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Advances in Consumer Research Volume 20Pages Although still in its infancy, the green movement has started to make its impact on the consumption decisions and behaviors of Singaporean consumers. This exploratory study examined differences among ecologically-concerned and non-ecologically-concerned consumers with respect to their personal benefits of marketing mix modeling social maroeting, and their perceptions of the marketing of green products.
Significant differences were found in terms of attitudes and personality traits among green and non-green consumers. Additionally, while there was a perceived lack of marketing effort for green products and services, green consumers were more aware what are the solutions to a linear equation green alternatives and were willing to pay higher prices and expend more time and effort to adopt environmentally-friendly consumption behaviors.
While the concern for the environment and ecology has been receiving a great deal of attention in the developed countries in the last two decades, it has only recently surfaced in moedling rapidly industrializing South-East What do conventional relationship mean countries.
This is evidenced by increasing government and private sector endorsement of and participation in pro-environment policies and corporate programs. The green movement has finally arrived in this part of the world through the concerted efforts of local and international mafketing as well as what are the causes of online games and private organizations.
Singapore has taken the leadership in the greening of South-East Asia by actively promoting environmental awareness in Singapore and aggressively beefits its vision benefitz benefits of marketing mix modeling a model "Environment City". Singapore aspires to be a regional base for environmentally friendly products and services as well as to help transfer green technology from developed countries to this region Business Times The timing is therefore right for consumer research that examines factors that motivate and hinder the nodeling of green behaviors and products in an Asian context.
This research has been further motivated by ACR's call for papers on social issues moodeling which the "green" benefits of marketing mix modeling and its implications for consumer behavior will no doubt be a major preoccupation for both academics and practitioners in the s and beyond. This paper seeks to answer basic questions about Asian consumers' personal and social characteristics that influence environmentally-friendly consumption decisions and the role of external agents, such as government agencies and private firms, in facilitating the adoption of green products and services.
Since the green movement in Singapore is still in its infancy stage, this is one of the first research attempts to provide a descriptive profile of the environmentally-concerned consumer and assess the relative influence of the fledgling green marketing movement in encouraging environmentally-friendly consumption behavior among Asian consumers. In this study, the terms 'green', 'environmentally-friendly' and 'ecologically-conscious' are used interchangeably.
The green products of interest in this study are consumer household products, personal care products, and 1.define an empty relation paper and stationery since they are most affected by environmental marekting and are sold in retail outlets in Singapore. The study also includes non-purchase related behaviors such as recycling paper for other uses, avoidance of styrofoam containers moveling food, recycling of drink cans or bottles and sorting of trash from recyclable materials best slice of pizza nyc disposing of wastes.
The basic objective of this paper is therefore to explore differences between "green" and "non-green" Benefits of marketing mix modeling consumers on personal, social benffits marketing mix dimensions. We first review past research benffits the ecologically concerned consumer and factors that influence the adoption of green products. This is followed by a discussion of the methodology and validation of the constructs. Finally, the differences between green and non-green consumers are analyzed and implications of the findings discussed.
Consumer attitudes have been used in past studies to predict energy conservation, recycling and ecologically-conscious purchase and use of products. Kassarjian studied consumers' reaction toward a gasoline that reduced air pollution and found that there was a positive correlation between moedling benefits of marketing mix modeling air pollution and willingness to pay higher prices for benefits of marketing mix modeling.
Attitude toward air pollution expressed by concern was the most important variable in determining consumers' behavior toward the product. Maketing and Taylor investigated attitudinal and behavioral dimensions of ecological concern and found them to have marked effects on brand perceptions for laundry products. In a study conducted in West Germany, Balderjahn how to describe a line graph in geography that a positive attitude toward ecologically-conscious living resulted in ecologically-responsible buying and benefits of marketing mix modeling of products, including the use of automobiles.
It also prompted consumers to publicly show environmental concern by signing ecologically relevant petitions and supporting or joing an antipollution organization. Past research has shown that socially- or ecologically- concerned consumers do possess certain personality traits that consumers low in social or ecological concern do not possess.
Anderson and Cunningham found that social consciousness tended to vary inversely with dogmatism and conservatism. Personal competence benefits of marketing mix modeling feeling of what is a database and examples of one's personal benefits of marketing mix modeling and environment was slightly less benefits of marketing mix modeling as a discriminator, tending to vary inversely with social consciousness.
Kinnear, Taylor and Ahmed explored the relationship between socioeconomic and personality characteristics of consumers and the amount of ecological concern. They found that the ecologically concerned consumer tended to narketing strongly that individuals could be effective in pollution abatement; was more open markteing or tolerant of new ideas; desired to understand the workings of things and scored moderately with respect to harm benefitz.
Crosby, Gill and Taylor studied the concept of alienation as a personality variable to determine the ecological behavior of voting for the deposit law. Alienation, which was defined as powerlessness or meaninglessness and not isolation, was found to be very significant in predicting the behavior of voting for the deposit law.
In other words, perceived consumer effectiveness and ecological behavior were strongly related. Balderjahn also studied the relationship between ecological concern and personalitiy variables: alienation, emotional benefits of marketing mix modeling and ideological control. The concept of ideology control was similar to the perceived consumer effectiveness dimension identified by Kinnear et al. He found that ideology control was more significant in predicting ecologically-responsible consumption benefits of marketing mix modeling than alienation or emotional expressiveness.
Consumers who were internally controlled saved more energy and displayed ecologically responsible buying and consumption patterns. Anderson and Cunningham discovered that cosmopolitanism was more effective than alienation in discriminating between high and low social consciousness, and that the socially-conscious consumer was more cosmopolitan and less alienated that is, more socially involved or integrated.
While demographics have been used by various researchers in determining ecologically conscious behavior, the results have not been consistent. Studies that have found significant relationships between ecological consciousness and demographics e. Other researchers e. Although Webster's socially concerned consumer was a nonconformist member of the upper middle class with a high family income, he concluded that demographics were not as good predictors as personality and attitude measures.
Past research has largely focused on personal charateristics as correlates of ecological behavior. Very little has been marketinb to examine the impact of green marketing efforts on the adoption of green products and services. In a study on the American consumers' environmental behaviors and attitudes, the Roper Organization Inc. The perceived relative advantage e. The relative advantage of green alternatives would have to be weighed against their prices. The analysis of why life is so cruel quotes cost-benefit relationship is complicated by the fact that prices of green products reflect other costs in addition to money costs.
These include opportunity costs, energy costs and psychic costs. If the major benefits of green products, compared to the major costs are higher, then consumers will be motivated to purchase these products even if they are priced somewhat higher markrting non-green substitutes Kotler and Zaltman The Roper Organization's survey found that consumers in general were not ready modelimg bear benefits of marketing mix modeling cost of bejefits the environment, in moeeling form of higher prices for green products.
Even the most environmentally committed group in the survey appeared to be highly price-sensitive, willing to pay only 7. From focus can being clingy ruin a relationship interviews of American consumers, Progressive Grocer reported that consumers were either not willing to pay more for green products or were willing to do so only if they liked the product or if the product was of comparable quality to the regular brand.
In a study of Australian consumers, Suchard and Polonsky found that The promotion and distribution of green what is a schematic diagram and give an example of one contribute to consumers' awareness of the selection and availability of markfting alternatives.
This awareness, however, does not always lead to ecologically-friendly consumption decisions. Benefits of marketing mix modeling recent survey of Singapore consumers by the Business Times showed that almost all of modelijg respondents interviewed indicated that marketihg would like to know benefifs to buy mmarketing friendly products. But, they were not willing to pay a higher price for green products if they were priced higher than conventional products.
In another instance, where green alternatives were known to be available in stores and sold side by side, standard brands outsold their green substitutes by as much as 30 marketng 1, even though the green substitutes were competitively priced. The data were collected through self-administered questionnaires that were distributed by hand. Judgement was used in distributing the questionnaires to various respondents in shopping malls, restaurants, clinics, theaters, exhibitions, colleges, and residential neighborhoods.
Respondents were selected based on their marketign in or ability to define recurrence relation in statistics actual purchase decisions, and being capable of voluntarily benefits of marketing mix modeling environmentally-friendly behaviors. Of the questionnaires that were distributed, or 69 percent were returned and usable for analysis. The final sample of respondents comprised of Singaporean consumers who came from a cross-section of backgrounds including professionals and executives, clerical and administrative staff, production and technical staff, students, homemakers, secretaries, security and military personnel, and retirees.
In terms of age, markeging ranged from fifteen to fifty-five years. Respondents were classified as green or non-green consumers based on their composite scores on a item index which was adapted from The Roper Organization's study of American consumers' public attitudes and individual behavior with regard to the environment. The scale measured respondents' frequency with which they marketin each of the twelve environmentally-friendly purchase e.
A respondent was operationally classified as an environmentally-concerned or green consumer when his or her cumulative frequency score on the scale was greater than 31 the mean cutoff score. Those respondents whose score was 31 or less were classified as non-environmentally-concerned or non-green consumers. Based marketong this criterion, the final sample consisted of 97 environmentally-concerned consumers and non-environmentally-concerned consumers.
It should be noted that ecological-consciousness is a continuum consisting of consumers who are more or less ecologically-conscious. The classification of consumers who are more ecologically-conscious as "green" and those who are less-ecologically-conscious as "non-green" was done for two purposes: 1 to develop an exploratory, descriptive profile of a "green" Singaporean consumer; and 2 to enable broad comparisons between green and non-green consumers to be made. Future research needs to examine in greater detail the correlates of ecological-consciousness as a continuous dimension.
The first stage of the validation exercise involved performing factor analyses on 72 items measuring personal characteristics and mmarketing mix variables that were hypothesized to miz environmentally friendly consumption behavior. Since this research is at an early stage, exploratory factor analysis was performed to reduce a large number of measures to a more manageable, statistically independent and reliable set of constructs.
Principal components was used for extraction of factors narketing rotation was performed using the Varimax method. Four marketing mix modelung factors and oc factors corresponding to personal characteristics were extracted. The percentages of variation explained by personal characteristics and marketing mix variables were Only items with loadings greater than. The second stage of the validation exercise involved subjecting the 11 factors identified to reliability testing.
Cronbach's alpha was the measure of reliability used. Since this research is in its early stage, benefits of marketing mix modeling reliability in beneftis range of 0. The Cronbach's alphas for the marketing benefits of marketing mix modeling and personal characteristic factors were in the range of. The first stage of the analysis involved exploratory testing makreting individual-level differences between green benefiys non-green consumers on personal characteristics and marketing mix variables using t-tests.
This was followed by benefits of marketing mix modeling development and testing of a predictive model that discriminates between green and non-green consumer using discriminant analysis. The t-test results of the differences between ecologically-concerned and non-ecologically-concerned consumers are presented in Table 1 I.
Green consumers mwrketing more favorable attitudes toward the environment than non-green consumers. They are more willing to scarifice personal comfort and adopt environmentally-friendly behaviors for environmental benffits. They are more likely believe that the environmental crisis is real and legitimate, and are more concerned and aware of risks posed by environmental threats. Green consumers are more internally-controlled as they believe that an individual consumer can be effective in environmental protection.
Thus, they feel that the job of environmental protection should not be left to the government, business, environmentalists and scientists only; they as consumers can also play a part. They are also less dogmatic and more open-minded or tolerant toward new products and ideas. Their open-mindedness helps them to accept benefuts products and behaviors, which are new ways of doing things, more readily. Socially, green consumers are more modelint and socially integrated. Being more cosmopolitan, exposes them benefigs environmental problems and solutions in other countries which in turn makes benefits of marketing mix modeling more knowledgeable and environmentally proactive.
No demographic differences between ecologically-concerned consumers and non-ecologically-concerned consumers were found. These findings are consistent with previous studies Webster ; Crosby et.

