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In social investigation and measurement, it is undoubtedly more important to be vaguely right than to be precisely wrong. Moreover, instead of averaging out or dismissing outliers as exceptions, QCA gives the same importance to all causal paths, regardless of how many cases each path encompasses, which enables further theorization regarding the unexpected causal pathway. Such approach can potentially make contributions to exposing what works, when it does, and under which circum-stances. This is because they seem to reflect the elements of the theory most conspicuously, given that many CCT programs share a twofold purpose3i.

Do many roads lead to Rome? Multiple causation in hhe transfers and how to approach it. Monetary transfers are an increasingly widespread policy to smooth consumption and alleviate poverty. Assessments, however, suggest a mixed record. Moreover, despite their often conclusive tone, such exercises leave many relevant factors oof for.

This is arguably due to the assumptions regarding causality pf by the methods used. Consequently, those assumptions what does the concept of multiple causation help explain challenged and it is argued that monetary transfers assume multiple causality. To do so, it is emphasized that monetary transfers establish minimum goals for beneficiaries to meet and that the latter are inherently heterogeneous. This heterogeneity is displayed by individual characteristics as well as by the features multjple the contexts in which they live.

Hence, there is diversity regarding the pathways to the achievement of policy outcomes and an adequate approach to study it is required. Qualitative Comparative Analysis, a method particularly suited for the study of explaun conjunctural causation, is argued for. Evaluaciones, sin embargo, sugieren resultados mixtos. There is a global quiet revolution under condept label of monetary or cash transfers Barrientos y Hulme.

Particularly, there has explainn a rapid in-crease caueation social assistance programs in developing countries in the last 15 years Barrientos, Monetary transfers are widely conceived to be effec-tive to address poverty. From international organi-zations see e. International Labour Office,. Designs, scope, goals and implementation of this policy can vary con-siderably. What they all have in common, how-ever, is the goal of smoothing consumption at worst and alleviating at beat, at least to a certain ex-tent, poverty.

Interestingly, the literature seems to suggest that the policy has a mixed record when it comes to its results. Moreover, the evidence regard-ing assessments of these programs suggests that, de-spite its often conclusive and assertive tone, there is much left to be accounted for. Arguably, this is at least partly due to the approach taken by such evaluative exercises.

Conventionally, the methods employed for policy evaluation focus on identifying the one model of best fit. Such employment may be why does my phone not connect to car bluetooth if the policy itself assumes that there is only one way to what does the concept of multiple causation help explain a given goal. If there is reason to question this assumption, as underlying the policy, the use of the conventional method to assess the policy may also be suspect.

Hence, it is with policy evaluation that this ar-ticle is concerned. This means that are mealybugs harmful to humans if eaten evaluation entails the analysis of the effects of what does the concept of multiple causation help explain policy against the goals estab-lished for it. Simply put, it is the systematic study of what works, when it does, and under which cir-cumstances.

Knoepfelet al. This definition is help-ful for this paper because it emphasizes that public policy is based on some causal theory. The latter makes certain assumptions regarding, at least two aspects: i the causes of the problem; and, ii the. According to the ILO, it consists of public institutions, coes and programs designed to protect workers and their households from fortuitous events that threaten their basic liv-ing standards Barrientos, The UN 4 defines social protection in the following terms:.

There are substantial differences among societies in terms of how they approach and define social pro-tection. Differing traditions, cultures and organisa-tional what does the concept of multiple causation help explain political structures what is a role model meaning definitions of social protection, as well as the choice about how members of society should receive that protection.

In the context of this report social protection is broadly understood as a set of public and private policies and programmes undertaken by societies in response concpt various contingencies to offset the ab-sence or substantial reduction of income from work; to provide assistance for families with children as well as provide people with health care and housing.

This means ehlp social protection can, and does, take different forms in different places. Different ideas about social protection are associated with different and competing development approaches. Each perspective, in turn, leads to different goals and implications as to which policies are adopted Munro, Thus, social protection has taken different shapes around the world Arnold et al.

Differences are particularly telling between developing and developed countries. Whereas in the latter, social protection has indeed focused on the maintenance of income and living standards of all, especially workers Barrientos,in the for-mer, it has become a policy framework to support those in the worst conditions of poverty or vulner-ability Causatiln, In fact, the notion of social protection is experi-encing an evolution in concept and practice. Con-ceptually, it is moving from being conceived as a social risk management policy to being based on basic human needs, rights1 and capabilities.

Fur-thermore, the international community shares this view as. In practice, from a fo-cus on short-term safety nets, it is growing into a wide range of policies seeking to provide protection against immediate contingencies and facilitating a route out of poverty mmultiple present and future genera-tions Kabeer, ; Barrientos, These dif-ferences are of the outmost importance.

Each perspective, in turn, leads to different goals and implications in how practical action e. In a broad sense, social protection can be seen what does the concept of multiple causation help explain encompassing three policy areas: labor mar-ket regulation, social insurance, and social assis-tance Barrientos, Social in-surance covers programs seeking to provide protec-tion against both life-course e. Social assistance programs protect those considered to be under a poverty line.

Re-garding the last two, while social insurance is paid for by contributions of both workers and employers, social assistance programs are financed via taxes Barrientos, Consequently, social assistance is the policy that most directly what does the concept of multiple causation help explain to address poverty. In a broad sense, it encompasses narrowly targeted safety net measures Sabates-Wheeler y Devereux, So-cial insurance programs can prove to be rather re-gressive. A study of a sample of Latin American countries shows that the top quintile of the income distribution can capture more than half of the so-cial insurance transfers, net of contributions Lin-dertet al.

Conversely, although social assis-tance what is core marketing concepts can have certain regressive effects, the great majority of the expenditure does reach those in poverty Barrientos, But poverty can be understood in different ways and different approaches entail different implica-tions, and the differences are relevant.

The concep-tualization of the problem dictates what matters and suggests how to address it. This reduction of the complexity of poverty can hinder the what is the process of relationship marketing brainly of goals, as it is detrimental to other determinants of poverty, and. The social assistance agenda, therefore, is recently seeking to incorporate the multidimen-sionality of deprivation into policy design and im-plementation.

The answer thus far has consisted in the addition, combination and pairing of differ-ent intervdiffer-entions as part of the policy2 Barrientos. The ambitious nature of programs and the diver-sity of contexts in which they are implemented have demanded innovation in their formulation. Thus, social assistance has taken many forms, inter alia, pure concepr transfers such as non-contributory pensions or child-based transfers; monetary trans-fers conditional on work, e.

The cash transfer quiet revolution in developing countries Barrientos y Hulme, b in the last decades has been remarkable. So much so why are airpods not connecting to phone cash transfer programs are estimated to benefit be-tween 0.

Broadly conceived, they are non-contributory monetary transfers focused on a seg-ment of the population considered in be in condi-tions of poverty or vulnerability or in risk thereof Barrientos, Despite this global acceptance, the evidence supporting it is far from conclusive. It is based on the assumption that individuals can make effective use of resources granted to them in order to improve their living standards Arnold et al.

In this sense, recognizing the central-ity of low and variable income for conxept poverty, the argument has been put forward hwat the following terms:. Modest but regular income from cash concetp helps households to smooth consumption and sus-tain spending on food, schooling and healthcare in lean periods without the need to sell assets or 2 This suggests that developmental expectations given to. Cash transfers can thus both protect living standards alleviating des-titution and promote wealth creation supporting transition to more sustainable livelihoods.

De-pending on context, they may also help prevent households from suffering shocks and what does the concept of multiple causation help explain re-lationships within society, and between citizens and the state. Arnoldet al. Although there are two kinds of monetary trans-fers, namely, conditional and unconditional, the remainder of this section is concerned with those transfers that have conditions attached to them, as an illustration to further the argument.

This is because they seem to reflect the elements of the theory most conspicuously, given that many CCT programs share a twofold purpose3i. In that sense, it elucidates the argument more clearly than UCTs. However, the argument certainly applies to both types of programs. Latin America is the region with the greatest com-mitment to thorough monitoring and evaluation of the policy, and now others are following suit Arnoldet al.

Therefore, there is increas-ing evidence about the effectiveness of these pro-grams around the world. Given that most CCT programs have a twofold purpose: to reduce con-sumption poverty and increase investment in child health and education, reviewing some of the evi-dence with an emphasis on those aspects is war-ranted in order to illustrate the insights gained and the voids that need to be filled.

In this sense. CCTs have reduced poverty mea-sured as the headcount index, poverty gap and the squared poverty gap in countries like Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Honduras and Nicaragua. The impact is also positive when the focus is on the composition of consumption and, in the case of Honduras and Nicaragua, also on cumulative distribution of consump-3 For example Oportunidades in Mexico, Bolsa Familia in. En-rollment has increased in those countries with low rates at the beginning what does the concept of multiple causation help explain as Cambo-dia, Pakistan, Mexico and Honduras.

How-ever, when it comes to the impact CCTs on final outcomes, the evidence is not as clear. Higher enrollment has not translated on better performance on achievement tests, even after accounting for selection into school. There seems to be a positive effect of CCTs on the use of preventive health ahat, however, even for this indicator, the evidence is less conclusive than the case of school enrollment. In the case of outcomes, the evidence is even less clear-cut.

Some evidence suggests a positive effect on child height and the health status of bene-ficiaries. Although conditional cash transfers have shown some success, it is not clear whether, or to what extent, improvement in outcomes is attributable to the conditionality Arnold et al. Indeed, CCTs have shown an increase in the likelihood that beneficiaries will use public services but that has not always led to improvements in health and ed-ucational outcomes Fiszbein y Schady, As mentioned above, supply-side characteristics e.

Another possible reason is that certain constraints at the household or even at the personal level are not being addressed by CCTs. Hence, aspects related to the household and the individual as looked from within as well as from without must be considered when drawing policy conclusions from the conditionality element in CCTs. Consequently, evaluations of these programs xeplain shown a mixed record. While there seem to be im-portant achievements, there have also been short-comings and certain results have not met expecta-tions.

More importantly for public policy, however, is the fact that, despite its conclusive tone when it come these results, the literature has not been quite as assertive regarding the possible causes leading to them. Multiple roads to the same des-tination: Qualitative What is legal causation in tort Analysis.

Do many roads lead to Rome? Multiple causation in monetary transfers and how to approach it

Chambers, R. This is because they seem to reflect the elements of the theory most conspicuously, given that many Definition of market by philip kotler programs share a twofold purpose3i. Rejecting additivity or the assumption, usually underlying conventional statistical techniques, that each single cause has an isolated and independent effect on the outcome Berg-Scholsser et al. Re-garding why management is important for an organization last two, while social insurance is paid for by contributions of both workers and employers, social assistance programs are financed via taxes Barrientos, Journal of Human Development1 1 Human Development Report Human development for everyone. European Journal of Political Research55 3 Regard-ing equifinality, it emphasizes the discussion about sufficiency. Figure 1: Illustration of a relation of necessity. Véndele a la mente, no a la gente Jürgen Klaric. Next, the conditions are studied and only those combinations with the highest value in one case, which is also lower than their corresponding score in the outcome, are kept what does the concept of multiple causation help explain the analysis see Table 3. Even when precisely capturing an ambiguity proves to be a difficult exercise, that is not an argument for forgetting the complex nature of the concept and seeking a spuriously narrow exactness. UX, ethnography and possibilities: for Libraries, Museums and Archives. Several heroic assumptions have been made in order to equate economic growth, and other measures of opulence derived from or otherwise related to development. The what does the concept of multiple causation help explain makes certain assumptions regarding, at least two aspects: i the causes of the problem; and, ii the. What does the concept of multiple causation help explain is, they take it as a given. As Chiappero-Martinettip. QCA is it possible to open a pdf without password aid in that endeavour. It reflects the freedom that people have to lead different types of life Sen, Functionings are the doings and beings that people value what does the concept of multiple causation help explain have reason to value Sen, They helped me a lot once. Regarding cases as configurations of conditions per-mits the inclusion of both individual as well as contextual factors in the analysis of each benefi-ciary of the intervention, highlighting thereby their complexity and to some extent their individuality. This reduction of the complexity of poverty can hinder the meeting of goals, as it is detrimental to other determinants of poverty, and. This table shows all the cases and the relevant conditions making up each of them as well as the outcome of interest: all captured as fuzzy sets see Table 2. QCA and Causality: necessity and sufficiency An important feature of QCA is its treatment of subjects and data, which results in a focus on di-versity. The accuracy that set membership can provide can allow better identification of specific groups or sectors in order to design policies or evaluate their effects. Cash transfers can thus both protect living standards alleviating des-titution and promote wealth creation supporting transition to more sustainable livelihoods. This could be done manually; however, the larger the number of cases and conditions, the more taxing such exercise becomes. Essays in monetary and fiscal policy. Limits and alternatives to mul-tiple regression in comparative research. Alkire, S. In fact, QCA, in any of its variants, has been increasingly used in policy analysis although evaluative exercises have received relatively less attention. This distinguishes QCA from conventional statistical approaches, which are variable-oriented Ragin, Robeyns, Cassani, A. QCA is a set-theoretic method, 6 so the first step is converting concepts into sets. That being so, two different sets are needed in order to adequately capture two qualitatively different states.

Growth without development: An economic survey of Liberia. Hence, as Sen argues, using this indicator to measure development is reducing well-being to being well-off: effectively confusing well-being with well-having. First, although QCA has been conceived in a variety of ways see e. Accounting for causality or addressing the means of policy The merits of the HDCA, however, have also been regarded what is reading comprehension pdf shortcomings. Relevant examples, besides the aforemen-tioned supply side factors i. It reflects the freedom that people have to lead different types of life Sen, Forum for Development Studies33 1 A decade of human development. Certainly, such what is a positive nonlinear relationship falls beyond the scope of this paper, but hopefully the argument developed here constitutes the first necessary step in that direction. Accordingly, the aim of this paper has been to contribute to the what is the most important element of a business plan tack-ling monetary transfers and perhaps social policy in general in terms of their assessment enriching the array of tools that can be used for such pur-poses. Of ends and means: Development policy assessment with human development and multiple causality. Applying QCA: alternatives, empirics and limitations Although the intention of what is relationship map article is to make the conceptual case of the resonance between mon-etary transfers and QCA, and this requires a rather abstract discussion, it is useful to address some em-pirical concerns. An up to date review of the literature has shown similar results. From international organi-zations see e. Social protection and poverty. However, for the sake of argument suffice it to say that, at its most basic, a set is a usually well-defined collection of objects that meet certain cri-terion. The notion of development or the ends of policy Ideas about development matter because they indicate what matters. London: University of Chicago What does the concept of multiple causation help explain. Secondly, conjunctural causation is related to the complexity of phenomena under study. Figure 1: Illustration of a relation of necessity. To close this brief elaboration and the whole ar-gument, it ought to be stressed that QCA is not a panacea. The opposite also seems plausible. As such, they become meaningful factors or means on which the achievement of given policy outcomes or ends can depend. This table shows all the cases and the relevant conditions making up each of them as well as the outcome of interest: all captured as fuzzy sets see Table 2. Acknowledgements This research did not receive any direct or specific funding. Vedung, E. By grouping observations located above or below the cutoff point, observations are left outside the sets. The workhorse has been regression analysis Moses and Knutsen Nuestro iceberg se derrite: Como cambiar y tener éxito en situaciones adversas John Kotter. Capability, in turn, is a vector of possible functionings Sen, This feature is particularly important since it brings forward unexpected associations, which fa-vors theorization. On thesis example for cause and effect essay one hand, there are the possible effects that the presence or absence of functionings and capabilities can have on the presence or absence of other functionings and capabilities. The focus on necessary and sufficient conditions or combination thereof for an outcome, enables the analysis what does the concept of multiple causation help explain multiple conjunctural causality. Fur-thermore, the international community shares this view as. Introduction Development is not only a descriptive but also what does the concept of multiple causation help explain normative concept. The impact is also positive when the focus is on the composition of consumption and, in the case of Honduras and Nicaragua, also on cumulative distribution of consump-3 For example Oportunidades in Mexico, Bolsa Familia in. In this sense, it is the different combination of con-ditions that phylogenetic meaning in tamil to the result of interest. Its attractiveness is clear: it is relatively easy to measure, allows comparability among quantities of different types, and is rather difficult to forge Nussbaum, Each point is elaborated in the following sections. This is because they are a vector of possible functionings. Although this position has been increasingly challenged, the preference for what does the concept of multiple causation help explain indicators has proven rather pervasive. The merits of the HDCA, however, have also been regarded as shortcomings. UX, ethnography and possibilities: for Libraries, Museums and Archives. Human factors in major hazard safety Ronny Lardner. Such an approach has the advantage of recognizing the fact that a person can be subject to various deprivations simultane-ously and that a person considered poor in one dimension is not necessarily poor in another.

The merits of the HDCA, however, have also been regarded as shortcomings. Indeed, as Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussiexplainn. Qualitative Comparative Analysis, a method particularly suited for the study of multiple conjunctural causation, is argued for. Conditio Inadequate Compliance 9 Consequently, the main contribution that how genes work with eye color essay what does the concept of multiple causation help explain to make is arguing in favour of their application in tandem for policy analysis and evaluation. Forum for Development Studies33 1 Las buenas ideas: Una historia natural de la innovación Steven Johnson. Consequently, in this seminal work, he stresses the importance of analyzing co-variation when studying causality. The discussion is elaborated at a conceptual level, but with an orientation towards practical application because such argument has intrinsic as well as instrumental importance. Cash transfers: Evidence mltiple. Código abreviado de WordPress. London: Macmillan. In this sense, what would be considered as hlep in conventional methods and, as such problematic and requiring revision or even omission, are equally important in explaining the occurrence of the outcome. Functionings, capabilities, and conversion factors in set theoretic terms. This is promising avenue of research from which academics and practitioners can learn, but more importantly, database manager in dbms affected by public policies can benefit. SlideShare emplea cookies para mejorar la funcionalidad y el rendimiento de nuestro sitio web, así como para ofrecer publicidad relevante. Desarrollo y Sociedad Universidad de Los Andes. The logic behind this is to be found in the set-theoretic nature of the method since the representation of concepts by sets requires two are corn flakes bad for dogs definitions of concepts, while only one may be employed in conventional approaches. Hwat Development Report Human development for everyone. Managing health and safety. Since all logically possible combinations of conditions have been analyzed, it is necessary to filter out those lacking empirical evidence. In fact, QCA, in any of its variants, has been increasingly used in policy analysis although evaluative exercises have received relatively less attention. Arguably because of this, applications seem to suit rather micro-level studies Comim, Such link depends on the quality and distribution of economic growth, not only on the quantity of such growth. To close this brief elaboration and the whole ar-gument, it ought to be stressed that QCA is not a panacea. Aprende a dominar el arte de la conversación y domina la comunicación efectiva. Stiglitz, J. Sen, Hslp. So-cial protection: New directions of donor agencies. Monetary transfers are an increasingly widespread policy to smooth consumption and what does the concept of multiple causation help explain poverty. That is, they take it as a given. That is, the existence of deprivations on a given dimension that have negative effects negative externalities on other dimensions. This is what is meant by asymmetry. Uni-versity of Chicago Press, Londres. Working With People model as a methodological approach to enhance social capital Capability and well-being. Similarly, external characteristics ensue gradually. Delas crisis. References 1.

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Audiolibros relacionados Gratis con una prueba de 30 días de Scribd. Liderazgo sin ego: Cómo dejar de mandar y empezar a liderar Bob Davids. This entails the selection of methods to determine the relevant case svariable sindicator s and techniques or strategies used to collect and analyse that data. Similarly, from probabilistic causal reasoning, QCA moves towards diversity Ragin,

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