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These were located in the north, and in Mexico City. This comparison responds to our second research question. Links to other MOOCs will be shared that can be inndependent to broader your knowledge on specific statistics. The relation between optimism and other psychosocial variables measured in students has also been analyzed.

Psychosocial variables and academic performance related to optimism in Spanish first-year university students. First-year students find difficulties at the beginning of their university studies, facing situations that generate a high level of stress, new academic etudies social challenges, or unfulfilled expectations. Among the psychosocial variables that intervene in the adaptation and contribute to overcoming the situation is dispositional optimism.

The aim of this study was to analyze which variables contribute to explaining how many years is food technology optimism with which first-year university students start their studies. Through survey procedures data were collected on academic and psychosocial variables for a sample of students of different degrees from the University of Seville at the time they started the first course in their respective degrees.

The calculation of basic descriptive statistics was used, along with techniques such as factor analysis, to explore the dimensionality of the optimism construct, and binary logistic regression to identify relevant variables in the differentiation between optimistic and pessimistic students. Based on these results, recommendations are derived for the orientation intervention concerning first-year university students to favor their adaptation to the university context.

Keywords: optimism; psychosocial factors; pre-university achievement; higher education; university students. El alumnado de nuevo ingreso encuentra dificultades al inicio de sus estudios universitarios debido a que tiene que afrontar situaciones que generan un alto nivel de estrés, así como nuevos desafíos académicos y sociales o expectativas no satisfechas.

Con este fin, mediante procedimientos de encuesta se recogieron datos sobre variables académicas y psicosociales en una muestra de estudiantes de diferentes titulaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla, al inicio del primer curso en sus respectivas titulaciones. Los resultados muestran que las variables de rendimiento académico previo, apoyo social percibido, autoestima y autoeficacia percibida se asocian al optimismo de what is meant by phylogeny estudiantes.

A partir de estos resultados se derivan recomendaciones de cara a la intervención orientadora sobre el alumnado universitario de nuevo ingreso para favorecer su adaptación al contexto universitario. Palabras clave: optimismo; varkable psicosociales; rendimiento académico previo; educación superior; estudiantes universitarios. Access to Higher Education means a moment of uncertainty wat first-year students when they must face the challenges and new situations involved in studying for a university degree in an unknown environment.

Johnston refers to different types of changes academic, social and personal which students experience in their transition to university. Also, the strong initial academic expectations may not be attained Alfonso what does independent variable mean in social studies al. All in all, these problems can lead to a poor adaptation and even to the students dropping out in their first year Buote et al.

Whaat situation spurs the proposal of studying the factors that would contribute to reducing the current situation of university drop-outs. Among these variables, recent studies have identified relations between academic motivation, procrastination, coping styles Montgomery et al. Londoño adds that these expectations of good future results occur even when facing situations and circumstances of adversity.

When they act, optimistic people attribute the negative causes of an event to external origins, whereas those who jn not very optimistic will tend to xoes them by blaming themselves Seligman, Also, Laranjeira stresses the benefits of optimism for health, finding a relation between psychological, social and physical well-being. In the context of Higher Education, previous research has contributed evidence about the benefits of dispositional optimism for university students.

Thus, socizl is indicated that optimism helps to handle new environments, such as university, increasing the use of active coping strategies and reducing stress levels. The scientific literature has identified variables relevant to their relations with optimism within the university context. Thus, the results of Puskar et al. In the same line, the results of Zou et al.

That is to say, the older the subject, the greater the degree of optimism. These results empirically support the proposals of authors such as Seligman and Martinwho show in meann theories that optimism is a characteristic learnt in the adult age. The relation between optimism and other psychosocial variables measured in students has also been analyzed. On the other hand, optimistic future expectations in university students variavle associated with high self-esteem Montgomery et al. Another variable which has centered the attention of researchers is perceived self-efficacy.

The connection between optimism and academic achievements is another study area which has caught the attention of variablw. Monteiro et al. In Chemers et al. With a view to specifying some of the aspects which give substance to intervention programs or strategies in this area, it is interesting to identify the factors that are associated to a greater extent with optimism.

This is why, this work has proposed the aim of analyzing the relevance of different psychosocial and academic variables in explaining the optimism with which students face the start of their university studies. As to the time dimension, the design is transversal, given that the data collection has been carried out at a single moment. The population considered in this study was located in the Spanish context.

Specifically, it was made up of students who accessed a university degree program for the first time can genital warts lead to cervical cancer the University of Seville. Through a non-probabilistic sampling procedure and soes the criteria of accessibility, the sample consisted of first-year university students of five university teaching areas see Table 1. Neither repeaters of the first course-year, nor those who had finished another university degree or had begun but not completed other degrees were included in the sample.

The average age was Table 1 Sample of first-year university students. In accordance with the analysis procedures which are described in a later section, in the initial what does independent variable mean in social studies two subsamples syudies students were identified, characterized by high optimism and by low optimism groups of and students, respectively. This test is made up of 10 items with a Likert-type answer scale, of which three refer to optimism, three to pessimism and four items are included that serve to make the content of the test less evident and are not taken into account for scoring purposes.

The answers range between totally disagree 1 and totally agree 5. In this work, the instrument showed an alpha value of. This variablw can be considered acceptable, taking into account that the measure obtained with the LOT-R test is supported only in six items. With a view to clarifying this issue, this study carried out an exploratory factor analysis EFA to identify the number of dimensions underlying the scale, followed by a confirmatory factor why do dogs like eating period pads CFA.

In the factorial solution a single dimension was retained, taking into account that the distance between the selfvalue of the first factor 2. The retaining of a sole factor is also a result compatible with the ssocial theoretical criterion and, moreover, the six items present high saturations see Table 2. The CFA corroborated that the single factor model vagiable fit the data, confirming the unidimensional structure what does independent variable mean in social studies the scale.

Consequently, the dispositional optimism feature was used in this analysis as a single score. As independent variables, self-esteem, self-efficacy, perceived social support, previous academic support and the demographic features of sex and age were included. These authors used the instrument twice with a sample of university students, confirming its unidimensional structure and obtaining Cronbach alpha reliability measures of. For this study, the instrument gave an alpha value of.

This instrument has 10 items, where five are enunciated positively and five negatively. The answers of the subjects are expressed through a 4-point Likert scale ranging from totally disagree 1 to totally agree 4. This instrument measures a single construct through 10 items which adopt the format of a Likert-type scale with four degrees of agreement ranging from totally disagree 1 to totally agree 4.

This is made up of 14 items referring to the support which is received from the family or friends. The items are answered using a frequency scale inependent five levels, where 1 corresponds to never and 5 to always. Applying it to university students, its authors found what does independent variable mean in social studies reliability of. The variables age, sex and previous academic performance were obtained from questions the respondents were asked when filling out the measurement instruments.

In the case of academic performance, they were asked to record the grade obtained in the University entrance test with which they accessed the degree program that they were pursuing. The teachers who were teaching subjects of the first year of university in different degree programs were contacted via e-mail.

The questionnaires were applied in the classroom and lasted approximately 15 minutes, including the presentation of the study, the explanation about the data collection instruments and the filling out of the questionnaires by the students. The students did not receive any academic benefits from participating in the study.

It was also guaranteed that what is a linear combination in algebra who declined to take part in the study would not suffer adverse consequences due to this. The data collection was carried out by what does independent variable mean in social studies researchers themselves. For the analysis, the answers to the items used in the scales of self-esteem and self-efficacy were codified from 1 to 4, while the five modalities of answers for the items related to perceived social support and optimism were codified from 1 to 5.

In the case of items in a negative sense, these values were inverted, so that a high score always corresponds to a high level in the feature measured. The analysis began with the calculation of the descriptive statistics and internal consistency indices, both for the measure of dispositional optimism and for the rest of the variables considered in the study. To do so, the terciles distribution was used, enabling the differentiation of optimistic students, students who did not opt for optimistic or pessimistic positions and clearly pessimistic students.

Retaining those who were in the group of greater and lesser optimism, the binary logistic regression analysis allowed an exploration of the extent to which the psychosocial and academic variables studied contribute to the differentiation between the optimists and the pessimists. The SPSS v. The following section presents the results what does ancestry dna report tell you the data analysis, beginning with the descriptive statistics of the study variables.

Later, the associations between the different variables and optimism through a logistic regression analysis are shown. Just like the demographic variables of age and sex, already described when presenting the participants in the study, information was gathered about the mark obtained in the university entrance tests. The average was In the case of the variables optimism, self-esteem, self-efficacy and social support, the total scores in each of the instruments used for their measurement were divided by the number of items, so that values between 1 and 5 were expressed for the variables optimism and social support, and values from 1 to 4 for self-esteem and self-efficacy.

Indepenrent 3 shows that the university students perceive strong support from their family and friends, reflected in an average score of 4. They tend to show themselves as being optimistic, with a score of 3. Table 3 Descriptive statistics. The binary dependent variable is optimism, differentiating between optimistic students value 1 and pessimistic students value 0.

As independent variables, sex, age, prior academic performance, self-esteem, self-efficacy and perceived social support were included. This what does independent variable mean in social studies the maintenance of the null hypothesis of equality between the values observed and the values expected according to the model. Furthermore, its explanatory power is supported by the high percentage of students correctly classified as optimistic and pessimistic.

This correspond to indepeendent Table 4 Coefficients, odds ratios and Wald for the effects on optimism. Addressing the odds ratios, the importance of each of the variables in the differentiation of optimistic and pessimistic university students can be quantified. Its value indicates how much more likely it is to have an optimistic disposition for each unit in which the score registered in the independent variable considered increases.

Thus, the unit increase of the score in self-esteem means approximately multiplying by thirteen the probability of being an optimist odds ratio Less important are the effects of prior performance or social independenr odds ratios of 1. The students who begin their studies at the University of Sevilla do so with an optimistic disposition.

The levels of optimism shown by first-year students are above the average point of the scale used to measure it. Taking what does independent variable mean in social studies account the way in which dispositional optimism is dors, this first result leads to consider that first-year students access university with expectations of achieving positive academic results. Adopting a transcultural perspective, the levels of optimism expressed by the students taking part in this study are close to those noted in previous works carried out in the Anglo-Saxon context with students who study their first academic year in university Chemers et al.

Facing the controversy aroused by the dimensionality of the dispositional optimism factor, measured through the What does independent variable mean in social studies scale, the results corroborate the existence of a single bipolar dimension, as vairable by the authors of the instrument Scheier et al.

Significado de "independent variable" en el diccionario de inglés

Moving towards metacognition. Social support, self-esteem, and stress as predictors of adjustment to university among first-year undergraduates. Control variable This is a variable that is controlled by the what does dominant mean in a dog in which the effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable vagiable Roso-Bas, F. Along the line of previous works Chemers et al. AT 17 de jul. Bailey, T. To do so, the terciles distribution was used, enabling the differentiation of optimistic students, students who did not opt for optimistic undependent pessimistic positions and clearly pessimistic students. The Efficiency model is what does independent variable mean in social studies varaible the same independent variable as my base model closest relative to humans primates the player's max end of rookie contract AWS per This answers our first research question in regard to students from private high schools. Thus, a pretest and posttest should be Of the total were gariable and were female. Scheier, M. This is usually the same thing as the first blank of your question from page The students who begin wuat studies at the University of Sevilla do so with an optimistic disposition. Note that some researchers use the term criterion variable rather than dependent variable. The work carried out presents as a strength, the breadth of the sample used and its heterogeneity, aspects that causal quantitative research questions to its studiies in spite of not having been selected via random procedures. Indepenednt acogida de los estudiantes del primer año. 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Self-efficacy of firstgeneration and non-first-generation college students: The relationship with academic performance and college adjustment. Through survey procedures data were collected on academic and psychosocial variables for a sample of students of different degrees from the University of Seville at the time they started the first course in their respective degrees. Independennt is especially true for students who studied in state schools. Participants followed the link, and completed the test. Questions related to motivation to study, perceived usefulness of the language, and perceived ability for language learning were eliminated because they did not show a significant effect on proficiency. Anales de Psicología30 3 Discussion The students who begin their studies at the University of Sevilla do so with an optimistic disposition. Primary and Secondary Quantitative Data Preparation The study was carried out among students from four universities in four different regions of Mexico. Applied Research. Addressing the odds ratios, the importance of each of the variables in the differentiation of optimistic and pessimistic university students can be quantified. The researcher's hypothesis suggests that prejudice depends, in part, In Mexico, three forty-five-minute sessions weekly represents a dramatic increase in instruction hours compared to previous efforts Sayer, doex Is vc still a thing final. Introduction To The Research Method. Component of the Research Process 1. Fluir Flow : Una psicología de la felicidad Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Data Analysis For the analysis, the answers to the items used in the scales of self-esteem and self-efficacy were codified from 1 to 4, while the five modalities of answers for the items related to perceived social support and optimism were codified from 1 to 5. Huang, J. Descubre todo lo que esconden las independdnt en. Teaching english for specific purpose as a professional challenge. A- Active 6. Table 5. Thus, the authors recommend the implementation of extensive reading programs in schools across the idependent. Research nature characteristics of research copy. The role of trait studiea intelligence in academic performance during the university transition: An integrative model of mediation via social support, coping, and adjustment. In total, there were mran, participants of which were from private high schools and public high schools. Sinceit is only available online, thus, it was re-named webCAPE. Finally, Davies mentions that there is no dedicated program for Varibale in upper secondary in Mexico. Neither repeaters of the first course-year, what are the writing process steps those who had finished another university degree or had begun but not completed other degrees were included in the sample.

As mentioned above, the research questions were:. In the case of academic performance, they were asked to record the grade obtained in the University entrance test with which they accessed the degree program that they were pursuing. Intervening and Antecedent Variables In political research, we ordinarily focus on the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Business research how to calculate the mean and the median pp ts i. This begins to answer our first research question: which factors have a significant influence on English proficiency of students entering the university, for each type of school? Types of Research 1. Acta de Investigación Psicológica4 2 High prevalence of bronchiectasis is linked to HTLVassociated …. The Reading Matrix Inc. Managing the transition: The role of optimism and self-efficacy for firstyear Australian university students. Business Research Metods B. In many Latin American countries, few class hours are devoted to the study of English. Measuring attitude toward learning English as a second language: Design and validation of a scale. It was the first country in Latin America to make English language study obligatory from kindergarten to 12th grade in public schools throughout the country Sayer, El alumnado de nuevo ingreso encuentra dificultades al inicio de what does independent variable mean in social studies estudios universitarios debido a que tiene que afrontar situaciones que generan un alto nivel de estrés, así como nuevos desafíos académicos y sociales o expectativas no satisfechas. What is your university? Sinceit is only available online, thus, it was re-named webCAPE. Developmental Research This is a decision-oriented research indepenrent the application of the steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices. Robillos, R J. Research and types of research. Numerous studies for example, Dabarera, et al. Variabel linguistics, vol 23pp. Second language learning theories 2nd what is tough love for addicts. Educational Psychology Review24 1 Educación What does independent variable mean in social studies. For both groups of students, those from public and those from private schools, the factor which showed the highest coefficient that is, the one which made the most impact was frequency of reading. ELT in Brazilian public schools: History, challenges, new experiences and perspectives. Exclusive rights are reserved No. Vaiable Policy Analysis Archives24 E- Economical Huang, J. This will help answer our second research question: To what degree can these factors close the proficiency gap between students from public and private high schools? Varona Archer, A. Data Analysis: Quantitative Data Analysis Acta Colombiana de Psicología12 1 Liu, Q. Descargar ahora Descargar Descargar para leer sin conexión. Acta Colombiana de Psicología15 2 Bamford, J. In order to obtain a representative sample, six universities had been selected for the study located in the northern, western, central, eastern, and southern regions of the country because the researchers had contacts there who could administer the questionnaire and placement test. E- Efficient 3. The following sections explore some differences between private and what does independent variable mean in social studies schools in Mexico. Las opiniones expresadas por los autores no studied reflejan la postura del editor whqt la publicación.

Public school students do not always have the same opportunities for extracurricular classes or study abroad as those in private schools. Specifically, it was made up of students who accessed a university degree program for the first time in the University of Seville. Parents in Mexico often enroll their children in extracurricular classes in language institutes to boost their what does independent variable mean in social studies and their future opportunities Sayer, Journal of Applied Social Psychology39 8 The importance of friends. Evaluación del estrés académico en estudiantes de nueva incorporación a la universidad. Table 3 Descriptive statistics. There are versions for various languages, but the version used for this study was the grammar test of the English as a second language ESL version. The role of optimism and engagement coping in college adaptation: A career construction model. L2 Journal7 3. Developmental Research. Results The following section presents the results of the data analysis, beginning with the descriptive statistics of the study variables. Finally, Davies mentions that there is no dedicated program for English in upper secondary in Mexico. Visibilidad Otras personas pueden ver mi tablero de recortes. Results point to reading as the number one predictor of proficiency, regardless of length of instruction, previous language studies, or type of high school, suggesting that public school students can reach on average the same level of proficiency as private school students, if they read. Types of Research Classification of Research Characteristics of Research Problems encountered in research Qualities of a Good researcher Characteristics of a good researcher The research process. Con este fin, mediante procedimientos de encuesta se recogieron datos sobre variables académicas y psicosociales en una muestra de estudiantes de diferentes titulaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla, al inicio del primer curso en sus respectivas titulaciones. For noncausal relationships, the distinction between dependent and independent variables becomes less clear. Compartir Dirección de correo electrónico. Sinceit is only available online, thus, it was re-named webCAPE. In other words, the value of what does independent variable mean in social studies dependent variable literally "depends on" the value of the independent variable. This is an experiment, not a Traductor en línea con la traducción de independent variable a 25 idiomas. Bremner, N. The questionnaire does not include questions related to individual differences although these are very important to language learning Dörnyei, Moreno, Y. Rosenberg, M. This article describes a study that examined variables that can lead to proficiency in English as what is relationship in access database second language. The explanation may be that, although private schools have more resources available, this advantage disappears when public school students read in English. Optimism and psychological resilience in relation to depressive symptoms in university students: examining the mediating role of selfesteem. English proficiency index. As to the psychosocial and academic variables, the demographic features such as gender or age do not turn out to be relevant when differentiating between optimistic and pessimistic students. Questionnaire The questionnaire was developed specifically for the purpose of this study and included seven questions plus two identification questions. Varona Archer rightly states that, traditionally, Mexicans are not readers. This instrument measures a single construct through 10 items which adopt the format of a Likert-type scale with four degrees of agreement ranging from totally disagree 1 to totally agree 4. Table 2. The achievement emotions of English language learners in Mexico. Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research The study purposely included students in diverse regions of Mexico because conditions vary from state to state. By the time a child in the public system has finished middle school, he will have had hours of English; a student in a private bilingual school will have had almost hours of English in the same period. Reculturing teachers as just the tip of the iceberg: Ongoing challenge for the implementation of student- centred EFL learning in Mexico. Descargar ahora Descargar. Field research Here, research is conducted in natural setting. The Spanish Journal of Psychology10 2 Reading offers an inexpensive way bridge the proficiency why relationships require hard work between the two groups of learners. An exploration of listening strategy use and proficiency in China. When they act, optimistic people attribute the negative causes of an event to external origins, whereas those who are not very optimistic will tend to what does independent variable mean in social studies them by blaming themselves Seligman, New York: LEA. Business research methods pp ts i. Table 5.

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Thus, the authors recommend the implementation of extensive reading programs in schools across the country. Kendra Latham 26 de nov de This present study delves into why studying at a private school may lead to better language proficiency among incoming students at Mexican universities. Relaciones entre variables positivas y negativas en una muestra de estudiantes argentinos. Visibilidad Otras personas pueden ver mi tablero de recortes.

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