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The purpose of this work clase to extend the known classes of C -normal spaces and clarify the gijective of C -normality under several usual topological operations; in particular, it is proved that C -normality is not preserved under closed subspaces, unions, continuous and closed images, and inverse images under perfect functions. These results are used to answer some questions raised in [ 1 ], [ 2 ] bijectiv [ 6 ]. Keywords: Normality, local compactness, epi-normality, compactness. Estos resultados se utilizan para responder algunas preguntas planteadas en [ 1 ], [ 2 ] y [ 6 ].
Palabras clave: Normalidad, compacidad local, epi-normalidad, compacidad. Years later AlZahrani and Kalantan published a study of the behavior of these two topological properties and their relations with other normal-type properties see [ 1 ],[ 6 ]. At the beginning of this work we present a systematic study of the classes C - P and epi- P of topological spaces. These classes are defined in a similar way to C -normality and epi-normality, but considering an arbitrary topological property P instead of normality.
We show that the classes C - P and epi- P are hereditary additive or productive when P is hereditary additive or productive, respectly. Then we apply these results to study C -normal spaces; we extend the known classes of C -normal spaces by showing that they include products of locally compact spaces and locally Lindelöf spaces. We also describe some specific examples. Bijectivee [ 6 ] Saeed showed the existence of a Tychonoff space which is not C -normal; we use some spaces associated with such example to prove that C -normality is not preserved under closed subspaces, unions of subspaces, continuous and closed images, and perfect preimages.
We conclude the work comparing some characteristics of C -normality and epi-normality. Throughout the text all spaces under consideration will be assumed to be Hausdorff. The continuum is denoted by c. The set of natural numbers is denoted by and the symbol stands for the set good relationship tips between husband and wife real numbers. The space X is locally Lindelöf if for each point x in X there is a neighborhood U of x which is Lindelöf.
The topology of A X is defined what does causal link mean in biology follows. All non stated concepts and notation can be understood as in [ 5 ]. The classes of epi- P and C-P spaces. The following notions describe two different ways in which we can extend the class of all topological spaces satisfying a given bbijective.
Definition 3. Let P be a topological property. Given a topological property Psince every bijective continuous function defined on a compact Hausdorff space is a homeomorphism onto its image, all epi- P spaces are C - P. The other implication is not always true, for example when P coincides with normality see Example 6. Proposition 3. The classes C what is bijective function class 12 P and epi- P can coincide, for example when a space X satisfies P if, and only if, every compact subset of X is metrizable.
Besides, if P and Q whats percent composition different properties, the class of epi- P spaces and the class of epi- Q spaces can coincide; for example, when Q is the class of epi- P spaces the class of epi- P spaces coincides with the class of epi- Q spaces. Similarly, the cpass C - P and C - Q can coincide, as we will show now.
Theorem 3. In what follows we will analyze some properties of the classes epi - P and C - P inherited from the property P. If a property P is hereditary, then the classes C-P and epi-P are closed under arbitrary subspaces. We will show the case of C - P spaces; the proof for the epi- P spaces is similar. Let A be what is bijective function class 12 subset of X. Since the property P is hereditary, the space f A has property P.
We will prove the result for the class C - P ; the case of the class epi- P is similar. We will prove the result for the class of C - P spaces, the other case is similar. By an argument similar to the one used in the proof of Theorem 3. We will show the case of C - P spaces; the case for the epi- P spaces is similar. Notice that F is a bijective function. Observe that p is continuous. As A D is compact, the what does a negative relationship look like G is a homeomorphism.
We consider now the following well known construction. Let X be an arbitrary space. Define a topology on fubction as follows. A set of kX what does the tree of life symbol stand for open if, and only if, its intersection with any compact subspace C of X is open in C.
Then bijectibe space kX endowed with this topology is a k -space, has exactly the same compact subspaces that Xand induces the same topology that X on these compact subspaces. From these observations it is easy to conclude the following. Let Pbe a topological property. In this text we will be particularly interested in C -normality and some related properties. Notice that all epi-normal spaces, all C -compact spaces and all C -metrizable spaces are C -normal.
We will provide another classes of spaces which are C -normal. As is stated in Exercise 3. D from [ 5 ], every locally compact space is epi-compact, so we can apply Theorem 3. Corollary 4. Example 4. The space of real numbers is locally compact, because of Corollary 4. Moreover, if is the Sorgenfrey line, then admits a bijective continuous function ontoso we can apply Theorem 3. However, is not normal when the set S is not countable see [ 5Exercise 2.
E] and is not normal when S has at least two elements see [ 5Example 2. Now we will deal with a notion more general than locally compactness, local Lindelöfness, in order to get more examples of C -normal spaces. Theorem 4. If X is regular and locally Lindelöf, then X is epi-Lindelöf. We must prove that X admits a bijective and continuous function onto a Lindelöf bljective. We define what is bijective function class 12 topology in Y in the following way.
The topology of Y is the minimal topology on Y which satisfies the following conditions:. It contains bijrctive topology of X. As X is regular and locally Lindelöf, the space Y is T 1. We bijecctive verify now that Y is regular. Notice that is closed in Y. Thus, the space Y is regular. It is easy to verify that Y is Lindelöf. As Y is normal and q only identifies a closed set, the space Z is regular.
Since q is continuous, the space Z is Lindelöf. We now describe some examples of locally Lindelöf spaces, and hence C-normal spaces, which are neither locally compact nor normal. Let X be a locally compact not normal space and let Y be a Lindelöf not locally compact space. Thus, Theorem 4. As a particular case, we can take X as the deleted Tychonoff plank and Y as the Sorgenfrey line.
Question 4. Is there a locally normal regular space X which is not C -normal? Proposition 4. If any countable subspace of X is discrete, then X is C-normal. By [ 1Corollary 1. As B is closed, discrete and infinite, it follows that A is not compact. We now describe an what is bijective function class 12 of a space in which all countable subsets are discrete, and hence a C -normal space, but which is not normal.
This example was obtained by Shakhmatov see [ 3Example 1. Let I c be the Tychonoff cube of weight c. As it is proved in [ 3Example 1. As Y is pseudocompact but not countably compact, we conclude from [ 5Theorem 3. Operations with C vijective spaces. In [ 6 ] Saeed showed the existence of a Tychonoff space which is not C -normal. Now consider the subspace. This example iis us a compact space and a normal space whose product is not C -normal, so C -normality is not what is bijective function class 12 productive property.
However, we functkon do not know the answer to the following question. Question 5. Is there a C -normal space X such that its square is not C -normal? We know that normality is preserved under closed subspaces and closed continuous images. In the following examples we will show that C -normality is not necessary preserved in these cases. Example 5.
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