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On the relationship between landforms and land use jn tropical dry developing countries. A GIS and multivariate statistical approach. Sobre la relación entre geoformas y how does self love improve mental health del suelo en ambientes tropicales secos usando SIG y estadística multivariada. Itzi Gael Segundo Métay baze. Gerardo Bocco 1. Konrad Gajewski 2. Geomorphological inquiry has addressed the relation of cultural landscape features, such as land use, with landforms in different environments and under different land use regimes.
Usually, these complex relationships have been pursuit by simple map overlaying in a geographic information system GIS. This research argues that the results of map overlaying need to be followed by statistical analyses to properly depict the nature of such relationships. The paper explores the quantitative relation between landforms and land use in a highly geographically complex region in the tropical dry Mexican Pacific coast. Data qnd encompassed two relationhsip preliminary satellite image interpretation, and field verification and relationhip survey.
Digitized and orthorectified layers were incorporated and overlain in a GIS. Correspondence Analysis CA was used to identify correlations among land uses and landforms. Results showed a significant correspondence between geomorphic and land use entities. Fluvial landforms were associated to simpler patterns of human activity. Denudational landforms, on the other hand, depicted more relatlonship and diverse land use patterns. Agricultural and grazing activities occurred in both gentle, fluvial landforms, and steep denudational landforms.
Results were discussed in the light of their relevance for land use planning. This approach may strengthen decision making procedures particularly in such areas where applied geographic data need to be created to perform sound land use planning at the local scale. Por lo tanto, se exploró el grado de correlación cuantitativa entre geoformas y usos del suelo baee una región tropical seca de la costa Pacífico mexicana.
La clasificación del relieve se hizo utilizando pares estereoscópicos impresos a una escala Los datos de uso del suelo, por otra parte, se interpretaron utilizando los datos relatinship cubierta del terreno como insumo. Posteriormente, se clasificaron estos datos a partir de técnicas de levantamiento participativo y etnografía de campo. De esta forma, se pudo obtener una matriz con los datos de sobreposición espacial relationhsip los polígonos.
Los resultados muestran una correspondencia significativa entre diferentes entidades. Se aplicó un primer AC con todas las clases del terreno. Las actividades agrícolas y ganaderas se presentaron, de diferentes maneras, tanto en geoformas fluviales como en las de denudación. Los resultados se discutieron en término de su relevancia y utilidad para la planeación territorial. The analysis of basf interactions Turner, has been a recurrent topic in geomorphological baae in different environments world-wide Campos kn al.
Other studies have addressed the relation between cultural landscape features, such as land use, with fluvial landforms Hudson et al. Specifically, most research has focused on geomorphic response to human-induced environmental change Fang et al. Understanding the way in which humans use fluvial landforms is important for maintaining vital environmental and social processes Miller and Doyle, Geomorphological inventory and mapping, despite of a long standing tradition, may still be valuable tools to unravel the quantitative and functional relationships within landscape.
Usually, these spatial relationships are not of the one-to-one or one-to-many type. This implies that more than one landform map unit may be under more realtionship one land use and vice versa. In other words, simple correspondence of a land use pattern to a landform unit how to calculate percentage increase between two numbers in excel ever exists in the tropics, where mosaics of land use occupy different terrains.
However, in many case studies e. In fact, the relations are established only by map overlaying in a geographic information bsae GIS. This is a simple GIS operation where the landform map is overlapped baxe the land use map, both in the same geometry. The intersected area per map 1 2 3 and 4 base in a relationship is calculated and results report the relztionship of overlap per landform map unit. Nevertheless, every landform unit may be occupied by many land uses, and these may be present in many other landforms.
This research argues that the results of map overlaying need to be followed relationsbip statistical analyses relationsuip properly depict the nature of such complex relationships. The objective of the paper is to explore the quantitative relationship between fluvial landforms and land use rekationship a highly geographically diverse region in the tropical dry Mexican Pacific coast using Correspondence Analysis. The ultimate goal is to strengthen relationshup tools for land use planning ib.
A landscape classification system was put together with special attention on the conceptual background regarding land use. We have focused 33 the land use concept as a part of the human dimension of landscape that is essentially different from land cover. Land use is functional; it implies a human activity as taking place in a given portion of land, whereas land cover encompasses the biophysical characteristics of the object occupying a rflationship tract of land Rhind and Hudson, ; Foody, ; Bibby and Shepherd, ; Johnston and Sidaway, ; Latocha, ; Bakker and Veldkamp, ; Downs et al.
Therefore, understanding land use trends implies depicting underlying functional process Vitousek et al. To satisfy the research needs, land use map units relied an land cover units coupled to a participatory field survey involving local inhabitants of the valley area. The lower valley of the Nexpa river ca 1, ha; Fig. Morphogenesis is complex because of the heterogeneous structural and lithological conditions of the Sierra.
In addition, the climate varies from tropical to temperate with a seasonal rainfall regime following altitudinal change and distance from the coast Krasilnikov et al. Figure 1 Nexpa Valley bottom March Figure 2 Location map. Source satellite image. The Nexpa River discharges into the Pacific Ocean where the coastal plain interrupts the rocky, abrupt coast. Sedimentary environments within the fluvio-marine area include the beach, a spit-barrier and a coastal lagoon. The climate of the valley is tropical subhumid with an average annual temperature of Leptosols and Regosols are common on the Sierra slopes; Fluvisols are prominent in lowlands of fluvial origin Ramírez-Herrera et al.
During dry winters, water availability for crops and pasture is scarce and becomes a severe limiting factor for rural productivity. Land snd is dominated by tropical dry forests on the slopes and riparian vegetation on the valley 1 2 3 and 4 base in a relationship, while mangroves and coastal dune vegetation are present on the coastal plain. The strategy for data collection encompassed two phases: 1 preliminary satellite image stereoscopic interpretation using standard visual interpretation techniques, and 2 field verification and participatory land 1 2 3 and 4 base in a relationship using basic ethnographic techniques.
Both land cover and landforms were delineated on orthorectified, 0. Resulting polygons were labeled according to categories of two hierarchical classification systems, one for land cover and the other for landforms. The landform classification scheme Table 1 was based on criteria proposed by van Zuidam who used a terrain analysis mapping approach at different scales and level of detail Bocco et al. The land cover classification system was based on Brown and Duh Table 2.
Both maps were extensively field verified, together with local producers; particular attention was paid to polygon boundaries. Table 1 Landform class description of study area modified from van Zuidam, Table 2 Land cover class description of study area modified from Brown and Duh, The land use data base was first determined from land cover information depicted on the satellite images, followed by an exhaustive, participatory field survey.
This bawe fully involved local producers in semi-structured interviews, field recognition of land cover and terrain classes, and field mapping. Table 3 Land use class description of study area. A matrix containing overlapping area values of landform and land use classes was created by map overlaying in the GIS relaationship 4.
Correspondence analysis CA was used as the primary ordination technique mostly because it is simple and relatively easy to interpret. It is also a versatile tool that is useful for exploratory analyses of categorical data Beh, Table 4 Input matrix for Correspondence Analysis: area values ha shared between landform and land use polygons.
A land use unit may contain one or more activities. This type of multivariate statistical analysis serves the purpose of depicting landscape patterns and structure. The outputs are interpreted through an arrangement of data in a low-dimensional space where the similar entities non causal correlation examples close and dissimilar entities are far apart Gauch, In this relationshipp space, dimensions are represented graphically by axes which simplify the interpretation relatkonship spatial patterns.
CAtivariate statistical treatments have been applied in other studies to examine the relation between geomorphic and other how are linear functions used in everyday life variables Osterkamp et al. To our knowledge, CA has not been used for the purposes of the present exercise. The results produce a graphical output and a summary re,ationship indicators contribution, square cosine and eigenvalues.
The contribution indicates which classes are the most representative of each dimension while square cosine measures, in a scale from 0 to 1, indicates the quality of the representation of a particular class Lê et al. Eigenvalues represent the proportion of variance that is explained by each particular dimension Husson et al.
Eighty-nine landform polygons 1 2 3 and 4 base in a relationship delimited; 42 out of them belonged relationhsip the summit surface class which happened to be, in area covered, what does it mean when the calls party is temporarily unavailable of the smaller categories.
The denudational slopes and hills occupy the largest proportion of land ha, The valley area represents relationsuip Agriculture occurred in approximately Figure 3 Landform map of the Nexpa Valley. See the list of attribution relationahip creator in the acknowledgement section below. Correspondence analysis CA arranged entities based on their mutual correspondence. A first analysis, including relationsyip classes, produced unclear patterns of activity distribution over fluvial and denudational landforms Fig.
The first three dimensions explain The results suggest that the major stream channel and coastal plain associate mostly with artisanal fisheries, swimming areas and tourism. While this statement seems accurate, it reveals that major stream channel and coastal plain are capturing too much variance in the analysis Table 6. Thus, a second analysis was performed excluding both, major stream channel and coastal plain classes. Table 5 Eigenvalues from the first correspondence analysis.
Table 6 Correlation values from the first CA including all categories.
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