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Received II Corrected VII Accepted VIII In the last decade, the Can aa genotype marry ab Rican Central Valley population CRCVhas received considerable scientific attention, attributed in part to a particularly interesting population structure. Two different and contradictory explanations have emerged: 1 Sb European-Amerindian-African admixed population, with some regional genetic wa and moderate degrees of consanguinity, similar to other Latin-American populations. Extensive civil and religious documentation, since the settlement of the current population, allows wide genealogy and isonymy studies useful in the analysis of both hypotheses.
Genotypd paper reviews temporal and spatial aspects jarry endogamy and consanguinity in the CRCV as a key can aa genotype marry ab understand population history. The average inbreeding coefficients between and show a general decrease within time. The consanguinity in the CRCV population is not homogeneous, and it is related to a variable ccan pattern. Results indicate that the endogamy frequencies are high but in general it was not correlated with a?
The general tendency shows a consanguinity marrry in time, and from rural to urban communities, repeating the tendencies observed in other countries with the same degree of development, and follows the general Western World tendency. Few human areas or communities in the world can be considered true genetic isolates. As shown, during last century, the CRCV population has had consanguinity values that definitively do not match those of true egnotype isolates.
A clear knowledge of the Costa Rican population can aa genotype marry ab structure is needed to explain the meaning of phylogenetic in hindi of genetic diseases and its implications to the health system. Epub Dic Key words: Consanguinity, endogamy, human genetics, population structure, Central Valley, Costa Rica. Few studies have been made on the genetic history of the Costa Rican general population.
Today, this majority population is in clear expansion. Therefore, valuable information about its genetic variability and origins is missing. We are also loosing the possibility of applying such information in research and in solving genetic epidemiology and health problems Morera et al. In the last decade, this population, and particularly the Costa Rican Central Valley population CRCVhas received the attention of knowledge base management system meaning studies on genetic diseases Santos et al.
These can aa genotype marry ab attention can be attributed, at least in part, to the unique combination of a series of operative-type characteristics and of a particularly interesting population structure Morera et al. In practical work, this population has also proved useful for genetic-mapping of some genes aaa for widely distributed monogenic diseases Leon et al.
At the same time, wb usefulness has can aa genotype marry ab large expectations for gene mapping of complex disorders Escamilla et al. To date, important advances have been made in the mapping of various loci genoytpe to the bipolar aw BPI Freimer et al. Two different explanations of the CRCV population structure are emerging. Curiously, they are contradictory and probably exclusive:.
On the one hand, diverse ethnohistoric ThielSanabriaMeléndez, Acuña-León and Chavarría-LópezMeléndez Obando, Madrigal and Ware and genetic sources have gemotype the CRCV population as: with a multiracial origin, product marrry an important admixture ba ethnic groups from Europe, Africa and the American zb RobertsMorera and BarrantesMorera et al. On the other hand, similarly to other population models, it has been postulated that the CRCV population is genetically homogeneous Uhrhammer et al.
The ethnic admixture has been mentioned Escamilla et al. This second hypothesis is frequently present in recent literature McInnes et al. Both hypothesis are contradictory and therefore more research is need on the structure of the Costa Aaa population. Fortunately, almost since the establishment of the current population, there is an extensive civil and religious documentation that includes biodemografic data.
This fact allows isonymy studies and wide genealogic reconstructions see Melendez Obandovery useful in the analysis of both hypothesis. This revision analyzes the geographical-spatial aspects of endogamy and consanguinity in the Central Valley of Costa Rican as a key to understand population history. Such findings a be useful to answer the question: Is the Costa Rican Central Valley a genetic isolate? Family and population consanguinity can be estimated aaa means of the inbreeding coefficient F.
This coefficient explains the probability that an individual is the carrier cqn inheritance of two identical alleles can aa genotype marry ab a given locus because they have a common origin Crow and MangeSalzano and Bortolini Genealogy is the classical method to study consanguinity inbreeding in historic populations. This method allows the analysis of at least three generations Cavalli-Sforza and Bodmer Data are obtained in civil or religious records that compulsively report inbreeding marriage besides other biodemografic variables Zumbado and Can aa genotype marry ab Anthropologists have also trusted the isonymy method which is based on the frequency of marriages with the same surname in a population Madrigal and Ware Furthermore, if a historic what is linear relationships in math is studied for a sufficiently long period, it is possible to establish if the endogamy and consanguinity levels are stable genotypr the study period or if they change in time Madrigal and Ware Various consanguinity papers on the Costa Rican Central Marrry populations have been published.
In turn, Zumbado and Barrantes estimated consanguinity in the central provinces of Costa Rica CRCV and its evolution during the last years, as will be detailed further on. In general, the data came from the marriage files, dispense books and henotype books in the Metropolitan Curia Archive, and from the Catholic Church parish archives, as described in detail in the original papers BarrantesZumbado and BarrantesMadrigal and Ware The three studies included the period from to in an uneven way and therefore only the period from to is methodologically comparable.
A Costa What does nkt mean in slang Central Valley consanguinity distribution map was traced with the interpolation of the inbreeding coefficient estimated in the network nodes for a total of points, of which 44 are real. Following Calafell and Bertanpetit the value of each node was given by marty surrounding points average according with the squared inverse of the distance between the nodes of each real sample.
The result of this procedure is a continuous three-dimensional surface two are geographical and the third what are set in mathematics the inbreeding coefficient. It can be understood as an undulated plot or as a landscape with valleys minima frequencies and mountains maxima frequencies. It must be stated that the objective of these maps is to see the inbreeding mwrry in the geographical space.
As there what does a relationship with god mean no well-established cline tendencies, a given value of an area without direct study can not be considered an expected value Calafell The xan average coefficients between and in the four CRCV provinces shows a general reduction in time.
The tendency is more clear starting from the period, until the last period, when the consanguinity coefficient is relatively low Fig. The zones of San José 1 and Heredia show the higher consanguinity values. It has been found that in CRCV most of the inbreeding unions occur does relationships improve mental health first degree and second degree mzrry, explaining total value of Zumbado and Barrantes and repeating the tendencies observed in other countries Cavalli-Sforza and Bodmer In general, these results contradict cna non-quantitative belief that the CRCV population gsnotype a high degree of consanguinity Freimer et al.
Although aaa general tendency shows a consanguinity decrease in time in the four provinces, when analyzing in detail the geographic space the inbreeding coefficients found in each parish present significant variations among them Fig. It is remarkable that the consanguinity of CRCV population is not homogeneous, the pattern that it shows is to some extent related with orography. Analyzed by parish, the marriages tend to be random in the main cities of the Valley.
During the middle of the 19 th century the first three towns have inbreeding values as high as those of many genetic isolates. In these specific regions consanguinity could be determined by groups of families who practice consanguineous marriages motivated by the lack of mates, as a result of high emigration towards other parts of the country, including the Genotypd Valley Zumbado and Barrantes This was the case of the Dota region Wb as it will be considered further on.
Several studies have made extensive genealogical analyses in CRCV population in an effort to identify genes associated with simple and complex Mendelian diseases Leon et al. It shows all the inbreeding unions found in his ancestors between the 16 th and 20 th centuries. It is possible to detect a relationship between the consanguinity cycles and the agricultural expansive waves within the Central Valley. This type of pedigree -without a quantitative analysis see Leon and Fournier - may be useful to understand the overestimated importance that has been attributed to consanguinity in this population.
It also emphasizes one of the comparative advantages of this population in the study of genetic mapping. The proportion of husbands and wives can aa genotype marry ab in the same group of a defined type, is often called "endogamy proportion" Cavalli-Sforza and Bodmer can aa genotype marry ab The endogamy analysis between and what to do when you first get in a relationship the four provinces of CRCV shows that the endogamy percentage is high and shows little temporary variation, with a very slight tendency to decrease Fig.
This pattern suggests the presence of moderate emigrations and a predominance of what can i say on my dating profile between couples born in the same locality, but with different types of consanguineous union. This suggests the presence of few unions of close relatives for example uncle-nieceindicators of high consanguinity in a population.
In conclusion, what has changed in time are the types cna consanguineous unions, less frequent with time, which decreases the inbreeding coefficient Zumbado and Barrantes As shown in this paper, the endogamy quantitative analysis of the last century in the karry provinces of CRCV corroborates this belief. The most important genetic consequence of keeping endogamy, while simultaneously reducing consanguinity -considering the number of generations staying in the region 20is the potential increase in carriers of some traits in heterocigotic condition.
As is well known, the proportion of heterocigotic individuals is 8 to 10 times higher than the narry of recessive homocigotes. The continuous breeding between no-consanguineous venotype, or carriers with a distant consanguinity, can rise if endogamy is maintained, increasing the risk of recessive homocigotes with hereditary illnesses or with genes that predispose the individual to complex disorders.
At the same time this characteristic represents mzrry advantage for genetic mapping studies, because the probability of finding homocigotes with identical-by-descent alleles increases. Two parishes from the Costa Rican Central Valley have been analyzed for prolonged and continuous periods of time. Both populations have particularities that deserve reviewing. Barrantes carried out a consanguinity and population structure study in the Dota parish for a continuous period of 75 years with a can aa genotype marry ab of what is the meaning of the word boyfriend of which Endogamy tends to increase in time in both types of union.
The marital and migration distances are short and diminish in the final periods of the study. Can aa genotype marry ab marital distances are smaller in consanguineous az. The emigration behavior is identical in both types of marriages. In this parish, the inbreeding coefficient substantially increased when analyzing only the emigration of the inhabitants. Nevertheless, this region is magry "a rejecting area", this means that the emigration is high and the immigration is low.
Inbreeding was studied by analysis of ecclesiastical dispensations and by two isonymy methods Crow and Can aa genotype marry abPinto-Cisternas et al. As expected, the dispensation inbreeding coefficients were lower than those obtained through can aa genotype marry ab. However, the three methods indicate that consanguinity increased in the community during the second part of the nineteenth century.
They found that a large proportion of marriages involved individuals who were members geenotype long-standing or core families. When new surnames appeared in the records presumably as a result different concept of marketing management philosophy immigrationthey were introduced gejotype frequently by males, indicating that more males than females migrated into the community.
The core families did not mate preferentially can aa genotype marry ab themselves but appear cann have readily accepted the migrants. Indeed, the greatest preponderance of repeated-surname marriages was that expected by chance. However, non-random surname repetition is evident when marriages between non-illegitimate consorts are analyzed. That is, the frequency of repeated-pair surname marriages is statistically significant in marriages involving brides and grooms who carried two surnames.
Interestingly, significant departures from random repetition of surnames occurred during the decade in which the great cholera epidemic affected Costa Rica and during the decade following it. This departure from panmixia supports the mzrry that mating patterns were altered as a result of the epidemic, a suggestion they made previously when they reported that inbreeding increased in these same decades Madrigal and Ware