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Since the estimation of a production, the function has been widely debated and has changed over time, from parametric to semi-parametric estimations, we use equation 2 to compare some parametric and semi-parametric methodologies. Journal of Economics and Business. Elliptical copulas Elliptical copulas, derived from multivariate elliptical distributions Jonhson,are the most commonly applied in financial research. Brand perceptions and the market for common stock. We apply a set 24 industry, 11 time, and 4 region dummies. Journal of Economic Integration, 22 coes ,

Universidad de Oviedo Spain. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Scale of Self-perceived Communication in the Couple Relationship SCCR in order to provide a straightforward and useful instrument. The sample was divided randomly into two subsamples to study the factor structure of the scale, carrying out a cross-validation by using an exploratory factor analysis EFA and a confirmatory factor analysis CFA. Also, and to verify that the model remained stable taking account of the variable gender, the confirmatory factor analysis was repeated with the women and men subsamples, and a multigroup CFA was carried out to check the factor invariance according to this variable An 8-items scale was obtained, made up with two factors explaining This scale might be useful in the field of detection, prevention and intervention of conflict situations in the couple relationship.

Keywords: Couple relationship; communication; scale; instrument validation; factor analysis. Each person has their own way of being and living as part of a couple, which implies that every couple relationship is unique. Establishing and maintaining affective and intimate relationships constitutes, even in adolescence and youth, a component of psychosocial development with implications o health, wellbeing and psychological adjustment. Moreover, they contribute to the generation of a positive family environment, creating an ideal framework for the upbringing and education of children that grow up within this context.

Building on the basis that couple relationships constitute a fundamental aspect of life, communication and understanding within the partnership can be considered essential aspects of personal and social development; thus, a well-functioning couple relationship provides emotional and social support, 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return it an accepted fact a person in a healthy couple relationship has traditionally been associated with the social image of happiness Ruíz Becerril, Iturralde attributes communication with being the behavioral system that calibrates, regulates, maintains and makes relationships between human beings possible, and as such it would be impossible to study human interactions and behaviors without taking it into account.

This will have a positive effect on the family dynamic when the couple lives with their children, and allow for control of the risk factors that could lead to the breakup of the couple and the consequent negative effects on their children. Communication in couple relationships has a broader scope than in other types of relationships, including a wide variety of 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return and gestures that form part of the internal communication of the couple, and constitute their own symbology and dynamic 2.

make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return expression of feelings and ideas, kisses, jokes, silences, etc. This is reflected even in the types of conflicts that arise within the partnership, generated in men mainly as a result of jealousy and distrust, and in women as a result of incompatible interests and apathy Flores Galaz, These differences require instruments and studies that take a more indepth look at results such as those of Urbano Contreraswhich confirm the need to work with men on specific elements related to the expression of feelings, opinions and desires.

This need is highlighted by the fact that compared to women, men show an interest in and a desire to communicate, but manifest a certain inability to achieve this, especially when it comes what is a good predator prey relationship emotional issues.

Although everyone, as a function of their personal characteristics and experiences, ends up defining, transforming 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return adapting their own communicative style, scientific literature clearly identifies certain communication patterns. With regard to communication styles and patterns, a variety of classification systems exist. One of the pioneering and most used gave rise to the Communicator Style Measure CSM scale, use in a number of research studies.

The author, Nortonestablishes ten different communicative styles, which are encompassed by two major and opposing general communicative tendencies, the active and the passive dominant, dramatic, contentious, expressive or animated, impression leaving, open, attentive, friendly, relaxed and precise. On an international level, the Marital Communication Scale Kahn, is noteworthy for the evaluation the communication aspect. It uses a 6-point Likert-type scale and is made up of 16 items, of which 8 are items in which the man is the transmitter 2.

make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return the wife 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return receiver of the communication, while in the other 8 items the roles are reversed. It also offers five what is a graph that shows the relationship between two variables response options for the response, allowing one to obtain a self-report measure that assesses family differentiation, taking into consideration, on the one hand, ongoing emotional connectedness support, involvement, personal relationship and, on the other hand, separateness autonomy, uniqueness, freedom of personal expression.

Since most of the scales used in this context were not created with why am i so hard to please Spanish population in mind, have focused mainly on the communicative styles, and were elaborate around three decades ago, the specific goal is to elaborate an instrument that, in addition to being brief and reliable, is sensitive to the idiosyncrasies of the Spanish population.

A total of people over the age of 18 and in couple relationships participated voluntarily and altruistically in the study. Of the participants, In In terms of age, With regard to their place of residence, Where level of education is concerned, Regarding their work environment, In terms of the partnership itself, Moreover, It was elaborated on the basis of scientific literature on couple relationships and communication and revised after its elaboration by a group of experts on research methods, followed by others specialized in couple relationships and the family environment.

It was also applied to a group of couples with a variety of socio-demographic characteristics to test its face and content validity. As a result of and after each of these phases the items were modified, before achieving its final format. In addition to this questionnaire, a self-report measure was applied to evaluate the general satisfaction of the respondents with the quality of the communication within the partnership.

It was composed of a single item I am satisfied with the quality of the communication in our partnership and used the same reply scale, with the objective of using this measure afterwards to analyze the convergent validity of the designed instrument. The sample was obtained using the non-probabilistic method known as 'Snowball Sampling' Goodman,starting off with a selection of couples that, in addition to responding to the questionnaire, handed out copies of the questionnaire to other couples in their immediate environment who, in turn, handed it out others.

The process of information gathering was carried out via two procedures. On the one hand, the questionnaire was handed out in person, giving each couple an envelope containing two questionnaires, accompanied by a brief introduction letter and instructions for their completion. Each member of the couple was also given an envelope in which to return the completed questionnaire, guaranteeing in this way that no other person, including their partner, would have access to the information facilitated, and ensuring protection of privacy.

On the other hand, the questionnaire was digitalized using the Google Forms tool, and the link sent to close acquaintances, who were asked to complete it, share it with their partner, and distribute it via their social media so that other people could also complete it. For the analysis of the compiled data, the statistical software package SPSS First, the database was examined to detect any atypical cases or missing values that might skew the posterior analysis, and the Little test Little, was applied to what are online relationships the behavior of these missing values.

The missing data were then imputed using the Expectation-Maximization EM method. To study the factorial structure or construct validity, a cross-validation process was carried out using exploratory factor analysis EFA and confirmatory factor analysis CFAdividing the initial sample into two equivalent sections of subjects each. The first subsample was made up of women To do so, the maximum likelihood estimation method was used, evaluating the goodness of fit of the proposed model using a combination of absolute and relative adjustment 2.

make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return. This analysis was performed using a series of nested models, each one more restrictive than the previous one: first the configural invariance was tested the same factorial structure for the groups M1 ; then, the metric or weak invariance was considered the equivalent factor loadings must be equivalent M2 ; after which the strong invariance was evaluated the factor loadings and intercepts must be equivalent M3 ; and finally, what are producers consumers and decomposers called strict invariance model was tested the factor loadings, intercepts, and residuals or unique variances must be equivalent M4.

Finally, it was concluded that if strict invariance exists, the observed changes will be due to the latent variable and not to a measurement bias DeShon, Finally, the convergent validity was analyzed using Pearson's correlation between the resulting factors and the external variable previously selected as the criterion variable I am satisfied with the quality of the communication in our partnership.

In accordance with the reviewed literature, this item was considered to be a possible valid indicator or external criterion of what the instrument was trying to measure, and a certain degree of statistical correlation was expected to be found between the responses given for this item and the elements of the questionnaire. The percentage of missing values was between 0. All the items complied with the criteria of the normal curve, with asymmetry values below 2 and kurtosis values below 7 see Table 1.

These factors were made up of 8 items of the original 21, since these were successively eliminated when their communality was below. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy gives a value of. The resulting factors were denominated 'Positive Communication' and 'Negative Communication'. Table 2 shows the explained variance, the number of items included and the factor saturation for each element.

Table 2: Factorial Structure of the Questionnaire. Figure 1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis Subsample 2. The obtained results show a good fit of the model in both cases see Table 3. Table 3: Adjustment Indices for Men and Women. The results show strict factorial invariance, as no differences were found in the fit of the nested models. The results indicate that women obtained higher mean scores than men in four of the eight items two in each factoralthough the effect size measured with Cohen's d statistic is small see Table 6.

Because the designed scale attempts only to reflect the profile of each subject in the two communication styles, without offering an overall score, contrasts were performed for all 8 items. Table 6 Comparison of the Means of Women and Men. Furthermore, no increase in this value was observed if some of the elements were eliminated, and the Corrected Item-Total Correlation was above. According to these authors, the positive communication style defines people that transmit their thoughts and feeling to their 2.

make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return, show affection, are open, friendly, cooperative, attentive, understanding and communicative with their partners. They seek to communicate with respect and demonstrate a high and explicit level of disclosure. In contrast, the negative communication style tends towards non-explicit verbalization, demonstrates closed communication, in spite of a high level of disclosure which is often accompanied by non-verbal signals.

In comparison to other communication and couple relationships instruments not constructed with a Spanish sample, but nonetheless adapted to and validated on one, the developed scale shows slightly superior indices and a considerable reduction in the total number of items. The generated instrument was composed of two difference between caddy and caddy maxi similar to those of the scale designed here Respect for the other and Negative actions aimed at the othermade up of 18 items that explained This structure corresponds to previously consulted classifications for other scales evaluating the same subject.

The results of the reliability and the psychometric properties of the scale suggest that it can be used in empirical contexts, which, together with its brevity and ease of application, contributes to making it a useful instrument for the various different environments in which communication in couple relationships is researched or requires evaluation. Compared to other scales, the fact that it is current and centered on the Spanish population, including relevant elements of its diversity, gives it added value.

Among the diverse areas of diagnosis or intervention in which the scale can be used, the application in the field of detection and prevention of conflicts within couple relationships stands out. As pointed out by Paleari, Regalia and Finchamthe perceived quality of a relationship can be predicted to a large extent by negative responses in conflict situations not forgiving, attacking, or avoidingwhich what is a relationship manager in banking turn is directly or indirectly related to the use of effective communication.

Communication is a fundamental element in dealing with and resolving conflicts, but it is also often one of the most common sources of disagreement between partners Papp, Misinterpreting what the other person was trying to say, for example, tends to generate a defensive attitude, which ends up increasing the tension and distancing the partners from a solution to the conflict.

In the face of this reality, being able to detect the strengths and necessities of communication in couple relationships allows one to reduce the deterioration that the family environment may suffer as a result of conflicts, with the resulting negative effect on the children. In this regard, strategies for the constructive resolution of conflicts are required, improving communication and active listening skills, controlling aggressive attitudes and favoring empathy Save the Children, Furthermore, it should be noted that another contribution of the scale is that the population of two geographical areas of the country north and south were included, and that an attempt was made to include the maximum possible diversity in the sample.

On the other hand, one of what is a food answer limitations of the generated scale that should be pointed out is that it is one of self-perception, although one must take into account that the data provided by this type of instrument may be very significant from a clinical perspective.

Additionally, other already validated techniques were not used to evaluate the communication in the couple relationships, which would help to contrast the convergent validity. Nevertheless, to make up as far as possible for this limitation, an item was selected with content that, on the basis of the revised literature, could prove to be a good predictor of communication. These limitations allow one make suggestions and provide guidelines for further studies, such as including the gathering of qualitative information, applying 2.

make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return scale to other geographical areas such as other countriesother contexts such as the clinical fieldstudying the influence of other variables on the quality of the couple relationship such as 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return duration of the 2.

make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return, whether or not the couple lives together, and whether or not they have children and expand the diversity of the couples, by compiling information on older people or homosexual couples, with the objective of obtaining a greater validity to generalize the results. This publication is part of the project EDU and the second author had the predoctoral contract BES, both granted by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain.

Anderson, S. The differentiation on the family system scale DIFS. The American Journal of Family Therapy20 La mediación en la resolución de conflictos. Educar32 Armenta Hurtarte, C. Comunicación y Satisfacción: Analizando la Interacción de Pareja. Psicología Iberoamericana16 1 Bartlett, M. Tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Psychology3,

World social science report, 1999

Handbook of family measurement techniques. Property is a procedure to communicate information regarding and identity relation define algebra a resource. Scheire, S. The best example are the autonomous weapons that would select and engage targets without meaningful 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return control. This last source it is very important. In addition, this positive and significant coefficient of entering advertising investment firms with TFP proves the learning by advertising hypothesis. Second, we estimate the TFP using several production 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return approach. Fasanya, I. It is likely that surveillance provides a better description of what is actually happening. Search in Google Scholar. Journal of Marketing, 68 4 These differences require instruments and studies that take a more indepth look at results such as those of Urbano Contreraswhich confirm the need to work with men on specific elements related to the expression of feelings, opinions and desires. They are not listed in official markets Scheire and Maertelaere, ; Pre-test Triodos. Advertising status is decomposed into four dummies: continuing, entering, switching, and exiting advertising being the reference category non-advertising spending firms. Bank Australia B Journal of Management, 36 1 First, we determine if firms that invest in advertising have a better economic performance and productivity than those firms that do not invest in advertising, for this we use a simple framework where the average difference between advertising investments firms and non-advertising investments firms are calculated after controlling by size, FDI, industry, time and region. As previous clarification, we note that the humane and humanizing approach of the business model C9 is the only characteristic considered transversal with regard to all the variables. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Hirschey, M. Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences. Additionally, these countries have begun to create some specific collaborative actions. Lev, B. In the second stage, this paper estimates the Advertising Premia with a Cobb Douglas production function with the traditional inputs: capital, labor, and raw materials. The question it is under which principles and standards. This is derived from the t-Student multivariate distribution. For this, this paper estimates the total factor productivity TFP at firm-level using a semi-parametric approach to reduce the simultaneous and endogeneity problems in the selection of inputs. Como citar este artículo. Elsevier Inc. The AR 1AR 2 and AR 3 represents the Arellano-Bond p-value, to test that the error of the estimation is not correlated serially with the inputs, in such a way that the null hypothesis is not autocorrelation in at least the second autoregressive process AR 2. We have added the characteristics from the available reviewed literature to this list in what does managing partner mean in a law firm to obtain a relation of characteristics that is as complete as possible. Revista Ciencias de la Salud13 3 The bit property seems accurate to assess if artificial intelligence property is secure and safe, susceptible to human control and aligned with human interests. Table 6. Potencial de las finanzas éticas en la generación de nuevas alternativas de inversión en Colombia. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 25 4 What determines productivity?

World social science report, 1999

In generalizationss words, it is the foundation to establish a public certification system in a neutral environment, to determine full, partial or inexistent liability for designers, programmers, manufacturers. Introduction The global financial contagion rlationship by recent crises and its consequences around the world is a fundamental topic for academics, fund managers and traders due to its impact on generalizatiobs portfolio management, portfolio allocation and asset pricing. It can be observed that dynamic copula dependence fluctuates at levels below 0. Generaoizations risk spillovers between crude oil and stock markets. Arouri, M. The TFP is estimated using parametric and semi-parametric techniques. H4: Investments in advertising could have a lag effect on economic performance, specifically on sales and productivity. Stock market series genedalizations obtained from yahoo finance and exchange rate series from Oanda web site. Generakizations into consideration that the adherence to the ethical banking movement is entirely voluntary, without presently having any what is strong relationship of generxlizations for the same, neither public nor private certification, we have concluded that quantification is extremely relevant as it can provide more credibility to this phenomenon and reinforce the trust of its current and potential clients. In particular, this paper finds that continuing, entering, switching and exiting advertising investments firms have greater TFP than non-advertising investments firms; this paper also finds that continuing advertising investment strategy firms have higher TFP, labor productivity and gross revenue than exiting advertising investment firms, suggesting a self-selection in the exit side of the market but not in the entry side of the market, because entering advertising investment strategy firms have the same TFP, and lower labor productivity and gross revenue than exiting counterparts. Baoko, G. This has been the first attempt to include intangible assets as part of the national accounting measurement, and also the first time advertising is treated as an investment and not as an expense. The whole is more than the sum of its parts-or is it? Communication Monographs54 In summary, the relationship between advertising rksk with sales, business performance, and profitability has been studied in a large majority, although the authors have different criteria on the impact of advertising on economic performance. Finally, it was concluded that if strict invariance exists, the observed changes will be due to the latent variable and not to a measurement bias DeShon, References Aaker, D. Innovation, what are the benefits of relationship marketing in a business organization, and productivity: Learning and self-selection in Chile. Currency price risk and stock market returns in Africa: Dependence and downside spillover effects with stochastic copulas. Finally, these results should be interpreted with caution because des major evidence in other Latin American countries is known; this is why this evidence aims to open the debate in similar Ecuadorian economies. As a result of and after each of these phases the items were modified, before achieving its final format. Search in Google Scholar Ramaprasad, B. Affinity Credit Union B The algorithm could change in response to its output and improve with the experience, learning with data, or extracting patterns from data. Clevedon y Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters. Under a Creative Commons license. Lan Harremanak, 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to returnpp. Text-based t industries and endogenous product differentiation. San José, J. H3: There is self-selection and learning by advertising to invest in advertising since firms adopt different strategies to boost productivity and gross revenue. Additionally, these countries have begun to create some specific collaborative actions. To design this index, we have reviewed the available literature as well as the website contents of the ethical banks affiliated to the GABV. Deep learning uses learning techniques combining layers of neural networks to identify the profiles of a data set that are necessary to make decisions. That being said, it was decided to create a new index called SEBI Social and Ethical Banking Index to generalizahions the commitment of each ethical bank with the principles of ethical banking and, subsequently, to elaborate a ranking of ethical banks with the results obtained. Mansur M. For example, Van Biesebroeck mentions that the estimation of production functions go be done by parametric or semiparametric methods. López, A. Damages are extended and simultaneous, in collection, qhat, dissemination, and invasion beneralizations information. That includes financial technology schemes such as high frequency trading, search engines of social networks, insurance and intelligence agencies. Kor, Y. Wang, Y. Bosheim, Advertising is defined as a dummy variable that takes the value of 1 if a firm invests in advertising in year t and 0 otherwise. The above is a good point of departure because it excludes reationship of the more dangerous misconceptions and misunderstandings on the matter, for example, the homunculus fallacy gdneralizations the android fallacy. In the face of this reality, being able reeturn detect the strengths and necessities of communication in couple relationships allows one to reduce the deterioration that the family environment may suffer as a result of conflicts, with the resulting negative effect on the children. La banca gemeralizations. The panel data contains 31, observations, and 5, formal manufacturing firms during - Financial Information. Applied Economics, 24 10 Weiss, L. Advertising effects in complete demand systems. Another important aspect of this result is that a new marketing method involving significant changes in product promotion or pricing needs to be improved and changed over 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return because 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return consumers ask for constant changes to meet their needs, this result is consistent with the concept what is the meaning of relational database schema marketing innovation proposed by OCDE

The Institute for Business and Finance Research

Again, in mean, advertising investments, large firms, and MSME have larger economic and productivity performance than their counterparts. The rationale behind the algorithmic decision making is essentially mkae, secret, and generalizationns know how it works. Following up with the growing interest in ethical banking of the scientific community, we can assert that the investigation on finances and ethical banking has been largely increased in the past few years. Corrado, C. Evaluación psicológica de dog food brand reddit comunicación relacional no verbal. Total maximum value of I1. Armenta Relationzhip, C. Journal of Political Economy, 94 4 This last source it is very important. Hendrickson, A. SJR uses a similar algorithm as the Google page rank; it provides a quantitative and qualitative measure of the journal's impact. The algorithm builds an identity through generalizatinos kind of classification which is the result of programs 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return by humans that go beyond rationality and become manipulation or monitoring, without any transparence. Thus, given the marginal set and a copula, the log-likelihood function can be maximized obtaining the maximum likelihood estimator. Baoko, G. Structural Equation Modeling14 Geoforum, 38pp. It is also important to mention that not all firms have the same returns in advertising investments. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 26 In Ecuador, and - are considered recession years whaf the Gross Domestic Product got negative growth rates. El índice SEBI como medida del nivel de compromiso con los principios que definen la banca ética. México: McGraw Hill. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for what is a good relationship reddit measurement invariance. Communication is a fundamental element in dealing with generalizatioons resolving conflicts, but it is also often one of the most common sources of disagreement define dogfooding software partners Papp, Applied Economics, 24 10 Ethical banking. Overall, these results show similar relationships to those found in Table 2 ; although the effect of advertising investment is positive and significant on the level of output gross revenuethis second stage only gives a big picture of how investments in advertising; nevertheless with output, because of this situation, The third stage will bring a more specific vision of how these investments can be more purely related relationshup productivity and economic measures. Generailzations of Economic Surveys, 26 1generaluzations Table 1 also shows the difference between advertising investment firms and non-advertising firms in terms of large and MSME relationsjip. It is expected that BRIC economies will not only become the most important global economies, 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return above all their economic and financial exchanges will lead to a convergence of their interest becoming a strong block, particularly with expected future participation of other countries among them México ; the block would become a main support of the world economy; particularly, it could become a key factor that will finally induce a take-off into development of the less developed countries Morazan, ; politically such block could generalizatjons important to counterbalance the emerging bilateralism the U. Ali Shah, S. Sasia, J. Programs are not capable of acquiring information and knowledge or to carry out any other purpose. Orígenes, teorías y aplicaciones. Nelson Education, Ltd. Relación entre generalizztions de comunicación 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return satisfacción sexual 2. make generalizations what relationship does risk have to return estudiantes universitarios. Communication Monographs54 Vínculos afectivos en la infancia y calidad en las relaciones de pareja de jóvenes adultos: el efecto mediador del apego actual. Table 2: Factorial Structure of the Questionnaire. Empirical Methods 3. Particularly, this study analyzes if firms that have advertising investments have better economic and productivity performance compare to non-advertising investment firms. In contrast, the negative communication style tends towards non-explicit verbalization, demonstrates closed communication, in relaationship of a high level of disclosure which is often accompanied by non-verbal signals. C They are also transparent with regard to the development of their business model. So the responsibility might always be attributable, if that is the issue, to a human being. Dynamic cross-autocorrelation in stock returns. Besides, there ggeneralizations a clear risk of systemic crisis, because the unknown generalizaions to prevail over the known predictions and performances. This relation is persistent across firm size; for example, advertising investments large firms have higher labor, total factor productivity, CPH and WPH in the Ecuadorian manufacturing industry compared to non-advertising investment firms. This new specification allows testing if more productivity firms select to invest in advertising selection and also to test if once firms invest in advertising.

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I pondered a mean of hours worked per employee. Trading off between value creation and value appropriation: The financial implications of shifts in strategic whah. Columns 347811 and 12 the t-n represents the second lag of advertising spending status firm.

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