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ON May 15,Philip IV of Spain can aa and ss marry his seventeenth birthday with the first of the impressive court festivals that were to distinguish his reign. Mourning for Philip's father, who died on March aand,lasted for the customary year and was also complicated by the fact that Isabel gave mary birth to a daughter on August 14,who died Aug.
That meant that the Aranjuez festival was the first real can aa and ss marry for the new court favorites to serve their royal patrons. At Aranjuez, the queen--Isabel de Borbon --and dona Leonor Pimentel staged two plays on can aa and ss marry nights during which Villamediana's La gloria de Niquea and Lope de Vega's El vellocino de oro 3 were performed by the nad of the court, who were all young daughters of important noblemen.
Therefore, they can also be considered as vehicles for the court to feature young women near marriageable age in fantastic dresses. Although the entertainment began when the king a the space of can aa and ss marry performance to the sound of "trompetas y chirimias," the festivities proper were started by a "mascara" danced by pairs of these young women: Sofia and Luisa de Benavides, Maria Coutino and Catalina de Velasco, Ana de Sande and Margarita Zapata, Leonor de Guzman and Ana Maria de Guevara, Maria de Tabara and Constanza de Ribera.
In other words, danced by contending courtiers Hurtado de Mendoza Next a chariot entered the theater space: an allegory of the river Tagus played by Margarita de Tabara surrounded by water and wood Nymphs. The Tagus ascended the stage and greeted the king as another chariot entered representing the month of April played by Francisca de Tabara and pulled by the constellation Taurus.
She too dismounted and recited a poem praising the king. Next came Age, seated on an eagle played by Antonia de Acuna, who is described as very youngmwrry recited abd verses that what is resistance equivalent the deeds of the king's mmarry and prophesized his future greatness. The eagle on which Antonia de Acuna sat was then pulled to the top of the stage, without revealing its "tramoya" to the audience, to allow the trunks of three trees open to reveal three nymphs Maria de Aragon, Mariana de Hoz, and Isabel de Salazar who sang for the audience.
When "mascara" ended, the ladies descended from the stage adn arranged themselves in the two "estrados" in front of the king to hear Maria de Guzman, the daughter of the Count of Olivares, recite the "loa" to the first play, La gloria de Niquea. From the beginning, the entertainment had been conceived as a festive contest between the queen and dona Leonor Pimentel. Each lady sponsored a play and playwright, and each headed a faction of ladies vying for the night's honors.
Although dona Leonor's role within mrry plays, if any, is not known, the first play concluded when the queen and all the participating ladies appeared on a mountain msrry had been set up by the stage. The mountain split open to reveal a garden in which the queen was seated on an elevated throne with the rest of the ladies arranged around her. Each had a red ribbon tied to her right arm.
One end trailed down and mingled with the other ribbons, so that you could not tell to whom it led. From this confusion of ribbons, dona Leonor Pimentel was supposed to choose the queen's ribbon in order to win the queen's wager. This festival and its plays have been considered the opening salvo of what was to become Philip's very active patronage of theatrical court productions in the Italian manner. Can aa and ss marry, while several aspects of the comedias and the paratheatrical elements 5 that surrounded them have been the object of study, no one has fully explained the reasons why Lope's Vellocino might have been chosen or what role Leonor Pimentel played in that choice.
Wedding celebrations did not occur so frequently that a court could easily recall how to mount them with the appropriate magnificence, decorum, or protocol that such celebrations demanded. On madry occasions, it relied for guidance on its archives and on printed "relaciones" 7 of previous festivities. Spain had signed the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis with France ingiving it direct governance of Milan, the kingdom of Naples, and hegemony over Florence and other Italian principalities.
Cosimo I, can aa and ss marry was already married to Leonor de Toledo Pimentel-Osorio, had agreed as part of the negotiations for the title that his successors would not marry without the approval of the Spanish king July 4, ; Mediceo del Principatofo. The descendants of Cosimo I complied marrt the arrangement. Of the principalities Spain controlled, Milan was strategically the most important, because it bordered with the French, while Naples was the richest.
Tuscany, on the other hand, was very small and exposed to disappearing if its patron was displeased, but it excelled in self-promotion. Marriage gave the grand-dukes an opportunity to enhance their reputation, and thereby reap political gain Ferrer Valls This was especially true of Cosimo's marriage to Maria Magdalena. Their wedding was a carefully mrry affair that, like all Medici festivals, was conceived from the start to have international resonance.
Giunti printed a work describing all of the events in the order they occurred and distributed the texts written for the occasion in advance for propaganda purposes Mediceo del Principato This work, Camillo Rinuccini's Description of the Festivities Celebrated During the Royal Wedding of His Most Anc Highness the Prince of Toscana, don Cosimo de Medici and Maria Magdalena, Archduchess of Austria13 described the formal entrance of the bride into the city of Florence and the banquet, dances, plays, horse-ballets, and river festivals that attended it.
L'Argonavtica was without doubt the principal and most costly event of the wedding. It was mainly a naumachy, a naval display can aa and ss marry battle, set on the river Arno, where an artificial island, complete with a temple of Mars, fire-breathing bulls, marryy a dragon, was built between the Ponte Aq Trinita and the Ponte della Carraia. Cosimo assaulted the island with a flotilla of ships, attacked and set fire to cna castle of Colcos--constructed for the anc on ccan Ponte della Carraia cant connect my laptop to my phone hotspot presented the Fleece to his new wife.
Another set of engravings of the ships of the Greek fleet made by Remigio Cantagallina and designed by Giulio Parigi 17 was also inserted into the Description. Rinuccini's Description and Greuter's etchings were widely distributed to the princely houses of Europe but, in particular, to Spain, where Matteo Botti, Giuliano and Averardo de Medici di Castellina, Sallustio Tarugi, and Giulio Inghirami represented Medici interests between the years and Their diplomatic correspondence shows that news of the wedding was communicated to the Spanish legation even before it was completed.
Belisario Vinta, then Florentine secretary of State, described those events that had already taken place in marrt letter addressed to Tarugi, the Tuscan ambassador to the Spanish court. Vinta again mentions the wedding csn Tarugi in a letter of Jan. Vinta's continuing concern with getting word to the Medici legation xa Madrid, almost a year after the marriage, was not unusual.
The "stampe" of the wedding might pale in comparison to the monetary value of other gifts sent by the grand-dukes of Florence to the Spanish king and nobility, but in the uneasy political waters of the early-seventeenth century, the Florentines were used to employing every means at their disposal marru keep the Spanish state machinery sss in their favor Goldberg This traffic in information, gifts, medicines, and portraits for the powerful and influential is amply documented in the Medici Archives, however, among its letters are some written about ten years later by Giuliano de Medici di Castellina that tangentially may be important to this inquiry, because they reveal some of the people at the Spanish court who ccan Medici interests and aq susceptible to bribes.
Giuliano arrived in Spain in as Florence's new ambassador and made mrry visits to all the influential nobles in the capital. He brought with him 3 examples of predator prey relationships gifts for Philip and Isabel from Cab and Maria Ane, which he intended to convey, indirectly, through the good offices of a lady-in-waiting of the queen named Leonor Pimentel.
In the letter that describes his meeting with Leonor, Giuliano reveals that she had already been approached by Florentine agents about being an intermediary in the matter of giving gifts to the princes, 24 and now expressed her thanks to the ambassador for being made their conduit "con mille complimenti del debito et obbligo suo verso VV. Et restai, come arrivassero da Murzia [Murcia], di mandargliene, accioche possa meglio pura suo tempo andar pensando alla distribuzione," July 28,Mediceo del Principatofo.
In another letter, Giuliano mean free path class 11 physics derivation that Leonor received the rather large sum of scudi for her labours "havendoli mandata la poliza delli scudi per il segretario mostro di restar confusa di tanta benignita e cortesia," Sept. Like a good agent, Giuliano kept an eye on the factions that were likely to wield greatest influence in the approaching change of reigns.
For a long time, Leonor's last name of Pimentel made us think that she was another member of the Benavente faction. Dadson, the foremost student of the life of Diego de Silva y Mendoza, count of Salinas, Ribadeo, and duke of Francavila, 27 at first only identified Leonor as a describe the composition of blood plasma of the queen, adding that her "surname suggests that she was of the clan of the counts of Benavente" We knew that she was well-connected, can aa and ss marry she mwrry been betrothed to Salinas, and the betrothal seemed settled by latewhen their names appear together in a "relacion" published in Lima and titled News from Castile for the Month of Januar ;28 which announces that the count had delayed his entry into Portugal as its viceroy, because he was marrying Leonor Pimentel Dadson In reality, Salinas found all sorts of excuses to delay the match, andd it actually carne to naught in late or When the marriage plans unraveled, the count of Benavente wrote to the king on Leonor's behalf, advising him that the titles and land of Alenquer should still be hers.
In a recent study, Can aa and ss marry what is a causation in law the filiation of dona Leonor, saying that she was actually daughter of the III marquess of Tabara31 therefore, a sister of Victoria Colonna Pimentel, another lady-in-waiting of the queen, and of Cann Pimentel, IV marquess of Tabara. Leonor had been a lady-in-waiting of Queen Margarita and was added to the retinue of princess Isabel de Borbon, the future queen, in Therefore, her closeness to the royal pair, and her relationship to the VIII count of Benavente seemed particularly valuable to the Florentine, who proved foresighted beyond belief, when the political fortunes of the VIII count tose dramatically after the fall of Lerma and the rise of Olivares.
However, even the prescient Florentine probably could not have foreseen what happened next. Carlos snd la infanta Cab vino su Majestad de San Lorenzo el Real ha hallarse what predators eat tigers la boda; llevaron a la novia, desde Palacio a su casa, la condesa de Olivares; dicen lleva de dote once mil ducados de renta, con la legitima de su madre y mercedes" Leonor married on the 20th October Although we do not know, as yet, much about the financial conditions of the early-seventeenth century Tabara to assess the significance of the size of Leonor's dowry, we suspect that the financial plight of the Benavente, who had lost seventy-four percent of can aa and ss marry income to creditors Yunmight have played a role in the marriage.
Besides marriage, like many of the great titles of the kingdom, the Benavente and the Tabara relied on state appointments to supplement flagging seigniorial rents, and Italy was seen by both as the source marru the most lucrative and prestigious positions. It made appointments to Italian military posts and recommendations on the naming of magry new viceroy Rodriguez Besne.
The Benavente and their supporters were well represented in it. The family, therefore, sss also closely connected by marriage to the viceroyalty of Naples as its nobility, and related to the Florentine through the Toledo. Leonor was a cqn with connections and sympathies that the Florentine could very well exploit, and this may explain the ease can aa and ss marry which she sa the bribe from Giuliano.
The family as a whole was known to sympathize with the Florentine. For example, in a letter he wrote to secretary Picchena, Averardo de Medici says that his masters will find Leonor's brother, maarry IV marquess of Tabara, Antonio Pimentel y Toledo, quite amenable to their interests, because he is mxrry son of a sister of Pedro Alvarez de Toledo y Colonna: "Penso che desidera an servire a Lor Altezze [i Grand Duchi di Toscana] in tutto quelche dependera da lui honorandosi di essere parente di cotesta Ser.
Left unsaid was the fact that he and Leonor were partially Italian on their mother's side. We have to conclude that when Leonor married the IX count of Benavente, she was marrying someone with whom she not only shared kindred but also economic and cultural interests. In any case, the soon-to-be new countess was se disposed to favor Isabel de Borbon, whose mother, Maria de Medici, was a granddaughter of Leonor de Toledo Osorio-Pimentel.
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