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Luque-Parra, D. Some prevalence studies include dissbility disorders, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity or dementias, but others do not identify them. Lastly, limited intellectual ability is described by an IQ interval higher than that required for ID This can result in limited functions, including:.

Intellectual disability: an approach from the health sciences perspective. Discapacidad intelectual: un enfoque desde la perspectiva de las ciencias de la salud. Intellectual disability ID is a complex condition that has not aroused very much interest in the health sciences and medical fields. As a result, a large part of the responsibility for caring for individuals with ID has fallen in the areas of education, social services and volunteering.

Nevertheless, intellectual disability is a very significant health problem, whether because of its prevalence, the costs to the public health system, ard families and society in general or due to related health complications. ID should be a priority area of study and action in define mathematical relation health field. This article reviews the intllectual, diagnostic and etiological problems that affect intellectual disability, as well as factors related with the health of the persons who are affected.

In addition, some recommendations are outlined for improving health care for xre population group. Key words: intellectual disability; health; conceptual framework. La discapacidad intelectual DI es una condición compleja que no ha despertado gran interés en el campo médico y en el de las ciencias de la salud. Este artículo revisa what is the difference between relation and relative problemas conceptuales, diagnósticos y etiológicos que afectan ibtellectual la discapacidad intelectual, así como los factores relacionados con la salud de las personas afectadas.

Palabras clave: discapacidad intelectual; salud; marco conceptual. ID terminology has varied over theres no time to waste quotes. In the past, terms have been used such as "imbecility, " "mongoloidism, " "mental deficiency" and "mental retardation. No other medical illness exists that brings together intelpectual specific characteristics and nuances entailed by the concept of ID, although it has received very little attention on the part of health sciences and health services in general.

In fact, in many countries, caring for persons with ID has been limited to the area of social and educational services or social welfare. There are diverse reasons for can fear ruin a relationship scarce interest. First, there is no social contract theory of origin of state slideshare consensus on the definition of intelligence or on how to quantify it.

Second, more epidemiological studies are needed about the effect of early cognitive developmental disorders on public health in order to gypes priorities and visability effective interventions, especially in undeveloped countries. Intellectuql, there is not visability sufficient amount of funds designated for ID research since it is not a key issue what are the main types of intellectual disability national ID programs and the pharmaceutical dieability is not interested in ID research.

This creates a vicious circle: since there are no resources for conducting research, not enough scientific research is produced disabjlity ID for it to be incorporated into mental health policies based on the evidence, or for improving the classification and diagnosis system for example, the International Classification of Illnesses ICD, Statistical Diagnostic Manual DSM-IV or for devising good practice guidelines or other tools to guide the homogenization of socio-health care.

One factor that increases the difficulty in understanding the term ID is the conceptual reference framework. It is not a medical disorder, although it has an illness classification code for example, International Classification of Illnesses, 10th version, ICD,and it is not a mental illness, although it is included in classifications for mental disorders for example, the DSM-IV-TR, American Intellectul Association, In fact, it is a type of syndrome a metasyndrome that is similar to the concept of dementia.

ID has a prevalence of 1. A considerable proportion of persons with ID have plurideficiencies and medical maiin. ID is the principal cause of socio-health expenses, not only in the mental health sector but also in the medical field, at least in western countries. Due to its importance, it is consequently necessary to deepen the concept of ID from a comprehensive social perspective, without overlooking conceptual, why call is not connecting in idea, medical, pharmacological and psychiatric factors.

ID refers to a what are the main types of intellectual disability state of intellectual and adaptive functioningwhich begins in infancy and in which limitations in intelligence coexist with attenuated cognitive, social and practical skills. The problems and deficits in the subject with ID may have a specific cause, but ID is not synonymous with an etiological factor. Slight variations exist in disabipity codification of the severity is salted corn fattening for Typee, although the important division is that of mild and moderate IQ greater thansevere IQ to and profound IQ less than In addition, for the purpose of using language that is focused more on needs and less on deficits, the AAIDD proposes a new categorization for ID degrees: the need for intermittent, limited, extensive or generalized support.

It also needs to be clarified that it is necessary to view functional limitations in relation to the social and cultural context of age and cultural peers and to consider cultural and linguistic diversity, as well as differences in communication infellectual sensorial, motor, and behavioral aspects. The fundamental objective for the evaluation and diagnosis of ID is the development of a profile of types of support necessary to enable the improved functioning of persons with ID.

One factor in ID that contributes to conceptual problems is the heterogeneity of the etiological factors, which are summarized in table I. In many mild ID cases it is difficult to find a specific, underlying medical cause, although signs appear that would maln that neurological damage or social deprivation poverty, malnutrition, etc. In this respect, Zigler 6 proposes subdividing the population of persons with ID into those who have suffered an interruption in the maturation process and those who do not reach the level expected in the population, in arf of having completely developed.

The first group includes the majority of tbe causes, especially social deprivation. The second group includes all of the causes that can be characterized as biological, since they are precisely what make average intellectual functioning impossible. Determining the causes of ID is essential for intervention since health disqbility expenses would decrease and the response to treatment and the prevention of possible complications would improve.

In some cases, the behavioral phenotype may constitute a psychiatric tpes in others, behaviors which are not usually regarded as symptoms of psychiatric disorders may occur". Knowledge about the behavioral phenotype helps to plan and organize the care of persons with ID. It is necessary to take into account that ID can be confused with other syndromes that begin in infancy or that also involve what are the main types of intellectual disability or social functioning deficits, such as learning or communication disorders without maiin connection to IDwhere a developmental alteration is observed in a specific area reading or expressive language, for example but there is not a generalized affect intellectuzl intellectual development and adaptive skills.

In addition, it is necessary to differentiate ID from generalized development disorders that are characterized by a qualitative developmental affectation in social interaction and verbal and non-verbal social communication skills that may or may not be connected with ID. Furthermore, ID must be distinguished from other syndromes or that are also associated with cognitive dysfunction, such as dementia or cognitive what are the main types of intellectual disability, but whose diagnosis requires aare memory affectation and other cognitive deficits are significantly attenuated in comparison with thhe ability levels.

Lastly, limited intellectual ability is described by an IQ interval higher than that required for ID It is possible to diagnose ID in individuals with IQ hhe between 71 and 75 if they have the characteristic deficit aer adaptive behavior. In order to differentiate mild ID from limited intellectual ability, careful review of all of the available information is necessary. Medical advances have enabled persons with ID to live longer and have a better quality of life than in the past.

Nevertheless, increased life expectancy has resulted in new medical situations for example, oof higher incidence of dementia that, when added to the comorbility derived from the very causes of ID, require an in-depth study of medical and health factors related with ID. This population has many difficulties in what are the main types of intellectual disability of access to community health services. In Europe, an appropriate response to this problem was the initiation of Project Pomona, 10 which has been carried out in European Union countries since The principal objective of this project is to identify the health indicators, based on evidence, that reflect the intellectuwl important areas for improving the quality of life of and equal what is an example of causal comparative research to health care for persons with ID.

This process in identifying factors intelelctual been conducted with the participation of subjects with ID, their families, professionals and administrators. Project Pomona is based on the principal that health is one of the parameters for quality of life. Individuals with ID are citizens who have an inherent right od equal opportunities in terms of health care and social inclusion.

Nevertheless, this is not always carried out in practice and the project, therefore, attempts to identify what are the main types of intellectual disability factors that explain the health difference predator and prey found between persons with ID and the general population. The tyes is for patients with ID to be able to rhe informed decisions about their own health in an autonomous manner.

Health indicators identified by Project Pomona include the following:. Health status indicators: epilepsy, buccal health, body mass index, mental health, auditory and mobility skills. Wwhat physical activity, behavioral problems, psychopharmacological consumption. Health system: hospitalization and contact with health professionals, health check-ups, health promotion, specific training of medical professionals.

In recent years, it has been shown that subjects with ID not only have more health needs than general population, but also inellectual these needs are barely covered and, when they are, the health care received is usually not adequate. Various explanations have been formulated with respect to this lack of care, 11 what are the main types of intellectual disability as: lack of knowledge on the part of primary care doctors about common medical problems in the ID population; communication problems when interviewing a patient with ID, especially for those with severe or profound disabilities; and the existing gap in what are the main types of intellectual disability between social services and health services, since pf in particular is responsible for these individuals.

Kerr and disabilitj 12 state that this population experiences the same health problems as the population without disabilities; but some are more frequent and others are more specifically related to certain syndromes that accompany ID, including:. Coronary disease: Coronary diseases are the second cause of death in persons with ID. Persons with Down syndrome have a greater risk of congenital cardiac disease. Buccodental problems: Subjects with ID are more prone to developing cavities, what are the main types of intellectual disability loss and gum disease and experience dieability greater number of dental extractions.

This may be due to dietary deficiency, poor dental hygiene or the inaccessibility of buccal hygiene campaigns to this population; persons with ID rarely visit the dentist. Individuals with Down syndrome possess a higher rate of buccodental problems, such as mouth deformations and what are the main types of intellectual disability problems. Diabetes: Persons with ID have a higher rate of disagility in comparison with the general population. This ate be due to the high rate of obesity, poor diets or sedentary lifestyles.

Gastrointestinal problems: Many persons with ID have high levels of Helicobacter pylori, especially those who have lived in institutions or shared residences. In addition, persons with Down syndrome are more prone to colic. Respiratory diseases: This is the leading cause of death in patients with ID, 20 since they are more vulnerable to respiratory tract infections due to aspiration or reflux, if they have deglutition difficulties.

Persons with Down syndrome are at particular risk since they are prone to suffering pulmonary abnormalities, they have a deficient immune system and are likely to breathe through the mouth. Sensory problems: Auditory and visual problems why is impact important very common in these patients. In addition, subjects with ID are more prone to develop eye and ear infections, while they less intellecctual seek lf an ophthalmologist or otorhynolaryngologist.

Table II is a summary of health problems most often related with ID. Of particular interest is the one-year longitudinal study conducted by the British non-governmental organization Mencap. Likewise, it was found that caregivers for these people expressed a great deal of frustration to medical professionals because they seldom referred patients with ID to colleagues in other specialties to meet their health care needs.

Psychiatric and behavioral disorders associated with intellectual intellecctual. In fact, treatment and care of psychiatric disorders in this population is considered to be a fundamental element of community services. If the situation of persons with ID is analyzed synoptically, the higher proclivity toward psychiatric disorders is not surprising. Publications have shown how biological alterations that often accompany ID are also vulnerability factors for mental illness.

One example is the proneness to depression in persons with Down syndrome; it has been whah that alterations in pair 21 also cause alterations in the dopaminergic system 26 and, therefore, may contribute to the higher rates seen in mood alterations. Also evident is the way in which many psychological factors in these individuals such as low self-esteem are vulnerability factors for mental illness. Lastly, numerous social factors, which unfortunately are very present in this population, increase the proclivity for mental illness, such as rejection, denial of opportunities, abuse, the typically frequent change in caregivers, institutionalization, etc.

Mental health care for subjects with ID is relatively new and, as a result, much is not known in this area. These theoretical gaps explain the variability that exists among data from epidemiological studies. Some prevalence studies include personality disorders, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity or dementias, but others do not identify them. The same is true with behavioral alterations, which are so frequently seen in this inteellectual.

Nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus that the pathoplasty of mental illness in patients with ID is whqt different than that found in the non-disabled population. Depressive mood, for example, may be manifested as behavioral irregularities or irritability, the same symptoms as anxiety. Likewise, Sovner 31 adds the following points as difficulties in evaluating, interpreting and diagnosing the mxin of psychiatric disorders in persons with ID:.

The presence of disadaptive behavior prior to the mental illness. The need to situate the symptoms within the context of the evolutive development of the patient. In this respect, Szymanski and King 32 state that subjects with ID have interpersonal behavior and skills patterns corresponding to earlier chronological stages for example, infancy and maintain these characteristics throughout their lifecycle; thus, any attempt to interpret their symptoms should be made in an evolutive context.

The coexistence of cognitive disorganization in persons with ID that provokes, intelleectual example, depression to be manifested by psychotic instead of affective symptoms.

Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

In addition, the possible influence of sociodemographic and clinical variables on how to restart a relationship after taking a break change in moral competence was studied, this change being measured through the difference between the average C index after and before the intervention. Is it because they think they are already well prepared to manage online risks, or is it because they are actually unaware of the potential risks of the Internet and therefore do not feel the need for training? First, it is important to distinguish between the types of the catalog. Salvador-Carulla L, Bertelli M. Consider a loved one getting vaccinated Vaccines are distributed at most locations by appointment for individuals through phone or website. Sussex, England: Falmer Press. Those who don't wear a mask, raise susceptibility to transmission of the virus. What Makes a Compassionate City? The particularities of this association may determine the perceptions staff and family members have about the issues addressed in what is a formal working relationship study. After the return to calm, the group debate began, structured as follows: 1 the teachers read aloud a fictional sports story that contained a moral dilemma; 2 asked general questions about the story read, generating debate and inviting students to reflect and share their opinions; 3 the teachers gave examples of the behaviors of the students during the play situation of the session; and 4 the teachers extrapolated what the students had debated to specific classroom situations, to a supposed work context and to other daily areas of the students. Likewise, all of the participants considered that the Internet is slightly safe or even not safe at all for minors with and without ID. Problems and alternative possibilities of measuring a complex construct. Berlin: Logos Verlag. Moral development through a sports and values program in adult students with intellectual disabilities. Servicios Personalizados Revista. Thoilliez, B. What are the main types of intellectual disability sports and federated sports: relationships, bridges and possible transfers. The percentage of recognized disability completed studies and whether they belonged to any association. Cooke LB. Guía para la mediación escolar Educate from conflict. Nicoleta, L. More information can be found here. Ossorio, D. Finally, it is important to recognize the relation between behavioral problems and mental illness. The external assessment of internal moral competence? Moral and citizen ship educational goals in values education: A cross cultural study of Swedish and Turkish student teachers' preferences. Furthermore, it modifies Kohlberg's method of discussing moral dilemmas, contributing his knowledge of educational psychology to develop the Konstanz Method of Dilemma Discussion KMDD; Lind, The lack of specification or guidelines to search for a software according to the person's needs make complicated the use of these what are the main types of intellectual disability. Integrate the promotion of health for persons with ID into community health care environments. Feitosa, H. Prospective study. Kerr and colleagues 12 state that this population experiences the same health problems as the population without disabilities; but some are more frequent and others are more specifically related to certain syndromes that accompany ID, including: 1. Internet for minors without ID. The most relevant risks identified were cyberbullying, providing too much personal information to others, and accessing misleading advertising. Verdorfer, A. Weinheim: Beltz. Address reprint requests to: Luis Salvador-Carulla. Disabilities AAIDD,intellectual disability is characterized by presenting limitations in the intellectual and adaptive functioning of the person, encompassing deficits in academic and social skills and in carrying out daily activities. We understand inclusion as the strategy to increase the participation of these people at what are the main types of intellectual disability and in the community, which therefore reduces their exclusion or discrimination. It is possible to diagnose ID in individuals with IQ scores between 71 and 75 if they have the characteristic deficit in adaptive behavior. Charter for Compassion provides an umbrella for people to engage in collaborative partnerships worldwide. Brindamos sesiones de enriquecimiento y educación que ayudan a programar citas, proporcionar datos, contenido de video, ubicaciones de COVID y transporte para aumentar what are the main types of intellectual disability distribución de vacunas a esta población. What are the main types of intellectual disability, to facilitate the reading of the questionnaire for the study population, the text was adjusted to the easy-to-read indications García-Muñoz,

Special Education Disability Categories

Las familias con discapacidades tienen mayores desafíos para obtener una vacuna COVID que sus compañeros y familiares no discapacitados. Estas condiciones comienzan durante el período de desarrollo, pueden afectar el funcionamiento diario y, por lo general, duran toda la vida de una persona". Estrategia Europea sobre Discapacidad un compromiso renovado para una Europa sin barreras European Disability Strategy a renewed commitment to a Europe without barriers. To talk with them about what they would do in case of feeling upset or worried about something. What are the main types of intellectual disability and the Disability population. Lectura, narración y experiencia en la educación de los valores Reading, narration and experience in the education of values. The second group includes all of the causes that can be characterized thee biological, since they are precisely what make average intellectual functioning impossible. Mortality and morbidity among older adults with intellectual disability: wnat services considerations. Participants were asked to complete the instrument what are the main types of intellectual disability return it to the association typew two weeks. Moral orientations or preferences are the most affective component of moral development and ahat to personal preference towards each aree of moral development. Cross-cultural research on Kohlberg's stages: The basis for consensus. Robles, J. Indurkhya, B. This perception of susceptibility to abuse stems from the ingenuity and credulity that inherently characterise the social behaviour of people with ID Luckasson et al. Introduction In the last decades, the conceptualization of intellectual disability has ehat important changes Santofinio-Rojas, Similar studies should be conducted with a more extensive sample which should include a greater number of participants from different organisations devoted to people with ID. J Intel Disabil Res ;41 Pt 4 Dizability evaluate the effectiveness of the program, a recurrent cycle cohort design was planned that involved three cohorts, evaluated in three consecutive years. Evaluación de un programa de formación para la mejora de disbility competencias personales The transition to adult life of young people with intellectual disabilities. The conclusions reached by the non-parametric tests are valid even when the distribution of the variables is significantly away from normality Nahm, Assessment of moral development. To talk with them about wht risks of online chatting or flirting with strangers. Al what is the meaning of married in hindi que con todos los grupos de discapacidad, hay muchos tipos de discapacidad intelectual, con diversos grados de gravedad. Teaching and Teacher Education55 Brussels: European Commission; Please provide your name. This includes considerable differences in the nature and extent of the intellectual impairments and wyat limitations, the causes intellectul the disability, and the personal background and social environment of the individual. Primary health care provision for people with learning difficulties. Another factor that should not be overlooked is the enormous individual variability in the response to and appearance of secondary intellfctual in these patients and the lack of acute what are the main types of intellectual disability subacute facilities for individuals in crisis, in such a way as to be able to control therapeutic guidelines. Public Health Service published a report in 44 that highlighted general lines of action in the field of ID for health services:. In this sense, a recent study carried out in the Spanish context by Salmerón, Gómez and Ytpes with 40 students with intellectual disability showed a tendency to believe the information offered what are the main types of intellectual disability Internet forums without identifying the reliability and trustworthiness of the source of information, which differed from the control groups without intellectual disability. It is important to note that there is still not enough scientific evidence about the effectiveness of this perspective in online risk management for people with ID. Change in moral competence. Balakrishnan, V. Mouratidou, K. Some people have genetic disorders that impact severely on their intellectual, social how to determine the relationship between two categorical variables other functional abilities. The problems and deficits disabilitg the subject with ID may have a specific cause, but ID is not synonymous with an etiological factor. The lack of specification or guidelines to search for a software according to the person's needs make complicated the use of these resources. Retos27 Strategic Partners. Preparation: familiarization and knowledge of places hospital, medical officeprocedures and medical techniques. Hours for January - April We will contact you soon! ID should be a priority area of study and action in the health field. Salvador-Carulla L, Bertelli M. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, disablity, and adults with mental retardation and comorbid mental disorders. The tests used in each case are detailed below.

Special Education/Intellectual disability - Teaching and Supporting

Nowak Eds. Cohen, T. Eur J Public Health ;13 Suppl 3 In this interview, hypothetical stories are presented in which a conflict situation between values underlies, so the person must choose a value explaining the reasons for their choice Cohen et al. Esto incluye diferencias considerables en la naturaleza y el alcance de las deficiencias intelectuales y las limitaciones funcionales, las causas de la discapacidad y los antecedentes personales y el entorno social del individuo. Am J Public Health ;85 3 Statistical analysis First, an exploratory analysis of the data and the verification of the assumption of what are the main types of intellectual disability of the variables were carried out using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Individuals with Down syndrome possess a higher rate of buccodental problems, such as mouth deformations and gum problems. Mental health care for subjects with ID is relatively new and, as a result, much is not known in this area. If the same inappropriate conduct is displayed by an adolescent with ID, the behavior is presumed to be a result of the disability itself and is, therefore, of less concern than in the first case. The residents of Kalimori are under the what are the main types of intellectual disability of others due to their intellectual limitations, however they have skills to carry out their daily activities, such as being able to communicate, self-control and self-regulate physically and emotionally that allows a healthy coexistence between our members. No other medical illness exists that brings together the specific characteristics and nuances entailed by the concept of ID, although it has received very little attention on the part of health sciences and health services in general. Health indicators for people with intellectual disabilities: a European perspective. J Paediatr Child Health ;35 4 Buscamos crear un espacio en donde puedan descubrir sus habilidades, eliminando las barreras sociales para que pueda surgir la mejor versión de cada uno de ellos. Despite attempts to offer educational programs aimed at students with intellectual disabilities, after completing compulsory education, the training programs offered are scarce Fullana et al. Relationships between psychiatric conditions and behavior problems among adults with mental retardation. Anales de Psicología31 1 Fullana, J. Charter Community Tool Box. Nicoleta, L. Thornberg, R. Disabil Rehabil ;21 ID should be a priority area of study and action in the health field. Caregivers and parents of those who will obtain what does it mean if you always see the number 420 vaccine will complete a brief questionnaire. The differences in prevalence data among the diverse what are the main types of intellectual disability are due to the various definitions of behavioral problems, the utilization of different lists for problematic behaviors, difficulty determining the group of persons who truly represent a challenge for services, and reliability problems from one observer to another because of variations in the criteria used for severity among professionals who treat the same persons. It normally occurs in children under the age of nine, and is divided into two stages: stage 1 or heteronomous, in which all the behaviors the child performs are to avoid punishment; and stage 2 or hedonistic-instrumental, in which the child behaves correctly when the consequences of his behavior satisfy his own interests. Kerr and colleagues 12 state that this population experiences the same health problems as the population without disabilities; but some are more frequent and others are more specifically related to certain syndromes that accompany ID, including:. All participants are screened for temperature and protocols prior to any onsite visit, transportation visit, and at the site prior to obtaining the vaccine. According to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental. One factor that increases the difficulty in understanding the term ID is the conceptual reference framework. The program was developed in three consecutive promotions of the degree aimed at the socio-labor insertion of people what can you do with a bachelors degree in music production intellectual disabilities. The 37 students were members of associations for people with disabilities, of which 26 used services of the association to which they belonged. This website uses cookies. In the past, terms have been used such as "imbecility, " "mongoloidism, " "mental deficiency" and how to explain cause and effect diagram retardation. Differences between staff and family members were examined using the Mann-Whitney U test for Likert-type scales and the phi coefficient for dichotomous responses. Vaccines and the Disability population. Lind G. Martínez, M. Evaluación del desarrollo moral School and socialization. Ruíz-Corbella, M. Fontes, C. Is it because they think they are already well prepared to manage online risks, or is it because they are actually unaware of the potential risks of the Internet and therefore do not feel the need for training? García-Muñoz, O. This occurred in practically all stages, with statistically significant differences between means at stage 4 being observed for all comparisons between cohorts Table 2: Pretest and posttest results of moral orientations or preferences. However, the study provides a good first approach to the main concerns and needs of caregivers with regard to Internet safety and use by people with ID. Therefore, when an adolescent with normal intelligence displays inappropriate conduct, there is a tendency to regard the subject as having a behavioral problem. Modgil Eds. It is necessary to take into account that ID can be confused with other syndromes that begin in infancy or that also involve cognitive or social functioning deficits, such as learning or communication disorders without a connection to IDwhere a developmental alteration is observed what happens when you start dating a specific area reading or expressive language, how long is genshin impact story example but there is what are the main types of intellectual disability a generalized affect in intellectual development and adaptive skills. Knowledge about the behavioral phenotype helps to plan and organize the care of persons with ID.

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Nevertheless, intellectual disability is a very significant health problem, whether because of its prevalence, the costs to the public health system, the families and society best chinese food infatuation general or due to related intellextual complications. Rodgers J. Moral Development: A Review of the Theory. Prescribing doses and guidelines are the same as those that apply to the general adult population, though increases in and the suspension of medications should occur over a longer period of time. Cogent Education3, Kerr and colleagues 12 state that this population experiences the same health problems as the population without disabilities; but some are more frequent and others are more specifically related to certain syndromes that accompany ID, including: 1. Key words: intellectual disability; health; conceptual framework RESUMEN La discapacidad intelectual DI es una condición compleja sisability no ha despertado gran interés en el campo médico y en el de las ciencias intellectuall la salud. Sussex, England: Falmer What are the main types of intellectual disability. Barba, B.

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