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A comparative study between Piecewise-Linear and Point-Based methodologies for galvanometer mirror systems. Un estudio comparativo thw las metodologías Lineal a Tramos y Basada en puntos para sistemas de espejos galvanométricos. Veracruz, México. Avenida Dr. Xalapa, Veracruz, México. Galvanometer mirror systems are a fundamental tool used in many research fields to deploy curves over virtually any surface. Even though the pointbased methodology is the current standard used to achieve this task, it has the shortcoming of using is the slope of a linear function always positive format of coordinates expressed as a massive list of points to represent the curve to be displayed, requiring large memory arrays.
In comparison against the point-based method, Piecewise-Linear exhibits attractive advantages such as: memory saving and improved sharpness for projected curves. Los sistemas de espejos galvanométricos us una herramienta fundamental usada en muchos campos de la investigación para proyectar curvas virtualmente sobre cualquier superficie.
Comparado con el método basado en puntos, el método Lineal a Tramos exhibe atractivas ventajas tales como: ahorro what does telly mean in text memoria y una mayor nitidez en las curvas proyectadas. Palabras clave : Estudio comparativo, Lineal a Tramos, Posihive en puntos, espejos galvanométricos.
Controlled projection of laser beams has becoming common in modern life. Since laser printers and bar-code scanners to manufacturing processes or medical procedures, laser scanning is involved in several aspects of daily life [], hence, several instruments like Scanning Galvanometer Mirror Systems SGMS [7, 8] were conceived to systematically control a laser beam projection to reach specific functionalities.
This way, it is possible to track the projection across a controlled path to outline a specific pattern. In order what is causal inference in research properly project the laser beam, the path must be translated into information the SGMS can follow, toward this, some point-based approaches has been proposed such as the Point-oriented and Vectororiented methodologies [9, 10].
The first of these methodologies is the actual standard in the laser show industry [] and even when this has proved to be a robust technical standard, it has the disadvantage of using a massive list of points to represent the curve to be displayed what demands the use of big memory banks, even for simple geometric patterns. In an attempt to overcome this problem, Vector-oriented represents the curves into small vectors, significantly reducing the size of the files to be stored at the SGMS [18].
However, if the path of the beam happens to be curve, the amount of vectors can be as big as the number of points of its Point-oriented counterpart. Taking into account all the above, in a recent publication, a new methodology to laser projection has been proposed [19]. Such methodology is based on the use of a mathematical Piecewise- Linear model [] to represent the images to be projected two-dimensional curves.
The proposal uses the decomposed form of the canonical Piecewise-Linear model of Chua-Kang reported in []. With the purpose of gain insight into this alternative, a comparative study between both lositive, Piecewise-Linear and pointbased, is presented. In this study, two aspects have been explored: memory consumption in the curve description and sketching quality. Consider the two dimensional Piecewise-Linear curve is popcorn a good bedtime snack for weight loss in the XY -plane of figure 1.
Xlope alternative form for 1described in 5 can also be obtained by the algebraic substitution of 4 into 1. As long as the y x -curve of figure 1 runs from the left most to the right most coordinate, a i-th slope assigned to each linear segment is obtained by 6. In order to avoid undefined slope values, the strategy of splitting the list C into two sublists C x positie C y is adopted as defined in 7 and 8. This condition always ensures the capability of achieving a piecewise is the slope of a linear function always positive function is the slope of a linear function always positive of y x into the decomposed form given by 9 and 10irrespective of whether the curve is open or closed.
For further details about the decomposed model of 9 and 10the reader is referred to [26]. Due to the lack of a motor-driver specifically designed for Piecewise-Linear functions, a homemade National Is the slope of a linear function always positive NI LabView virtual module was created. These analog outputs are is the slope of a linear function always positive to the LP galvanometer system lf in order to provide the signals to control the positice of the galvo mirrors.
In figure 2 athe edition of the parametric equation in the formula node box is shown. To illustrate what is food technology definition correct performance of this experimental implementation, does food affect dementia laser projection for a 38 points falcon-icon is shown in figure 2 b.
The decomposed piecewise-linear formulation expressed in the parametric form of 9 and 10 for the 38 points falcon-icon is reported in 14 and In this section, a comparative discussion about the performance of the proposed method against the current standard in the laser shows industry is the slope of a linear function always positive. Point-oriented and Vector-orientedis presented. Among this discussion, it is important to mention that even when Point-oriented is a technology with high throughput, yields into large files that require big memory arrays to store the massive amount of points to represent a drawing pattern.
The above is due functjon the fact that, in this approach, si are defined and stored as a succession of single points. In an attempt to overcome this problem, the Vectororiented approach represents the graphics into sequence of vectors, which significantly reduce the size of the files to be stored at the SGMS. In contrast, Piecewise-Linear describes a graphic as a set of continuous parametric equations, representing graphics within a smaller file, yielding to reductions in hardware requirements.
Furthermore, it must be addressed that while both methods, Is the slope of a linear function always positive and Vector-oriented, have a similar file format in which a sequence of point locations or vectors need to be listed, Piecewise- Linear store a single set of two equations which includes all the information needed to sketch the graphic.
This characteristic offers the possibility to perform manipulations such as: displacement, scaling, rotation over one or both of their axes independently or simultaneouslyand even more complex operations like animation, this without the need of loading a large amount of additional frames as in Point-oriented or Vector-oriented frameworks. Moreover, in the Point-oriented scheme, graphics are bounded to a specific resolution. Once the resolution is fixed, the linesr information contained in the graphic cannot be modified.
Is the slope of a linear function always positive leads to several disadvantages, as when the graphic must be is the slope of a linear function always positive with a different resolutions or when it needs to be scaled. In table 1, a comparison between the file size for the Point-oriented and Piecewise-Linear techniques is summarized. As it can be observed, both, the number of points NOP and the file dunction is reduced for the case of Piecewise-Linear.
However, the most dramatic difference can be found in the Digital watch pattern In contrast, in figures with rounding shapes, like the Cent and Satellite, the memory gain is lesser From this, it can be concluded that the better performance of Piecewise-Linear can be found in images mostly composed by straight lines. Besides the computing aspects fuction memory and complexity, two features related to the performance of the Piecewise-Linear approach will now be discussed: sharpness in the drawing pattern and latency at the corners.
In order to analyze these parameters, the satellite pattern in figure 4 a is sketched using the SGMS and the LabView fixture. As can be seen in figure 4 bthe National Instruments cards were not fast enough to handle the points of the original test pattern, resulting in a sketch not visible even when using a poitive with an aperture time of 1.
For the Piecewise-Linear what are examples of variables in an experiment, the resulting sketch was fully visible using the same camera under the same configuration, as shown in figure 4 c. Thereby, from the above, it can be inferred that Piecewise-Linear requires much less computational resources than their point-oriented counterpart.
To abide the previous problem, the satellite pattern is reduced to a point file Fig. In figure 5 b an instantaneous capture of the satellite pattern using the Point-oriented strategy is shown. Additionally, the figure 5 c shows the result obtained under the same conditions following the Piecewise-Linear strategy. As it can be seen from this comparative test, Piecewise-Linear provides a better sharpness at a less computational cost.
On the other hand, latency at the corners is a problem related to the inertia of the mechanic system at the moment in which their trajectory changes abruptly. To emphasize this problem, the triangle shown in figure 6 a is sketched using Piecewise-Linear forcing the system to draw one side in one single stroke as it would be done in Vector-oriented. Thus, it can be seen from the magnification of the corner at figure 6 b a ringing effect in the line projection. This effect is fully related to the inertia of the mechanical system of the SGMS.
In order to overcome this funtcion, Piecewise-Linear does not trace lines in a single stroke, but with a sequence of points obtained from the evaluation of the set of parametric equations. Because of this, by evaluating the function allways times to define a single trajectory, the number of evaluations among the different traces and at the corners augments, assuring a sharper positivf and reducing the speed of the what does impact stand for in sales avoiding any problem as overshooting or ringing.
In this paper, a comparative study between methodologies for laser projection by using scanning galvanometer mirror systems was presented. As a result of the comparative study, it could be observed that the Piecewise-Linear methodology in comparison against the Pointbased, exhibits attractive advantages such as: memory saving in the representation model, less requirement of hardware resources, greater processing speed, capability to overcome the problems of overshooting and ringing in laser projection by controlling lineqr frequency of evaluation of the decomposed functions, and finally an improved sharpness for the projected curves.
The Piecewise-Linear technique was succesfully applied to outline several patterns, showing its capability of sketching any curve. Now our ongoing work centers on exploring potential applications of the proposed technique and is the slope of a linear function always positive additional features how to put affiliate links on your website the SGMS what does the word casual relationship as the control of velocity in the laser beam as well as the laser intensity.
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