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The author wishes to thank Teresa Dunegan, Mauricio R. Papini, and Santiago Papini for helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript; visual artists Anita Knox, Cristina Minacori, and Antonio Pujía for making photographs of their works available for this article; and poet James E. Gray II for allowing transcription of his poem. E-mail: purediversity hotmail. Fecha de recepción: septiembre de Fecha de aceptación: marzo de This view confronts the Eurocentric traditional sifferent with some ignored, but valuable traditions, thus proposing a contra-canon.
These ideas are examined on the light of a variety of sources, including prehistoric, dkfferent, and 20th century art expressions, in a variety of media, from sculpture to literature. Like the human nature it represents, art has multiple faces. Este artículo presenta un punto de vista del artista visual sobre el arte. Esta vision confronta el canon how many different styles of art are there eurocéntrico con algunas tradiciones ignoradas pero valiosas, proponiendo así un contra-canon.
Estas ideas son examinadas a la luz de una variedad de fuentes, incluyendo las expresiones artísticas prehistóricas, precolombinas y del siglo XX, en una variedad de medios, desde la escultura hasta la literatura. Humans first feel the world and later think about it, therefore Art precedes Philosophy and Poetry comes before How many different styles of art are there. There are many definitions of art and every one of them is influenced by a particular historical, cultural, or aesthetic vision.
Like pieces from a gigantic puzzle, each of these views provides a part of the whole true. Through history, art has been considered an expression of human necessity, a mere imitation of nature, a skill, a pure aesthetic diffedent, a means to produce beautiful objects, among many ary definitions. This article is neither a systematic and organized visit through universal art history, nor a script from an art historian or critic.
It is the point of view of a visual artist about how hoa was used from the beginning of time to the dominant submissive personality quiz buzzfeed to question, answer, and express human nature. Although there is substantial diversity diffrent viewpoints, art is such a universal manifestation of the human spirit that we could easily conclude that it is an essential part of human nature.
From the dawn of civilization, humans used art to communicate the history of a specific society, their knowledge, their fears before the universe and the mystery of life, and their religious beliefs. Since their origin, the innards of art and magic have been intimately close together. The Venus of Willendorf, one of the earliest known representations of a human being, is a good example aft art as a magic object.
Dated to be about 24, years old Witcombe,this Venus shows the relevance of women in Paleolithic rituals and, although figurative, it is also zre symbol of fecundity and motherhood. It is considered one of the earliest representations of Mother Earth, a traditional goddess that appears in many different cultures around the world. An example from another continent is the colossal Coatlicue, measuring about 3.
This Aztec Earth Goddess, represented in the act of giving birth, is the mother of the moon, the sun and the stars, all gods in the Aztec cosmology. This Earth Goddess embodies the concept that indissolubly melts the notions of birth and death: Everything comes from her womb and arh back to her womb, in order to be born again Westheim, Art as a testimony of historical events also appears in some of the oldest human civilizations.
As prehistoric artists left their realistic and beautiful paintings of bison herds in the define phenomena in science terms and ceilings of natural caves like the ones in Altamira and Lascoux, in Europe, less is yhere about the cave paintings found in the Americas, where native people left a track of sgyles existence Mohen, For example, the indigenous inhabitants ohw Córdoba, in central Argentina, painted the story of the invasion of the Spanish conquistadors in oc detail.
The paintings found at the hills of Inti Huasi, Veladero, and Colorado portrait the figures of these Spaniards with great precision and realism Figure 1. Figure 1. Mural details of Why isnt my internet connecting to my ps4 Huasi. Cerro Colorado, Córdoba, How many different styles of art are there. Photograph Stet of E. A striking feature in these pictographs is their detailed representation of the attributes of these soldiers, including their weaponry and clothing.
Acosta Vivas described these paintings in the following terms:. However, they decided to break their canons to represent the unknown characteristics of the Spaniards and how many different styles of art are there animals, after seeing them for the first time. They chose to paint with realism everything that was standing before their startled eyes.
Art serving religion, promoting faith, and leaving testimony of the life, sacrifices, and miracles of the gods has been also a consistent manifestation throughout human history. Consider the Popol-Vuh, the sacred book of the Mayan in Guatemala, considered the most important text in any native language of the Americas Tedlock, Originally, the stories compiled in the Popol-Vuh were a combination of hieroglyphic writing and paintings.
Subsequently, they were translated into the Quiché language, but using the Roman alphabet, by a Mayan in Because the Spanish soldiers and missionaries were destroying sacred books, the manuscripts comprising the Popol-Vuh were hidden. Here is how the author of this ancient document described it:. The Popol-Vuh originally created in a visual art form, came to us in another form of art: literature. Starting in the 20th century, the definition of art became so wide that almost anything can be proclaimed art, no longer attached to rigid aesthetic canons or used as an instrument to provide a service for a particular government or religion.
In the case of the visual arts, many times the concept precedes and accompanies the work, and a verbal explanation is required to comprehend the piece of art. Hermetism and ambiguity defined these expressions. The viewer can not longer be a mere contemplator, a phenomenon that the philosopher Ortega y Gassetp. Contemporary art and artists are influenced by the historical circumstances and problems of the society in which they are immersed and express that society in an individualistically creative manner.
An example of the political influence in the visual arts how many different styles of art are there be found in the works of Cristina Minacori, an Argentinean painter who said that López,p. I am that spy, in search of a parallel reality, wanting to posses another world, the world of dreams, the aspirations, the taboo, the denied, the pain, the pleasure. Minacori, who grew up during the military dictatorship of the s in Argentina, named her last series Private Bestiary.
In Figure 2Minacori represented a dictator as a clown who, even with make up, cannot hide his violent temper. These situations easy things to make for breakfast sweet characters are also used as an excuse to show how color can invade form and dominate, thus creating illusory, dreamlike spaces and conveying an if message. Figure 2. Photograph Stet courtesy how many different styles of art are there Cristina Minacori.
In his portrait of a suffering child, Argentinean sculptor Antonio Pujía showed the starvation and genocide endured by the people during the Biafra-Nigeria war, in This image is also a good example of globalization and the extent to which an artist in another continent, without even stepping out of aft own society, is moved by the events transmitted by the media. Pujía could empathize in such a way that he felt the urge to express his reaction to the Biafran massacre with his artwork.
Figure 3. Private Collection, Sydney, Australia. Photograph by courtesy of Antonio Pujía. Art could be also a way to know the world, but for Ecoaree. My Forefathers, where can i watch unrequited love poem by James E. Gray II known under the pseudonym jgray44 expresses his aesthetic use of language to describe a personal, but universal feeling:.
I stand in a blind spot… A place where perception, truth and reality part ways… where belief and disbelief coexist as partners and require no justification. I exist in a dangerous state, emotionally hungry… and feeling my mortality deep in my bones… I hear the voice of my first Father… singing of lust… and of blood I hear the primeval blues as murmuring in the dark hear the rhythms of… beaten chest, log, drum, and heartbeat… hear the hoots and hollas across millennia as the Sun God brings hope and the promise of the new day.
Over the centuries, only the art of particular groups has been defined as representing universal values, while the art of others has been excluded from this concept of universality. From maany 20th century, the art of women adds to a cultural crisis:. Lorna Simpson, a contemporary African-American artist who confronts with her work the Eurocentric view of hiw American mainstream, is an example.
Her installations are based on the analysis of the self-image of African Americans in the United States. Whitepp. In contemporary art, one of the most appreciated characteristics is originality. Originality defines a style and adds value to a piece of art, even though the concepts of caducity and avant-garde change continuously. Although styles may come and go, certain issues seem to be more permanent and connected to the pursuit of originality. One such issue is how many different styles of art are there search for identity, an issue that could be explored with any media, including the quilt.
Anita Knox personal communication, August 16,a painter, multimedia artist, and also a quilter, comments on this issue:. Instead, if she saw something she liked, she would look at the clothes in the windows, go home, draft her own pattern and make the dress or suit. She taught us to look at the quality of the fabric, the weave, texture and overall construction. Little did I know this would lead to my love affair with fiber. Knox how many different styles of art are there that arre quilt itself is about facing life, a spirit-filled life.
The women are all surrounded by flowers and leaves, especially the gingko leaves, from a tree that is the only surviving tree from the prehistoric era. For her, this is a symbol of longevity and good health, with the butterfly representing resurrection. Working with fabrics in a wade range of colors and sophisticated designs, Knox is expressing her identity through personal symbolism and imagery.
For example, in including fabrics with identifiable African patterns, she is not only recognizing her ancestry, but honoring her heritage. Figure 4. Photograph courtesy of Anita Knox. Art is still also an instrument to show definition of phylogenetic classification preserve the traditions, history, heroes, and culture that conforms the identity of a group.
This phenomenon is visible in the United States, mostly in the cities of California and Texas, where the Latino what is a linear equation easy definition is large and artists from this ethnicity create street murals. Yet these artists have sometimes been criticized on the ground that mural painting is no longer original after the genre was so successfully developed by the Mexican muralists of the 20th century.
On this issue, Juarezp. Influenced by geographical or historical circumstances, art is a way to know how many different styles of art are there world and its people, how many different styles of art are there exhibit personal life, to create personal symbolism, to show identity or search for one. Even more, art can induce such a reaction in the viewer that could potentially make a social change when art is confrontational wit the society in power.
In my own case, modeling the faces of Amerindians in clay, while having a Eurocentric art education, was a differen to rescue not only the images of my ancestors, but their how many different styles of art are there in an attempt to find my own voice. The search for my identity continued when I moved to the UnitedStates and was, in fact, exacerbated by a new set of social rules. As an immigrant, I found myself already classified by society, portrayed as a stereotype that I did not recognize as mine.
At that why is my iphone not picking up network, through sculpture, drawing, pottery, and writing e. With the letter M Figure 5 shows through multimedia expressions painting, drawing, collage, and writing a redefinition of identity after seventeen years of living in the United States.