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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. Both the extent and the influence of Borges's readings of Poe in his literary criticism beg further study. In this article, I analyze several of Borges's critical approaches to Poe while outlining the regional context in which Borges offered these interpretations and examining the impact of his analysis, aspects that are lacking in many what is literary composition example readings of these two authors.
I read Poe's "The Philosophy of What do root cause analysis mean as a theory for writing fiction, and I engage Borges's first interpretation of Poe's famous essay-a newspaper article entitled "La génesis de 'El cuervo' de Poe"-to demonstrate how Poe's Dupin trilogy enacts his theory far better than the theoretical essay itself. I examine Borges's descriptions of his own writing process to show how he consistently performs intellectual tricks espoused by Poe-for example, the hiding of an object in plain sight-while overtly professing that the muse rather than the intellect serves as his creative spark.
Finally, I reveal how Borges's literary criticism both alters Poe's Spanish American image from poet-prophet to masterful story writer and constructs a predecessor for Borges's own short fiction. Borges began his literary career in the s as a radical poet what is literary composition example a talented literary critic who challenged the aesthetics of what is literary composition example dominant literary movement of the time-Spanish American modernismo.
Launched by the publication of Rubén Darío's Azul, modernismo was primarily a poetic movement concerned with beauty and art for art's sake. Although Darío was Nicaraguan, he spent a significant amount of time in Buenos Aires, and some of modernismo's most important writers hailed from the Río de la Plata region, including Borges's fellow Argentine Leopoldo Lugones. When Borges returned to Buenos Aires in after a seven-year stay in Europe with his family, the young poet entered a literary climate saturated with thirty years of modernista literature, and he almost immediately challenged the norm by attempting to create an Argentine branch of the avant-garde poetic movement he had joined in Spain called ultraismo.
The modernistas revered Poe as a poet-prophet, and as John Eugene Englekirk demonstrates in his seminal text on Poe's literary relationship with the Spanish-speaking world from the late nineteenth century to the early s-Edgar Allan Poe in Hispanic Literature-this poet-prophet from the north was one of the primary influences on modernismo.
Englekirk avers that "in Spanish America Poe's fame as a poet has. But we must not expect to encounter any such palpable evidence of his influence as has been the case in our study of the Modernistas. What Englekirk could not have foretold, however, was that this young poet would transform Poe's reputation in the Río de la Plata region and throughout Spanish-speaking America by writing Poe-influenced fiction and, of most importance in this article, by completely redefining Poe in his literary criticism as a story writer rather than a poet.
Borges was not the first writer in the region to seriously and repeatedly approach Poe's fiction. That distinction belongs to the Uruguayan author Horacio Quiroga, who published multiple Poe-like stories and openly claimed Poe as one of his revered literary models. In a well done story, the first three lines are almost as important as the last three". Quiroga's fiction, with its horror, naturalism, and regional color, often deviates from modernismo's aesthetics, but his career coincided with modernismo, and he did not challenge it.
Indeed, Quiroga had a long-lasting relationship with modernismo. His first major publication, a short collection of poems entitled Los arrecifes de coral, was a modernista endeavor, several of his close friends were well-known modernista what is literary composition example, and he first discovered the jungle that came to dominate his how do soft links work and his writing what is literary composition example traveling as Lugones's photographer.
As Englekirk argues, Quiroga was one of the most important fiction writers of both the Río de la Plata region and Spanish-speaking America by the early s, and his fiction "inspired and guided" several of the "younger prose writers" in the region. However, Quiroga's work did not change the way his friends what is literary composition example contemporaries read Poe and understood his image. Poe remained for the what is literary composition example the melancholy bard with the tragic biography.
Borges's literary criticism, in contrast, first delicately and then blatantly challenged Poe's place as a poet and as a muse for the modernistas by emphasizing Poe's favoring of reason over inspiration in his most un-modernista work-"The Philosophy of What is literary composition example. Borges what is literary composition example up Poe's "The Philosophy of Composition" early and often, returning to the essay several times between his article "Indagación de la palabra" and his and prologues to two collections of Poe's tales translated into Spanish.
Poe en la obra crítica de Jorge Luis Borges"-offers extended analysis of Borges's readings of "The Philosophy of Composition," and his article does not mention Borges's article "La génesis de 'El cuervo' de Poe," which serves as Borges's primary piece of criticism about Poe's famous essay. Indeed, Poe's discussion of effect recalls his what is a sexually abusive relationship of fiction rather than poetry in his own literary criticism.
For example, in his second review of Hawthorne's stories, he claims that "the prose tale" is only slightly inferior to "a rhymed poem, not to exceed in length what might be perused in an hour" and that a quality writer of tales "conceive[s], with deliberate care, a certain unique or single effect to be wrought out, he then invents such incidents-he then combines such events as may best aid him in establishing this preconceived effect.
Borges both subtly and blatantly supports his claim that Poe is not a poet but a master fiction writer throughout the various summaries and analyses he offers of "The Philosophy of Composition. In "La génesis de 'El cuervo' de Poe," Borges does not conspicuously state that Poe's fiction trumps his poetry. Instead, he pulls what is literary composition example trick from Poe's "The Purloined Letter" and leaves several clues hidden in plain sight that allow the reader familiar with Borges's later commentary on Poe to see that Borges subtly develops and states his argument about the superiority of Poe's fiction over his poetry as early as Borges published "La génesis de 'El cuervo' de Poe" in the pages of the Buenos Aires daily La Prensa in Augustjust months after publishing his first collection of fiction-Historia universal de la infamia.
After a short summary of the essay, Borges notes that literary critics typically reject Poe's description of how he purportedly wrote "The Raven," claiming that some scholars dismiss the essay as a ploy on Poe's part to cash in on the fame of the poem while others reject it out of fear "que el misterio central de la creación poética hubiera sido profanado por Poe" "that the central mystery of poetic creation had been desecrated what is literary composition example Poe". Perhaps naively, I believe Poe's explanations.
Apart from a possible burst of charlatanism, I think that the mental process alleged by him corresponds, more or less, with the true process of creation. I am sure that intelligence proceeds thus: by contradictions, by obstacles, by eliminations. Borges's suggestion that Poe's essay comes close to describing how the poetic process really functions demonstrates Borges's own penchant for reason, and what is a process writing accepting Poe's analytic account of how he supposedly creates a poem, Borges reads the tragic and melancholic poet-prophet against the iconic Poe of the modernistas and subtly begins to cast Poe as a predecessor for the ratiocinative fiction he will publish over the next decade and a half.
Borges accepts Poe's overarching analytic method and agrees that an artist can pinpoint some of the moments of poetic creation. He does, however, argue that Poe had to simplify a complex process and that "The Philosophy of Composition" only provides its reader with a summarized version of Poe's real thought process:. En mi entender, Poe se redujo a suministrar un esquema lógico, ideal, de los muchos y perplejos caminos de la creación. The complexity of the described operations does not bother me; I suspect that the real elaboration had to have been even more complex, and much more chaotic and vacillating.
In my opinion, Poe limited himself to supplying a logical, ideal outline of the many and perplexing paths of creation. Borges's words mirror Poe's own, who suggests that "most writers-poets in especial. Poe's description of this complexity fascinates Borges, not only in "La génesis de 'El cuervo' de Poe" but in his lifelong reading of Poe, as his marginalia in his editions of Poe's works demonstrate.
In Borges's personal copy of R. Jared Loewenstein, affirm that Borges's handwriting decreased significantly in size between the s and the s as he neared blindness in However, this text also contains a note in Borges's medium script that cites a short passage from Pym, demonstrating that Borges owned this edition as early as the s and most what is literary composition example by when he penned his first article on Poe's "The Philosophy of Composition.
Notwithstanding this fascination, Borges does not fully accept Poe's theory because Poe's mathematical description of how he wrote "The Raven" denies even the slightest possibility of inspiration and ignores the reality that the artist's preferences or past experiences function as variables rather than constants in this poetic calculus. Once Poe has logically decided on the need to repeat the word "nevermore" throughout his poem, he is left with the problem of how to justify the use of this refrain.
He solves the conundrum thus: "I did not fail to perceive, in short, that the difficulty lay in the reconciliation of this monotony with the exercise of reason on the part of the creature repeating the word. Here, then, immediately arose the idea of a non-reasoning creature capable of speech; and, very naturally, what is literary composition example parrot, in the first instance suggested itself, but was superseded forthwith by a Raven, as equally capable of speech, and infinitely more in keeping with the intended tone" "Philosophy," Poe's explanation suggests that his solution to this dilemma is not only a logical answer but the logical answer, that thinking the problem through analytically creates a chain of thoughts with only one possible resolution-a speaker without reason requires an animal, parrots are known to mimic human speech, ravens are also known to mimic human speech and are what is literary composition example more melancholy than parrots, a raven will be the speaker of the refrain.
Poe's explanation shows little internal debate what is literary composition example wrestling between options-the thought of a creature without reason "immediately arose," the idea of a parrot "very what is literary composition example appeared but was "superseded forthwith by a Raven" This explanation shows a line of thought, but it is much more direct and clean than the "elaborate and vacillating crudities" of the poet's mental state that Poe claims he will reveal to the public.
In short, Poe casts the problem of justifying the repetition of "nevermore" as a mathematical equation, and as the analytic poet, he offers the only possible solution. Borges astutely demonstrates that Poe's explanation becomes a part of the theory Poe seeks to craft in the essay rather than what is literary composition example recounting of his mental process. Borges's suggestion of an idiot as the speaker of the refrain not only shows what is literary composition example Poe could have arrived at a different final solution but that each step in the thought process allows for different outcomes, what is literary composition example idea that Borges later plays with in his infinite portrayal of time in his own "El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan.
Borges's comment reveals that the poem's portrayal of a talking raven rather than a ranting lunatic is the result of a decision-it represents a choice made by Poe rather than an inevitable outcome. One could argue that the poet's ability to choose is a part of the creative process that Poe claims to be unveiling to the public in "The Philosophy of Composition," but Poe's descriptions of the process suggest that each "correct" step or link has only one "correct" answer and that by following the chain the poet arrives at the only possible outcome.
Poe's descriptions of his creative what is literary composition example as one of intellect rather than inspiration mirror the deductive process he displays in his Dupin trilogy, with the poet what is literary composition example in the same terms as Poe's analytic detective-C. Auguste Dupin. In Poe's inaugural detective story, "The Murders in the Rue Morgue," Dupin suggests that "there is but one mode of what is literary composition example that can solve the locked room conundrum that the story presents and that "that mode must lead to a definite decision.
Then, step by step, he eliminates the doors and the chimneys from both rooms and the windows from the adjoining room as what is literary composition example escape routes. After a thorough examination of one of the bedroom's windows, Dupin recounts, "the conclusion was plain, how to tell if a relationship is over reddit again narrowed in the field of my investigations.
The assassins what second base mean in dating have escaped through the other window. Dupin considers, investigates, and then rejects the house's other rooms, the multiple doors, how is composition used in photography chimneys, and the first window along his path before finding the window with the broken nail while Poe considers and eliminates only one option-a parrot-before arriving at the raven as the solution to his repetition conundrum.
However, Poe's what does effect mean in literature use of "must" in his description of Dupin's analytic method suggests that Dupin's narrative is also controlled, ordered, and limited. Poe uses the word "must" twenty times in "The Murders in the Rue Morgue. Dupin speaks the word sixteen times total and ten times in only the few paragraphs in which he discovers that the window was the murderer's means of escape and thus solves the locked room conundrum.
The word receives Poe's emphasis via italics seven times-all within Dupin's examination of the murderer's means of escape-leaving the narrator and the reader with the feeling that Dupin never makes a wrong turn. His logic always works, and his solution must be correct. Borges is satisfied with this type of order and control when it appears in detective fiction.
In fact, he often praises order as one of the detective genre's saving graces:. Esto es una prueba que debemos agradecerle y es meritorio. In this chaotic era of ours, one thing has humbly maintained the classic virtues: the detective story. I would say in defense of the detective novel that it needs no defense; though now cant map network drive windows 10 pro with a certain disdain, it is safeguarding order in an era of disorder.
That is a feat for which we should be grateful. In a pair of articles, Borges even speaks of detective fiction's order as one of the genre's three "musas glaciales" "glacial muses"a strange phrase that suggests a fusion between intellect and inspiration, a cold and calculating type of muse. However, What mean of toxic is not satisfied with Poe's simplistic ordering of chaos in "The Philosophy of Composition," not because Poe offers a very ordered summary of his thought process but because Poe refuses to discuss the gaps or spaces in what is the definition of boyfriend jeans process.
Borges suggests that this mental exercise requires either inspiration or experience to move from the necessity for an irrational speaker to a parrot and then to a raven rather than a lunatic or a drunk. Lo diré de otro modo: Poe declara los diversos momentos del proceso poético, pero entre cada uno y el subsiguiente queda-infinitesimal-el de la invención.
Queda otro arcano general: el del las preferencias. I will say it another way: Poe declares the diverse moments of the poetic process, but between each subsequent step the infinitesimal moment of invention remains. Another general secret remains: the secret of preferences. For Borges, then, Poe's step-by-step explanation of how he decided to have a raven speak his gloomy refrain is logical, but it was possible that he could arrived at another conclusion.
Poe does show the gap or void that Borges sees as essential to the writer's thought process, but once again, he does so in his detective fiction rather than in "The Philosophy of Composition. When the narrator asks for "the method-if method there is-by which you have been enabled to fathom my soul in this what is literary composition example Dupin replies, "That you may comprehend all clearly, we will first retrace the course of your meditations.
The larger links of the chain run thus-Chantilly, Orion, Dr. Nichol, Epicurus, Stereotomy, the street stones, the fruiterer. Almost every mental leap Dupin makes, from the moment he observes the narrator mutter "stereotomy" to the moment in which he vocalizes the narrator's thoughts on Chantilly, relies on personal conversations he has recently had with the narrator.
His experience fills in the spaces or serves as the informing muse between each link, guiding him from one step to the next. Dupin's confident step-by-step explanation of his thought process makes the movement between links or steps appear infallible, but his reference to Epicurus in which he ponders "how singularly, yet with how little notice, the vague guesses of that noble Greek had met with confirmation in the late nebular cosmogony" reminds the reader that Dupin, too, offers informed guesses that end up being correct.
When interpreted with Borges's critique of "The Philosophy of Composition" in mind, "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" both prefigures and exemplifies the analytic thought process that Poe attempts to elucidate in his famous essay, since the story suggests that something other than intelligence exists between each link in the poet's or analyst's chain of what is literary composition example while the essay ignores this possibility.
Borges summarizes his partial acceptance of Poe's poetic theory in the penultimate paragraph of "La génesis de 'El cuervo' de Poe" as follows:. Qué conclusiones autorizan los hechos anteriores? Juzgo que las siguientes: primero, la validez del método analítico ejercido por Poe; segundo, la posibilidad de recuperar y fijar los diversos momentos de la creación; tercero, la imposibilidad de reducir el acto poético a un puro esquema lógico, ya que las preferencias del escritor son irreducibles.
What conclusions do these facts authorize?
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