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The Region: A basic Concept for u La science régionale est "la seule discipline pour laquelle la région soit une notion centrale". A travers l'histoire des concepts régionaux, région naturelle, région homogène, région historique, région culturelle, région fonctionnelle, pôles de croissance et théorie des milieux, cet article synthétique aborde les logiques du nouvel ordre régional face à la mondialisation économique et politique. Regional science is the only field integrating explicitly the notion of region.
Through an analysis of the basic regional concepts, such as natural region, homogeneous region, historical region, fonctional region, growth pole, milieu theory, this paper develops the funcfional of the new regional orders confronted with the economic and political globalization. Extract from the Journal Officiel Français of 17 July Victor Hugo The people of France carved in indestructible granite and lay at the very heart of the old monarchistic continent, the foundation for a great edifice of the future, which will one day be called the United States of Europe.
That's preposterous. Hugo is mad. He set the debate at the level of the Region, Europe. But before this Region could be integrated and accepted as such, it had to go through a long process of evolution which we are going to recount here, going through the history of spatial analysis and its opening up to geographical, political, economic and social issues.
The region is assimilated into countries whose landscapes, peoples and ways of life are described, and which are ruled over by a dominant country we will recall that "regere" is the root of region. It was with E. Reclusand more specifically in the Géographie Universelle that the regional concept was framed: a popular term relating to regional spaces and which serves as the basis for administrative divisions of nation-states. Whether they were large or small, these regions provided the framework for determinist research on the man-environment relationship.
Vidal de la Blachecast a different shade of meaning on this whta with the concept of homogenous regions and based regional geography on a possibilist vision: the bond between nature and societies creates a what is composition and inheritance in java with example and common geography for men who what is a functional region example been able to take advantage of the milieu in which they live.
Vidal de la Blache stated that in the 2Oth century the role of societies is marked by the establishment of the means of communication and concentrations of economic activity that account for the distortions of spatial homogeneity. Bruhnes and A. Demangeon, geography became the exmple of history. In their observations on the stability of historical delimitations, these authors pointed out the significance of countries spawned by history and the role played by borders between these units.
They described landscapes, what is a functional region example of life and human practices using whqt logic and what is ols multiple regression them by the history of societies. Sorrefully supported this thinking in a series of works on human geography and clarified the broad concepts applicable to regions, such as "way of life" "genre de vie".
DionP. Deffontaines and, in the United States, C. Sauer is derived from what is a functional region example fujctional vision. The term "cultural region" designates the area over which cultures are spread and develop territorial solidarity. From this point, the geography of representations which allows us to pass from analysis on a collective scale macrogeography whats an example of a symbiotic relationship the study of individuals microgeography had only to take one step to get to A.
Fremont's "espaces vécus" Cultural geographies are very rich and provide the link between the history of societies and spatial practices. Levasseur what is a functional region example concerned already existed in the l9th century, gained strength from onwards with W. Christaller's central-place theory and particularly with the developments in the functional region concept which is defined according to the operational structures of its activities.
It is due to its explanatory potential that this concept became of central importance in the s. It gave regional ezample a more nomothetic character that was to go on to develop regional science Polese, and in so doing paved the way for generalizations that were fundamental to economic planning. IsardJ. BoudevilleF. Perroux and What is a functional region example. Paelinck One of their theories, the growth pole, links the development of towns and regions: the growth pole, as an economic unit, changes regional structures so that the growth rate of overall regional product is increased.
The region is therefore tied to a pole which propels it, provided that an environment for the propogation of economic functiobal is planned. This is the "milieu theory" proposed by D. Maillat who, by integrating the innovative potential regoin regions and the concept of local development, gave the region specificity in economic growth. Because of its inherent social and economic characteristics, each region can offer businesses scope for integration in a context of cooperative relationships which favour its development.
Regional identity reveals the collective conscience of the people living in certain places who share social solidarity. It is through spatial econometry Paelinck, that researchers are able to participate in regionalization in progress in several countries and on several continents. This reality is the social product gradually built up by societies in their life places. It is therefore not surprising that the contents as well as regional geographic scales can vary.
At the end of the 20th century the region has become more economic and more political Depending on its privileged geographic scale, the region makes reference to local logic or to global logic in fine meshes of space or in continental systems. Will the close of the century bear witness to the end of spatial reflection that is undermined by the disappearance of nations, their borders and spatial discontinuities as claimed at the beginning of the s?
These are functoonal questions to which any regionalist, as a careful observer of the spectacle on Earth, can only answer in the negative. Never has the exzmple experienced such dramatic upheavals: regions and countries are born and reborn either as a sign of historical perpetuity or in a break with the past. New cases of regionalism, which often have nothing to do with the old demons of ethnic purity, emerge from the ashes of nations in decline with their cultural, economic and territorial aspirations.
When nations do remain strong, regionalization movements reconstruct the territories in a new administrative order. Regionalism expresses a process of consciousness of identity and facilitates spatial practices in a defined framework. History clearly shows how, after functioanl period of force, the expansion of regions and nations, subtly takes place as a result of economic domination. Current times also show the hegemony of the United States through what is a functional region example dissemination of the American way of life and its forms of expression worldwide Wnat in Encylopédie de Géographie Bailly, et al, Figuring among these portions of environment are the regions, defined as a natural area, an existential space and an organized space.
Where is geometric mean used to the first term, the region is a "milieu de vie" in equilibrium and is a resource to be conserved. According to the second, it reveals cultural identity and belonging to a piece of acquired land. Regional organization translates distribution logic, localization logic and the logic of the powers that be into a geo-political context.
To discuss the regional concept we must understand this triple aspect that makes each one an original space-product with its physical traits and its cultural, social, economic reglon political milieu. This is what allows us to apprehend the models of spatial iis, including the famous Qualiflex Paelinck, Paelinck defined the what is a functional region example of allotopy. Each region is formed by successive domination, open to challenges from both within and without. Let us, in this regard, look at linguistic, and cultural domination where one group imposes its identity on other communities.
This type of domination occurs nowadays in more what is a job card meaning ways through other mechanisms, for example, in economic relations where the centre imposes its will on the periphery, thereby creating regional inequalities and dissymmetric flows. It also occurs in cultural relations where one dominant group crushes the others by means of funchional skillful diffusion what is a functional region example its audio-visual or literary products.
In one case, the local groups take decisions on the cause and effect essay examples pdf within their regions, in the other case, external logics are proposed. The constraints of economic trade and the centralization of powers nowadays promote the second solution in most non-metropolitan regions. In order to change this trend, the role of the "milieux" as economic incubators is often cited: the attraction of a region is a function of its ability to create resources, to generate processes of innovation and to improve the quality of life of its inhabitants.
But others, which are really dead angles, find themselves marginalized vis à vis economic and social networks. Competitivenes and the struggle for growth can destroy many regions. Should we not substitute regionalization, quality of life, territorial responsibility and solidarity for the five key words liberalism, globalization, competitivenes, privatization and deregulation, to take into account our "milieux" and to what is a functional region example an end to the confusion in today's world?
Without foundering in the far reaches of identity, the time of regional architecture has returned, provided that it accepts federalism and the inter-regional balancing process and develops its regional imagination. George's answers in the Encyclopédie de Géographie Bailly et al. Fremont's concept of "espaces vécus" to understand the intensity of the feeling of belonging held by people who share a history, culture, what is a functional region example, religion The concepts of identity, cultural heritage and sense of place become central to the understanding of these "espaces vécus" as do the concepts of minority and majority.
The relationships exsmple power between shat and majority quickly lead to questions of appropriation, limits and political management. Dollfus, ? Will competition and selection between these what is a functional region example not exclude those situated outside the major economic networks? Entire regions could find themselves isolated from the world system. Bailly et al, Encyclopédie de Géographie. Regionalist ferments are thus the source of new nations.
In the history of the world, periods of regional birth and periods of imperialist expansion have alternated, gathering together territorial organizations; the contemporary era is no exception. Still, in the 20th century, the underlying stakes of regionalization in cultural and political terms and the risks run by these new States in economic and functinoal terms must be understood. The role of spatial analysis is to bring out the best in these regions in which the evolutive identities of societies are revealed, to deal with these remarkable mutations that cause States to collapse.
But those that collapse can also pull themselves together. Renan had a good grasp on the changing nature of spatial units when he said, "Oblivion, and I would even say error, are essential factors in nation-building. But far too often oblivion is only partial and regionalism resurfaces; it is left to the spatialist to remind all those who would wish to wipe out the past and build the future without taking into account this fundamental concept that is the region.
Antoine S. Professor University of Geneva, Switzerland bailly uni2c2. La revue Cybergeo est mise à disposition selon les termes dxample la Licence What is a functional region example Commons Attribution 4. Política de Privacidad — Política cookies. Navegación — Mapa del sitio. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography.
Índice - Documento anterior - Documento siguiente. Fragments of regional science in honour of Jean Paelinck.