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ABSTRACT: Increasing levels of business disruptions and disaster events on one hand while local, national and international campaigns on the other have increased businesses' awareness, attention and demand for the need for business continuity management. As more and more businesses are looking to integrate disaster risk and business continuity management into their business operations and decision making processes, the need for such expertise has also increased. Despite what are the different types of risks seen in a business needs, many business schools around the world have not fully identified, realized or addressed them.
While there are several models for integrating disaster risk and business continuity management in business education, York University has established undergraduate and graduate level disaster and emergency management programs in a business school setting to address these growing needs. Through this integration, considerable numbers of business students enroll in disaster risk management, and business continuity courses. Knowledge and skills that students acquire through these courses make them informed and knowledgeable players in business continuity management teams in their varied work places.
Key words: Business continuity managementBusiness continuity management,York UniversityYork University,business educationbusiness education,disaster risk managementdisaster risk management,Gestión de la continuidad de negocioGestión de la continuidad de negocio,York UniversityYork University,educación de negocioseducación de negocios,gestión del riesgo de desastresgestión what are the different types of risks seen in a business riesgo de desastres.
RESUMEN: Mientras que por un lado los niveles de disrupciones en los negocios y los eventos desastrosos son crecientes, por el otro, las campañas locales, nacionales e internacionales han incrementado la consciencia, atención y demanda de las empresas con respecto a la necesidad de la gestión de la continuidad de negocio. Sin embargo, a what are the different types of risks seen in a business de estas necesidades, muchas escuelas de negocios alrededor del mundo no las han identificado, no se han dado cuenta de ellas, ni las han abordado.
Si bien hay diferentes modelos para integrar la gestión del riesgo de desastres y de la continuidad de negocio en la educación de negocios, York University ha establecido programas de pregrado y posgrado sobre la gestión de desastres y emergencias en una escuela de negocios para hacer frente a estas crecientes necesidades. El conocimiento y las capacidades que los estudiantes adquieren a través de estos cursos, los convierten en actores informados y conocedores para los equipos de gestión de la continuidad de negocio de sus diferentes lugares de trabajo.
Continuidad de negocio y gestión del what is object relational database example de desastres en la educación de negocios. DOI: Businesses like other facets of the society are at risk for a large number of dynamic, natural, technological, and human made hazards. Considering that significant amount of critical infrastructure, wealth, investment, employment, and income sources rest with private sector companies, it is important to make sure that the educational support for disaster risk management and business continuity is available to businesses for risk reduction and business continuity.
The Global Assessment Report UNISDR, highlighted some of the key issues in this area with particular emphasis on disaster risk considerations in private sector's investment decisions. In order to address these issues, national and international agencies have embarked on a number of initiatives to shift the focus from the government and public sectors to the private sector.
New standards in business continuity and risk management have been released by national and international standard agencies, new educational programs and academic journals have been created, global campaigns such as the United Nations Global Compact have been initiated and the UNISDR Sendai Framework for Action SFA has paid significant attention to the role of private sector in disaster risk reduction and business continuity.
This paper examines the development of business continuity in business education using York University's disaster and emergency management program as a case study. It is argued that disaster risk reduction and business continuity management should be an integral part of business education if the objectives of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction in private sector's role in disaster risk reduction at both corporate and wider levels are going to be achieved by the year The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section two reviews the need for business continuity and disaster risk management education in general and in business education in particular.
Section three presents four contemporary approaches and models for dealing with business continuity and disaster risk management in business education. Methodology of the paper is explained in section four. Section five describes York University's approach to integrating business continuity and disaster risk management in business education in detail.
Finally, section six concludes with some recommendations. Disaster risk and business continuity management aim to integrate risk and business continuity management into corporate, strategic, tactical and operational management systems. Several standards what are the different types of risks seen in a business risk and business continuity management provide guidance on implementation of risk reduction and business continuity.
To incorporate disaster risk reduction and business continuity management in all businesses and industries, business administration program professionals should develop the knowledge and skills needed to effectively apply risk and business continuity management. This requires careful design and implementation of certain courses in the existing business curriculum. While disaster risk and business continuity management experts are needed to lead these activities in businesses and organizations, especially large ones, it is important that all key decision makers and key business personnel have a good understanding of disaster risks and business continuity management concepts and methods.
The Hyogo Framework for Action to formed the needed awareness about the risk and the need for its management what is the purpose of classification in science both public and private sectors. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction calls for integrating disaster risk and business continuity into business models and practices at all businesses, particularly small businesses.
This can be achieved more successfully by making sure that business schools equip graduates with the needed knowledge and skills. To achieve this, the Framework states that:. While there is no direct mention of disaster risk and business continuity management education in the above statements, one can conclude that these goals and objectives cannot be attained without integrating disaster risk and business continuity management into business education.
Evidently, significant progress has been made in disaster and emergency management education during the past 15 years in most countries McCreight, and disaster risk and business continuity domains have hindered their recognitions as a legitimate field of scholarship Holloway, Despite this, its penetration and presence in business has been relatively slow and marginal. Although some business schools have courses in crisis management, many business schools have not integrated disaster risk and business continuity management in their curriculum McCreight, As businesses become more aware of their risks and vulnerabilities, their demands for disaster risk and business continuity plans, planning experts, tools and methods increases.
As mentioned earlier this increasing attention and demand are the outcome of several internal and external factors. Internally, companies are facing a dynamic and complex risk landscape as well as employees' safety, well being, and job security. Externally, businesses are faced with increasing supply chain disruptions, new and mega risks, rising competition, and inability of governments to protect them during major disaster events.
While the demand for disaster risk and business continuity management expertise has increased, universities have not been able to adequately respond. Instead these rising needs have been partially met by practitioners and consultants through short training courses, handbooks, industry seminars, etc. As highlighted in the Global Assessment Report UNISDR,if disaster risk reduction and business continuity are to be integrated into business operations and investment decisions, one key means to achieve this is to embed the relevant knowledge and skills into business education.
If we look at the proposed competencies for business continuity professionals what are the different types of risks seen in a business by Shaw and Harrald such as: what are the different types of risks seen in a business knowledge of business continuity planning; detailed knowledge of business recovery planning; working knowledge of the organization's critical business processes, policies, risk appetite, etc. Therefore, adding business continuity planning and disaster risk management knowledge and skills to the existing business curriculum will meet the basic requirements.
Studies conducted in both developed and developing countries show that existing technical knowledge and expertise in disaster risk and business continuity management play a key role in businesses' disaster risk and business continuity management Teikoku Databank Ltd, ; UNISDR, Moreover, maintaining business continuity for many organizations is no longer an option, nor is it appropriate to address it with traditional crisis management approaches such as an ad hoc reactions to events.
As argued by Herbane we are moving from a self-regulation and voluntary base business continuity period to a period in which what is a rights-based approach to education are increasingly required to have business continuity plans. An examination of the existing programs in disaster risk and business continuity management around what foods should alzheimers patients avoid world Building Research Institute,reveals at least four models for integrating disaster risk and business continuity management in business education Figure 1.
This section briefly describes these models. Figure 1 Disaster risk and business continuity management education in business administration. This is the conventional model in which disaster risk and business continuity management are not on the business schools' radar and mainstream business discipline Orlando, ; Acharyya, and therefor are not considered in the business education curriculum.
Disaster risk and business continuity management are primarily viewed as separate disciplines. This view is consistent with the traditional perspectives in which disaster risk management is considered as being part of the natural sciences, engineering, and social sciences area Shaw et al. In other words, business continuity and disaster risk reduction are not considered as true business functions, such as marketing, accounting, finance, etc.
Because business continuity also known as disaster recovery was initially emerged as a response to information technology failures and business continuity experts often come from support areas of business, many business schools consider continuity management more as a technical skill than business function Orlando, As a result there are many business schools that do not have disaster risk and business continuity management education as part of their curricula.
During the s and especially in the s a significant number of degree programs in these areas emerged. Hyogo Frameworks for Action HFA emphasized on knowledge and education and highlighted education as love for india quotes component for disaster risk reduction Shaw et al. Although there are many disaster and emergency management degree programs often with a business continuity elementdegree programs in business continuity are relatively rare.
This is a model in what does it mean never a dull moment disaster risk and business continuity management contents and courses are added to the business education curriculum. This approach is based on the view that disaster management and business continuity education need to be included in every relevant discipline to increase awareness and what is social theory in social work of graduates to reduce the risks in their decisions and enhance their abilities to reduce social and economic disruptions caused by a variety of disaster events.
This view has been implemented in two ways: 1 adding more disaster risk reduction and modern business continuity contents to the existing relevant courses; and 2 creating new disaster risk and business continuity management courses. In the first case, disaster risk and business continuity management materials are integrated into the existing business courses such as ''strategic management'', ''crisis management'', ''risk management'', ''supply chain management'', ''occupational health and safety'', ''corporate social responsibility'', ''project management'', ''audit'', ''information security management for business'', ''information assurance, and ''management information systems''.
In the second case, disaster risk and business continuity management courses are added to the curriculum. The third option is a model in which disaster risk and business continuity management become streams in business programs. Depending on the degree level and type of the stream, a certain number of specialized or stream related courses are created. This program includes a number of foundation and core business courses i.
Specialized courses include: impact of homeland security policies on business continuity, homeland security, business planning, business infrastructure vulnerability analysis 1. This option leaves it to the business students to decide whether or not they want to enter into the disaster risk and business continuity profession and seek certification if needed.
While there is a tendency in businesses to hire individuals with a business continuity degree, having a degree in business administration and a certificate in business continuity is acceptable. Having a certificate in business continuity management is viewed as an important credential and more and more companies require certifications when hiring such professionals.
While comparing these options with today's business and risk environment, it is what are the different types of risks seen in a business to accept that the status quo is a viable option. First, business continuity is no longer restricted to information technology and it encompasses many aspects of what are the different types of risks seen in a business functions. Second, businesses are more frequently disrupted by internal and external hazards and the consequences of disruptions have become significant and sometimes deadly.
Third, emergence of national and international standards in risk management and business continuity management provide further evidence of the importance and maturity of this field, and business students' knowledge of these standards are vital. The fourth option may work during a period when the need for disaster risk and business continuity experts has increased but universities and business schools are not prepared to address these needs. While having what are the different types of risks seen in a business certificates is necessary in these fields, it is not suftcient.
Certificates may be more useful when combined with university degrees with suftcient coverage of the field. In other words having a certificate in BCM with a business degree that has no business continuity component may not be ideal. This leaves us with the other two models. Both models have their own advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the availability of faculty resources and demands, business schools can choose among these two options.
This paper uses primarily a case study method in which York University's programs and courses in disaster and emergency management are the focus of the study. Survey results conducted by the university and the course instructor are used to provide insights into students' experiences in these programs. University surveys have been conducted as part of cyclical program reviews in in which past and present students are asked some key questions about various aspects of the programs.
The author who teaches some of the case study courses ADMS and ADMS has also conducted various surveys during the past few years in order to better understand why students take such courses and what kind of impacts these courses have on their individual, social, and professional lives. Secondary data regarding the what are the different types of risks seen in a business enrollments in specific courses are also used to understand students' enrollments in different courses.
Recognizing the societal needs and building on its key institutional values and missions, York University embarked on creating a disaster and emergency management program in that is now one of the flagship programs of the University. Starting with a certificate in emergency management inthe department developed a masters degree ina bachelors degree in and a PhD program is currently in the approval process and is scheduled to start in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Creation of various degrees in disaster and emergency management at York University. DEM is an example of York's leadership in developing programs to address new needs and interests, locally, nationally, and internationally. York is a large and comprehensive university with a strong commitment to accessibility and social responsibility.
The disaster and emergency management program is fulfilling the University's strategic plans and contributes to Canada's disaster risk reduction goals and objectives. Given that more than 10 years have passed since the establishment of these programs at York University, there are a number of lessons that can be learned from this experience. Developing a world class research and training capacity in disaster and emergency management has what are the different types of risks seen in a business a priority for York University.
Dominant character meaning, York is the only university in Canada that offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees in this field.
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