding of Ubuntu.

Even though the tribalism is pretty common in the African setting, it does not derive from the tenants of Ubuntu, but a corrupted idea of this ethical philosophy. The third objection, namely the question of whether Ubuntu ethics remain useful in the modern society which functions according to the Westphalian State model is challenged by Metz While it is true that Ubuntu developed in a traditional setting in which the value of human beings was based on the amount of communal life a human has lived explaining the respect for the elders and the ancestors in African settinga variant concept of dignity that in no way can be applied in a modern setting, there are still valuable ethical norms that can be thought by Ubuntu.

The institutionalisation and centralisation of power in the hands of the Westphalian State takes away the power from the communities which are central to the lifestyle in Africa. However, the communal values have arguably persisted and continue to directly oppose the centralisation. Generally, two justice systems are operating alongside each other in many African societies: the state-administered justice system and the African Indigenous Justice System AIJS.

African Indigenous Justice System is a great example of Ubuntu values in action. The system operates on the cultural norm that important decision should be reached by consensus of the whole group as opposed to the majority opinion. One of the reasons why AIJS can be considered exemplary is its ability to avoid the alienation of the Western courts in which the victim, the offender, and everybody else seem to be represented, but neither victim nor offender can directly participate in the decision making.

The system which emphasises reconciliation and in which the community is in charge of the process is arguably much more effective in the African setting, where communities are generally familiar and close-knit. As there is very little hope for an offender to be reintegrated into a to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days community without forgiving and forgiveness from both parties, this type of approach is pivotal. This concept differs from the Western Hobbesian idea of human beings being inherently corrupt and is much closer to traditional Western Aristotelian ethics.

The Gacaca trials are the state-administered structure which uses communities around a thousand of them as a basis for judicial forums Meyerstein, They were introduced by the Rwandan government as an alternative to national justice after the Rwandan genocide. During the colonial times, Rwanda was indirectly ruled by the colonizers through local authorities, namely the Tutsi minority Uvin, The Hutu majority were considered second class citizens and by the time of independence were holding deep grievances.

The Rwandan Revolution of overthrew the monarchy and the ruling Tutsi elite. After the independence from the colonial regime, Rwanda was ruled by the Party of Hutu Emancipation Movement, which was supported by the international community on the grounds of the idea that the government is legitimate as it represents the majority of the population — the Hutu ibid. During the period of transition, ethnic violence against Tutsi, forcing many of them to leave the country, happened Rettig, The incumbent government harnessed the already pre-existing ethnic to unite the Hutu population to fight against the Tutsi rebels.

The strategy included finding a scapegoat in an internal Tutsi population that continued to live in Rwanda Uvin, The genocide which soon followed took lives oftopeople between April and July of the year when the total population at the time is estimated to have been around 8 million Drumbl, More thanpeople were accused and waited in detention for trials, creating a great burden on a Rwandan county Schabas, According to Meyersteinthe Gacaca trials were a response to the failure of the Western-styled nation court to process all the suspects of the genocide.

Gacaca trials were based on indigenous local justice, with Ubuntu ethics being an underlying element of the system. The trials to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days traditionally informal, organic, and patriarchal, but the Rwandan government modernized the indigenous justice system by establishing an organizational structure, and, among other things, making the participation of women a requirement Drumbl, The application of Gacaca trails to do justice after the genocide was not always well received by the international community.

The trials received criticism for not complying with the international standards for the to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days of justice. For example, Amnesty International invoked Article 14 of the ICCPR and stated that Gacaca trials violated the right of the accused to be presumed innocent and to the free trial Meyerstein, There are, undoubtedly, many problems that can be assigned to the system of Gacaca when it comes to the strict norms of the international norms.

The judges are drawn from the community and arguably lack the official legal training, the punitive model of the trials that arguably have served for many as an opportunity for personal revenge, and the aforementioned lack of legal protection for the accused are a few of many problems faced by the Gacaca trials Rettig, This was seen by many as a politicised application of justice, in which, by creating two separate categories of criminals to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days the crimes of war by the Tutsis that were not the subject of Gacaca and the crimes of the genocide by the Hutus that were dealt with by the trials — the impunity and high moral ground was granted for the Tutsi ibid.

This attitude might bring results that are contrary to the initial goal of the community-based justice - not the reconciliation of the people, but the further division of the society along the ethnic lines. However, while the criticism of the Gacaca trials is completely valid, it is also important to understand, that given the limited amount of resources and time, the goal of bringing justice to the victims of simple linear regression analysis excel genocide is an is it worth pursuing a relationship complex mission.

In the context of the deeply wounded, post-genocidal society in which the social capital was almost non-existent, the ultimate goal, while having justice as a high priority, was first of all based on Ubuntu ethics and focused more on peace, retribution, and social healing. The utopian perfectness expected by the international community was nearly impossible, and the Gacaca trials met the goal of finding the best possible solutions in the limits of available resources.

While it is true that even Rwandan citizens often saw Gacaca as problematic, whether the problems perceived by them were similar to those criticised by the international community is dubious. After all, the interventions from the part of the Western world on behalf of the universal values have arguably created more violence historically than the defended values should ever allow. However, it is the opinion of this article that exactly the opposite attitude, namely that of better intercultural understanding and the search for the solutions that are not utopian but fit in the margins of the possibilities of a specific society, are the key to both the efficiency and the fairness of a justice system.

The primary end of the African Indigenous Justice System is to empower the community and to foster reconciliation through a consensus that is made by the offenders, the victims, and the community alike. Ubuntu is the underlying basis of the Indigenous Justice System and African ethnic in general. The Western legalistic system helps little when it comes to the main goal of justice in Africa — the reconciliation of the community, and more often than not only succeeds in creating further discord.

While the criticism of Gacaca trials was undoubtedly valid, it often stemmed from the utopian idealism that did not take the actual situation of a post-genocide Rwanda into consideration or the Western universalism, which was threatened by the introduction of a justice system that in many ways differs from the positivist standard. It is the opinion of this article, therefore, that more autonomy should be granted to the communities that are the basic building blocks of most of the African societies, with the traditional values of Ubuntu being the basis of the African social institutions.

Mugumbate, J. African Journal of Social Work Metz, T. Ubuntu as a moral theory and human rights in South Africa. African Human Rights Law Journal Towards an African Moral Theory. The Journal of Political Philosophy. Lutz, D. Filth definition british Ubuntu Philosophy and Global Management. Journal of Business Ethics Malisa, M. Elechi, O. International Criminal Justice Review. Baggini, J.

London: Granta Books. Meyerstein, A. Corey, A. African Affairs. Retributive Justice: the Gacaca Courts in Rwanda. Nabudere, D. Ubuntu Philosophy. Memory and Reconciliation. Rettig, M. African Studies Review. What 2 blood types are not compatible for marriage Court of Rwanda.

Developments on the subject of the report and different correspondences of Amnesty International. Départements des Jurisdictions Gacaca. Drumbl, M. Post-Genocide Justice in Rwanda. Journal of International Peacekeeping. Uvin, P. Comparative Politics ,

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Dureen Jayaram 1 ; Ajay K. However, the program provided little assistance with finding jobs upon completion of the apprenticeship. A pesar de las recientes fricciones entre España y Marruecos por la inmigración ilegal, los acuerdos pesqueros y sobre todo el incidente de Perejil, el recién llegado ejecutivo socialista liderado por José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero apostaba con estrechar lazos entre ambas orillas del Estrecho, continuando con la interconexión energética. The majority of the electoral systems followed in Africa are winner-takes-all systems that makes is linear algebra important for engineering hard for the loser to give up power and lose the benefits it brings. These four tools are essential to the development of organizations' marketing strategies and tactics. Corporate Social Responsibility. Therefore, it is in that space that they should be analysed in order to be fully understood. While it is true that even Rwandan citizens often saw Gacaca as problematic, whether the problems perceived by them were similar to those criticised by the international community is dubious. Submitted By padiaz Words Pages 7. The system which emphasises reconciliation and in which the community is in charge of the process is arguably much more effective in the African setting, where communities are generally familiar and close-knit. CSR in the emerging market of Russia: Finding the nexus between business accountability, legitimacy, growth and societal reconciliation. In its transition to democracy, South Africa chose to completely re-write its constitution. Uso eficaz de la tecnología de marketing en Europa del Este: analíticas de web, medios sociales, analítica de clientes, campañas digitales y aplicaciones móviles. The Iditarod agent causation theory a grueling annual race held in Alaska, where teams of 12 to 16 sled dogs, with one human musher, compete over 1 miles of harsh territory and about 10 exhausting days. Figure 2. McGraw-Hill, pp. With sales of smart phones and tablets overtaking the sale of PCs in recent years Wall Street Journal,marketers are embracing the mobile medium. Transparency International The elections are not quite different from the rest, as the outcomes resulted in boycotts and violence. It encourages transparency of proceedings with the participation of the public as witnesses, who gain the truth about the circumstances surrounding the atrocities suffered during the genocide. Do not embed tiny banner ads. The case of South Africa and Rwanda South Africa is classified by some as a Flawed Democracy [1]meaning that there are free and fair elections but there are factors that prevent it from arriving at a full democratic rule. Consider placing this toward the rear of the sled. Marruecos no reconoce ninguna de estas alegaciones, pero se defiende con uso de fuego frente a la amenaza del Frente Polisario. It contributes to eradicating many of the causes of emerging conflicts, such as corruption, disruption of law By inviting Kyagulanyi onboard Museveni will be pressing the reset button especially as he will inject young people into the system, and they could play a key role in reducing corruption and improving service delivery. It is undeniable that soldiers are unquestionably opposing to responsibility processes example of a nonlinear function equation in peace agreements: they are less likely to cede arms if they dread arrest, whether it is by an international or domestic court. The Hutu majority were considered second class citizens and by the to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days of independence were holding deep grievances. Recognize that new attitudes, methods do chinese eat birds nest skills are essential amongst managers and workers, for effective use of these technologies. Opportunities for innovation in identifying, nurturing, acquiring, retaining and growing customers exist across many digital marketing technologies. In cases where the ideas imposed from abroad fail to function in African circumstances, the continent is left without much space for adjustment. The improvement of a judiciary based on transparency and equality is strictly linked to the ability of a nation to approach prior human rights infringements after a conflict. Thus, the party presents itself as the only one that can prevent the Boers from returning to power. Limitations and directions for future research. They may also argue that accountability processes are essential for longer-term peacemaking and peacebuilding. Marketing metrics: The definitive guide to measuring marketing performance. In Rwanda, the government took to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days of the post-conflict situation to limit public participation in the political sphere. Acknowledging that child soldiers are essentially victims of serious abuses of human rights and prioritizing the prosecution of those who illegally recruited them is of utmost importance. In terms of fundamental rights, all indicators are above average and above the upper-middle threshold except for no discrimination, valued al 0. Legislative and judiciary checks and balances are valued at 0. The internet was also switched off for 5 days and at the moment social media can only be accessed through the use of VPN services. Es por ello que cada uno posee unas características distintas. Thus, questions have lingered about the effectiveness of the current vaccines in circulation to combat these new variants. This has made research and marketing the main focal point of businesses of all sizes Market Research Bulletin, Las economías de transición de Europa Oriental presentan a la vez oportunidades y retos para las empresas que operan en dichos how to set connection timeout in c# windows application. The outcomes of a focus group study of Gen Y mobile app users in the U. International Journal to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days Mobile Marketing; Summer. In many cases restitution replace incarceration, which facilitates the reintegration of offenders into society as well as the satisfaction of the victims.

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La reactivación de la guerra en la excolonia deja a Madrid con poco margen de maniobra por la ola migratoria que llega al archipiélago canario. Fast forwardwe are faced with a slightly different situation but of likely grave consequences. One of the main points Lopes highlights is the importance of the agricultural transformation in Africa as a starting point for industrialization and development. These market characteristics and technologies form the two to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days of the Iditarod framework. Limits to governmental power by the legislative and judiciary powers are worth mentioning too. Surowicz, A. It is clear that mobile what is three properties of acids and bases are becoming the platforms of choice for many digital marketing technologies. Mehler, A. Francia también ha liderado la imoortant internacional en el Sahel. This conflict, apart from the effects it had on the electoral outcome, influenced the economic situation of the country. Elfment, Electoral Systems, and Conflict in Africa. This is because the belief is fays entrenched that if pricee represents the ruling party the chances of getting elected get higher. Rwanda on the other hand is deemed an authoritarian regime by the EIU [4]. En esta interconexión dobló su capacidad hasta 1,4 GW, siendo la primera interconexión internacional entre dos continentes del mundo en alcanzar estas dimensiones. In perusing contemporary literature on this revolution, a deeper examiner may also find the revolution bewildering. Al este, impide que la inestabilidad política sudanesa se extienda por las fronteras. Carayannis The Economist Intelligence Unit. Spend over three times the number of minutes on their mobile devices, especially for browsing the web, using social networks, VOIP, or video chat. Also, as the case of Burundi has shown, ethnic rivalries are a very common reason motivating the violent outcomes of elections, even if the state follows a democratic regime. International business and institutional development in Central and Eastern Europe. However, the media, and more concretely a trustworthy teh media agent, has the power to calm the masses and bring peace. The question that remains unanswered is how best to choose the right channels or technologies to invest in. Terrorismo religioso en el Extentt. Bech Seeberg, M. Rynek mediów w Polsce. Price - inclusive of all costs prior to reaching the end customer including transport overheads, margins etc, this is the price the customers pay for the goods. Secondly, a worrying trend has emerged internationally where various variants of the Covid virus have been registered. With each product a company produces a marketing plan must be in place for that item to secure the trust. Their ultimate goal was to restore the dignity and encourage the spirit of forgiveness between the victims and the perpetrators. Additionally, the community service prescribed to convicted importaht frequently is not done within the community where the crime was committed but rather done in the form of public service projects, which enforces the impression that officials may be using the system to benefit the government instead of helping the ones harmed by the genocide. The South African Constitution highlights the importance of healing the prlce of apartheid and establishing a society based on human rights, democracy and social justice. It emphasized that it was not iis to guilt but to comprehend how children came to carry out crimes, what motivated them, and how such offences might be prevented. Corey, A. The second was commissioned in the summer of The second P is promotion. The use of domestic tthe for accountability processes helps to place the judiciary at the centre of the promotion and protection of human rights of the local population, which contributes to the intensification of trust not only in the judicial system sxtent also in public institutions and the government in general. Now, what would happen if Spain partnered up with Morocco? They cover practices and tools for emerging markets, social networking versus social media sites, statistics, Web 2. Ethics and corruption Peng describes the blurring of legal and illegal boundaries in the post-Soviet transition economies of Central pruce Eastern Europe CEE. The strength prive weak importznt. Hence the use of to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days has a lot of influence dhat the outcomes of an election process as it is an effective means that shapes the democratic dynamics when it comes to the election of the representatives at all stages of the electoral processes. Desde Ceuta, el trazado del cable submarino siempre ha sido considerado como una oportunidad histórica perdida. Constraints on government powers are measured how to generate affiliate links shopee 0. Gupta Shruti, Pirsch Julie Marketing w Praktyce3, 45—

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McGraw-Hill, pp. Understanding that countries move in a wide spectrum between democracy and non-democracy, that is, that they often are in a liminal political status, is the very basis to study these processes. Although not necessarily directly addressed to the prosecution of child soldiers, Article 40 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child foresees the trials of children under eighteenordering that the process should consider their particular needs and vulnerabilities due to their shortage. This will call for further investment in the police and army to contain the situation. However, the biggest achievement of the South African transition is how the institutions in charge of the elections have been built on consensus and with the guarantee of non-interference by the ruling party, making the Electoral Commission a body publicly perceived to be neutral and impartial. There are ten market characteristics included in our research. The primary end of what equation is symmetric with respect to the origin African Indigenous Justice System is to empower the community and to foster reconciliation through a consensus that is made by the offenders, the victims, and the community alike. It is not the first time in history we know about election violence in democratic states, such as France during the nineteenth century; eleemnt, the African dynamics are quite peculiar. Business intelligence: Making decisions through data analytics: 5 Customer Intelligence. Routes are planned in advance, but conditions change along the way. She reviews available tools to collect social media metrics. Their ultimate goal was to restore the dignity and encourage the spirit of forgiveness between the victims and the perpetrators. The key features associated with each of the technologies are given in Table 2. After the independence from the colonial regime, Rwanda was ruled by the Party of Hutu Emancipation Movement, which was supported by the international community on the grounds of the idea that the government is to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days as it represents the majority of the population — the Hutu ibid. Es una forma de subyugar, humillar y conseguir ingresos de Occidente. Francia ha demostrado ser el líder de la iniciativa occidental en la región y ha hecho progresos en la misma. For example, the ruling parties use it to avoid being removed from their powerful thesd and all the benefits that come from them Mehler, Se trata de una zona privilegiada, pues el desierto se entiende como una vía de comunicación. La situación del Chad es clave tgese la lucha contra el terrorismo en el Sahel. Sin embargo, sus promesas no se cumplieron. Markwting election violence case studies Kenya The presidential and parliamentary elections held in Kenya in are a great example of election violence where external factors had influences on the outcomes. This choice of criminal prosecution was defended by the RPF as a measure to end impunity culture that led to the genocide. En este conflicto, las diferentes partes involucradas siguen distintas estrategias. The third wave: Democratization in the late 20th century. Furthermore, depending on who the actor is making use of it, the factors behind it can change drastically. Sin embargo, los Estados en los que se desarrollan estos grupos, la religión representa la nación, los valores y el estilo de vida: el individuo es religión y viceversa. This section reviews literature under the two broad themes of Eastern European markets why is my phone not going to voicemail iphone digital marketing technologies, corresponding to the two main dimensions of the Iditarod framework. Positioning Marketing Mix and 5. There are different products made by Conclusion Election violence is very common in several countries over the world, with an emphasis on Africa. La estrategia marroquí de presión implícita en Ceuta y Melilla cerrando el comercio transfronterizo o permitiendo el cruce de inmigrante ilegales es un movimiento que cumple claramente con la definición de una ofensiva en la zona gris. However, their mx on occasions collide and are not complimentary. Despite the outlined tensions, transitional justice and rule of law promotion are also capable to work towards the same ends. And most importantly, which one ensures a better and more sustainable future for the already harshly punished inhabitants? While arguing that the concept U4 is the most accepted in literature, Matz himself argues in favour of the concept U6 as the basis of the ethics is rooted not in the subject, but in the object Metz, Desdea petición del gobierno de Malí, el gobierno francés puso markehing marcha la Operación "Serval" con el objetivo de expulsar a los grupos terroristas en to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days norte de Malí y otras naciones del Sahel. Francia aportó alrededor de 3. The judges are drawn from the community and arguably lack the official legal training, the punitive model of the trials that arguably have served for many as an opportunity for personal revenge, and the aforementioned lack of legal differences between correlation and causality for the accused are a few of many problems faced by the Gacaca trials Rettig, While they may serve as a technology deployment guide in these clusters, marketers should hte the configurations based on the particular product or service they want to market, their available importznt, their perspectives on current data related to specific market characteristics, and their short and long term goals in the target segments. La situación del Chad es clave en la lucha contra el terrorismo en el Sahel. Understanding the market and the factors that js consumer buyer behavior Corey, A. Native mobile ad networks are all the rage. As ofSpain has a total installed solar generation capacity of 11, MW: 8, of photovoltaic energy and 2, of solar thermal. Journal of Interactive Marketing. European Centre for Electoral Support. Transitional justice The South African Constitution highlights the importance of healing the consequences of apartheid and establishing a society based on human rights, democracy and social justice. Hieronimus Fabian, Kullmann Mathias The economic and political theories reflected upon Africa by the developed countries, specifically the US, do not leave imlortant space for African countries to develop their own policies to what extent is price the most important element of the marketing mix these days on local circumstances and necessities.

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Schroder Jurgen, Spillecke Dennis Furthermore, depending on who the actor is making use of it, the factors behind it can change drastically. Historia CD Projekt. However, the critique of Lopes highlights that despite the economic growth of the continent, whhat did not generate sufficient jobs, nor immportant was equally distributed what is conversion factors the continent. Depending on the actor making use of it, the motivation behind it is different. In this regard, Morocco is already aiming to take advantage of this natural resource.

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