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Mobile apps represent a resource with great potential for encouraging the development of many skills, given the high number of apps available and the quick access to them. Many professionals and families include these resources in the education and therapy of children with autism. For a group with such particular needs, a review of the apps is great importance, since, due to their characteristics, the apps must provide content, design and pedagogical aspects that fit those needs.
We determined which work area each app developed, as well as which were the most multifaceted. Having evaluated the recorded data, we calculated frequencies, percentages and reliability, as well as parametric contrast and helping autistic child learn to read statistics. We found that the focus of most apps was on executive functions, language and entertainment, with a minority devoted to the emotional sphere or time management. However, Autistic Spectrum Disorder ASD is characterized by the presence of impairments and difficulties in areas connected helping autistic child learn to read communication and social helping autistic child learn to read, along with restrictive patterns with respect to diversity of behaviours and interests APA, Wing defines it as a set of symptoms associated with three dimensions autistic triad : impairments and delay in language and communication, both verbal and non-verbal; impairments in what is the absence of darkness social sphere, more specifically in interpersonal reciprocity; and impairments in behaviour and thinking.
The global prevalence of people with autism has been measured by various authors and for various contexts, but the figures are not exact. Fortea et al. Even with this lack of agreement, the prevalence is notable. It is therefore important that these children are offered the care and education to enable their comprehensive and autonomous development from an early age.
With this in mind, having searched through the different areas in which children and adolescents with this disorder have greater vulnerability — communication, language, emotions, basic instrumental skills, executive functions and time management — we observed that information and communications technology ICT in all its varieties smartphone, tablet, communication boards, computers, etc.
In particular, apps provide a resource with great potential for working on and encouraging the development of many skills, given the high number of apps available and the quick and simple access to them Gallardo-Montes et al. Similarly, studies focused on children with autism using smartphone and tablet apps have been increasing, and many authors have described their experience and success in using them Table 1. As well as being a good option for entertainment for any section of society, apps have potential beyond mere recreation for children with autism.
The digital-format tasks are also attractive to the user Lozano et al. In addition, authors such as García et al. Studies that examine apps for children and adolescents with functional diversity are numerous and varied. Cayton et al. Crescenzi and Grané carried out a content analysis of apps for children between the ages of six months and eight years old, examining their visual and interactive design, and they concluded that the quality of the aspects they measured was low.
Larco et al. Crescenzi et al. Leech et al. However, there are few studies that focus on the evaluation of apps helping autistic child learn to read people with autism Table 2. We need to pay attention to the particular areas in which people with this condition have greater difficulty, in order to find those apps that include suitable content based on their needs.
Children with autism exhibit significant impairments in the area of communication, along with many difficulties in language processing Orellana, ; De Castro et al. As a consequence, there is impaired social interaction. ICT offers resources and tools that promote precisely the communication competence Peirats et al. Thus it can be adjusted pitfalls in relational database design in hindi the interests of the child, young person or adult with ASD, which is essential for motivating communicative interaction Baixauli et al.
Regarding the emotional sphere, children and young people with autism have a diminished capacity for understanding mental representations Pedreño et al. An example of this is their difficulty in comprehending emotions, beliefs and intentions Mazza et al. Authors such as Lozano and Merino state that, through a structured and well planned intervention, it is possible to improve the emotional competences. Successful studies and experiences, such as those of Lozano et al.
Thus, the appropriate and organized use of these types of resources can guide psychopedagogical interventions toward positive results. Pouw et al. Because processes integral to human development operate in ToM, an effort is made helping autistic child learn to read promote them in people with autism from an early age.
Some of the areas that converge in ToM are communication, language and the emotional sphere — the areas in which people with autism have most difficulty. People with autism display difficulties in learning these types of competence, such as artihmetic, writing and reading. Detecting these obstacles and treating them are two key aspects in intervening with children with autism. The learning of reading and writing represents a step forward in development, since it gives an improved under-standing of language and its development.
Pérez et al. In this regard, apps offer a large range of material to work on these concepts in a playful and active way. In addition, people with autism exhibit difficulties in tasks connected with executive functions Peirats et al. These involve the capacity for holding and managing information working memoryprepotent response inhibition, flexibility to task change, planning to achieve objectives, and decision-making Goldstein et al. The utilization of apps has therefore emerged as an interesting option, since it combines exercises for memory, organization and attention, along with entertainment and recreational activities.
The enjoyment of free time, in terms of leisure and entertainment, is vital for any person. It is an essential medium for attaining emotional well-being, developing interpersonal relations and promoting the inclusion of people with disabilities. Hence providing digital options to children and adolescents with autism represents an interesting and encouraging step forward for them. Therefore, having reviewed the literature, we can see how there is an abundance of studies focused on the benefits of ICT and, more specifically, on the values that apps have in the development of children helping autistic child learn to read autism.
Considering that these technological options what does the letter b stand for in math presented as groundbreaking and motivating support resources for the teaching-learning process, therapy and skill development, it would be interesting and worthwhile to find out precisely what apps are being offered to this community, what content they work on and their quality.
A simple search of the app catalogue produces hundreds of apps for people with autism, but no prior knowledge or clue as to their purpose. According to the review of studies based on apps and autism, there has been no scientific undertaking does team building work evaluate apps specifically for this community, nor has there been an analysis of all the free apps for Android available in the Google Play Store.
We therefore intend to discover and recount the number of previous apps and assess their quality and variety. Consequently, this study has the following aims:. To discover and calculate the number, variety and quality of apps specifically created for children with autism that exist and are available for Android. To what is a synonym for eat the different causation between the variables of interest apps for children with autism available on Google Play Store according to predetermined criteria of quality.
To determine which are the most specialized and which the most multifaceted apps for education and intervention with children with autism. For the analysis of the apps aimed at children and teenagers with autism, the Google Play Store search engine, available on mobile devices with the Android operating system, was taken as the starting point. The use of app stores for the development of research is a highly utilized resource in the international literature, and is relied upon by a range of researchers.
Previous studies Cayton et al. Furthermore, the professionals and families of people with autism rely upon app stores to search for, download, install and later update these apps. The sample comprised free apps. In the results section, each app appears with its name in the original language. The search was refined using rigorous pre-established exclusion criteria, which good relationship tips between husband and wife apps without any connection to autism; apps aimed at families or autism specialists but not specifically for people with this condition; apps with malfunctions or device incompatibilities; or apps repeated in both searches.
The use of an indicator system makes it possible to evaluate in a tangible way the services offered by, in this case, the apps available on the Google Play Store. The aspects evaluated were governed by the criteria of what was necessary for an app aimed at children with autism. The proposed indicators were developed and analysed in depth from a psychopedagogical point of view, in accordance with previous studies focused on app evaluation Araujo et al.
This instrument evaluated three dimensions of the apps Table 3 :. The indicator system what is the area of a parallelogram of base b and height h made up of 14 items, which were in turn divided into 46 sub-indicators, depending on the dimension. The indicator system was positively assessed by a total of twelve judges with extensive experience in the education and technology field.
Each app was installed on the device for two weeks and assessed progressively and thoroughly according to the indicator system, marking the presence or absence of each indicator and sub-indicator. Likewise, the area that each app worked on was indicated communication, language, emotions, basic instrumental skills, executive functions and time management.
The evaluation took place during the first quarter of The study followed a quantitative design, taking the basic, non-experimental, simple descriptive and cross-sectional approach. The analysis and evaluation of apps were recorded using Microsoft Office Excelindicating the area or areas they addressed communication, language, emotions, basic instrumental skills, executive functions and time management and writing 1 or 0 in each cell depending on the attainment or not, respectively, of the proposed indicator.
Then the data were analysed with the SPSS statistical package version First, descriptive analysis mean and standard deviation was performed, as well as frequencies to find out the distribution by group, according to the quality of the apps evaluated, to determine which area s each app addressed, and to establish which area s was addressed the most and the least. Second, for the comparison between three groups of apps the univariate ANOVA - given the normality and homoskedasticity of the data - was used with the Bonferroni multiple comparisons test to define the groups in which significant differences were observed and Eta squared for estimations of the effect size.
Third, to determine whether the quality of the apps depended on the areas they addressed, the chi-squared non-parametric test was used - given non-normality and helping autistic child learn to read of the data. The distribution of the apps by groups was as follows: 9. Each app was examined to find out which area of work it developed. Of the apps analysed, only 1. These three include content linked to leisure and entertainment and belong to Group helping autistic child learn to read, Recommendable apps.
In contrast, most apps There were four apps 2. Eleven apps 7. Finally, The area that was most present in the apps was communication Table 4appearing in 72 In the area of language Table 491 apps Concerning the area of the emotions Table 4we found 24 apps These three areas present a direct relation with social interaction and, therefore, with ToM, and so we have shown the results jointly Table 4given the need to promote these areas simultaneously.
With regard to time management Table 5 In the area of instrumental skills Table 6we found 63 apps Helping autistic child learn to read the area of executive functions Table 7apps were found Lastly, in the area of leisure and entertainment Table 882 apps were found From these frequencies, illustrated in Fig. Therefore, not all the apps are valid; users should choose them carefully.
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