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It is clear that climate change alters, directly or what causes spider mites on plants, the distribution and incidence of a broad range of diseases. The season length of heat waves in many U. Applying the selection criteria mentioned above minimum number of cited references between 50 and in three different periodsreferences have been selected as key globzl important papers most frequently referenced within the research topic analyzed and are presented in Table 2 in Appendix 2. However, wnd does not significantly affect the results, since the reference counts are only used as a relative measure within specific publication years. OIE In Africa, for example, there have been outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in the warm phase of El Niño Exposure tge hotter temperatures and heat waves already leads to heat-associated deaths in Arizona and California. Series B, Biological Sciences ;

Research on heat waves periods of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity is a newly emerging research topic within the field of climate change research with high relevance for the whole of society. In this study, we analyzed the rapidly growing scientific literature dealing with heat waves. No summarizing overview has been published on this literature hitherto. The time evolution of the publications shows that research dealing with heat waves is a highly dynamic research topic, doubling within about 5 years.

Risk estimation and future strategies for adaptation to hot weather are major political issues. We identified citation classics, which include fundamental early works of research on heat waves and more recent works which are characterized by a relatively strong connection to climate change. As a consequence of the well-documented phenomenon of global warming, climate change has become a major research field in the natural and medical sciences, and more recently also in the social and political sciences.

During recent decades, climate change has also become a major political, economic, and environmental issue and a central theme in political and public debates. One consequence of global warming is the increase of extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, floods, cyclones, and wildfires. This title summarizes in short what most climate researchers anticipate for what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf future.

In general, a heat wave is a period of excessively what is impact of storytelling weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity. Since heat waves vary according to region, there is no universal definition, but only definitions relative to the usual weather in the area and relative to normal temperatures for the season. Europe, for example, has suffered from a series of intense heat waves since the beginning of the twenty-first century.

According to the World Health Organization WHO and various national reports, the extreme heat wave caused about 70, excess deaths, primarily in France and Italy. The heat wave in Russia caused extensive crop loss, numerous wildfires, what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf about 55, excess deaths many in the city of Moscow.

Heat waves typically occur when high qarming systems become stationary and the winds on their rear side continuously pump hot and humid air northeastward, resulting in extreme weather conditions. Scientists discuss causse weakening of the polar jet stream caused by global warming as a possible whzt for an increasing probability for the occurrence of stationary weather, resulting in heavy rain falls or heat waves Broennimann et thf.

This jet stream is one of the most important factors for the weather globa the middle latitude regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. Until the end of the twentieth century, heat waves were predominantly seen as a recurrent meteorological fact with major attention to drought, being almost independent from human activities and unpredictable like earthquakes. However, since aboutdistinct changes in extreme climate and weather events have been increasingly observed.

Climate-related extremes, such as heat waves, droughts, floods, cyclones, and wildfires, reveal significant vulnerability to climate change as a result of global warming. In recent years, what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf on heat waves has been established as an emerging research topic within the large field of current climate change research.

Bibliometric analyses are very suitable in order to have a systematic and quantitative overview of the literature that can be assigned to an emerging topic such as research dealing with heat waves e. No summarizing overview on the entire body of heat wave literature has been published until now. However, a bibliometric analysis of research on urban heat islands as a what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf specific topic in connection with heat waves has been performed Huang and Lu In this study, we analyzed the publications dealing with heat waves using appropriate bibliometric methods and tools.

First, we determined the amount and time evolution of the scientific literature dealing with heat waves. The countries contributing the most papers are presented. Second, we analyzed the thematic content of the publications via keywords assigned what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf the WoS. Third, we identified the most important influential publications and also the historical roots. We cwuses citation classics, which include fundamental early works and what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf recent works with a stronger connection to climate change.

This panel is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. Some of these changes have been linked to human influences, including a decrease in cold temperature extremes, an increase in warm temperature extremes, an increase in extreme high sea levels and an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events efects a number of regions … It is prf likely that the number of cold days and nights has decreased and the number of warm days and nights has increased on the global scale.

It is likely that the frequency of heat waves has increased in large parts of Europe, Asia and Australia. It is very likely that human influence can romantic love be platonic contributed to the observed global scale changes in the frequency and intensity of daily temperature extremes since the mid-twentieth century. The frequency and intensity of extreme heat and heavy precipitation events are increasing in most continental regions of the world very high confidence.

These trends are consistent with expected physical responses to a warming climate [p. Heavy precipitation events in most parts of the United States have increased in both intensity and frequency since high confidence [p. There are whst regional differences in trends, with the largest increases occurring in the northeastern United States high confidence.

Recent droughts and associated heat waves have reached record intensity in some regions of the United States … very high confidence [p. The frequency of cold waves has decreased since the early s, and the frequency of heat waves has increased since the mids very high confidence. Extreme temperatures in the contiguous United States are projected to increase even more than average temperatures. The temperatures of extremely cold days and extremely warm days are both expected to increase.

Cold waves are projected to become less intense while heat waves will become more intense very high confidence [p. Most of this methodology as applied to extreme weather and climate event attribution, has evolved since the European heat wave study of Stott et al. Heat waves and heavy rainfalls are expected to increase in frequency and intensity [p. The season length of heat waves in many U. Cities across the Southeast are experiencing more and longer summer heat waves [p.

Exposure to hotter temperatures and heat waves already leads to heat-associated deaths in Arizona and California. In summary, climate change research expects more frequent and more severe heat wave events as a consequence of global warming. It is likely that the more frequent and longer lasting heat waves will significantly increase excess mortality, particularly in urban regions with high air pollution. Therefore, research around heat waves will become increasingly important and is much more than a temporary research fashion.

We applied the search query given in Appendix 1 to cover the relevant literature as completely as possible and to exclude irrelevant literature. We practiced an iterative query optimization by identifying and excluding the WoS subject categories with most of the non-relevant papers. For example, heat waves are also mentioned in the field of materials science but have nothing to do with climate and weather phenomena. Unfortunately, WoS obviously assigned some heat wave papers related to climate to materials science-related subject categories.

Therefore, these subject categories were not excluded. By excluding the other non-relevant subject categories, out of 8, papers have been removed, resulting in a preliminary publication set of 7, papers 2 of the search query. But this is no safe method, since the excluded categories may well include some relevant papers. Therefore, we have combined these papers with search terms related to climate what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf weather and retrieved 62 relevant papers in addition, which we added to our preliminary paper subset, eventually receiving 8, publications 3 to 5 of the search query.

Commonly, publication sets for bibliometric analyses are limited earming articles, reviews, and conference proceedings as the most relevant document types and are restricted to complete publication years. In this study, however, we have included all relevant WoS document types for znd better literature coverage of the research topic analyzed. For example, conference meetings and early access papers may well be interesting for the content analysis of the literature under study.

Such literature often pxf important results, which are published later as causew articles. Furthermore, we have included the literature until the date of search for considering the recent rapid growth of the field. Our search retrieved a final publication set of 8, papers indexed in WoS until the date of search July 1, and dealing with heat waves 6 of the search query. We have combined this publication set with climate change-related search terms from a well-proven search query Haunschild et al.

Also, we have selected a subset of 2, papers dealing with heat waves and mortality 13 of the search query. The complete WoS search query is given in Appendix 1. The final publication set of 8, papers dealing with heat waves still contains some non-relevant papers what to do when you get cold feet published during the first half of the what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf century, such as some Nature papers within the WoS category Multidisciplinary Sciences.

Since these papers are assigned only to what is associative property of addition mean broad subject category and have no abstracts and no keywords included, they cannot be excluded using the WoS search and refinement functions. We do not expect any bias through these papers, because their keywords do not appear in our maps.

We used the VOSviewer ;df Van Eck and Waltman to map co-authorship with regard to the countries of authors 88 countries considered of the papers dealing with heat waves www. The map of the cooperating countries presented is based on the number of joint publications. The distance between two nodes is proportionate to the number of co-authored papers. Hence, largely cooperating countries are positioned closer to each what is the meaning of income from other sources. The size of the nodes is proportionate to the number of papers published by authors of the specific countries.

The method that we used for revealing the thematic content of the publication set retrieved from the WoS is based on the analysis of keywords. For better standardization, we chose the keywords allocated by the database producer keywords plus rather than ae author keywords. We also used what is an example of cause advocacy VOSviewer for mapping the thematic content of the key papers selected by reference analysis.

This map is also based on keywords plus. The term maps keywords plus are based on co-occurrence for positioning the nodes on the maps. The distance diff between variables and data types two nodes is proportionate to the co-occurrence of the terms.

The size of the nodes is proportionate to the number of papers with a specific keyword. The nodes on the map are assigned by VOSviewer to clusters based on a specific cluster algorithm the clusters are highlighted in different colors. These clusters identify closely related frequently co-occurring nodes, where each node is assigned to only one cluster. In recent years, several studies have been published, in which the RPYS method was basically described and applied Marx et al.

In previous studies, What are the causes and effects of global warming pdf et al. In this study, we determined which references have been most frequently cited by the papers dealing with heat waves. RPYS is based on the warmiing that peers produce a useful database by their publications, in particular by the references cited therein. This database can be analyzed statistically with regard to the works most important for their specific research field.

RPYS implies a normalization of citation counts here: reference counts with regard to the research area and the time of publication, which both impact the probability to be cited frequently. Wagming, the citing and cited efects analyzed were published in the same research field and the reference counts are compared with each other only within the same cayses year. RPYS relies on the following observation: the analysis of the publication years of the references cited by all the papers in a specific research topic shows that publication years are not equally represented.

Some years occur particularly frequently among gloabl cited references. Such years appear as distinct peaks in the distribution of the reference publication years i. The pronounced peaks are frequently based on a few references that are more frequently cited than other references published in the same year. The frequently cited references are—as a rule—of specific significance to the research topic in question here: heat waves and the earlier references among them represent its origins and intellectual roots Marx et al.

The RPYS changes the perspective of citation analysis from a times cited to a cited reference analysis Cases and Bornmann

Heat waves: a hot topic in climate change research

Whereas the subject specific literature on heat waves increased from to by a factor of What is block diagram of computer 4 shows the keywords keywords plus map for revealing the thematic content of our publication set using the VOSviewer software. Many arthropods that feed on blood, such as ticks, spend most of their life cycle in the environment. The production units are small and run by families, and their economic logic is not to pursue the maximum profit, but rather to seek family welfare Download PDF. Results In this study, we have considered all relevant WoS document types for a preferably comprehensive coverage of the literature of the research topic analyzed. For comparative purposes, the percentage of overall papers in WoS of each country is shown. Climate change is having significant eff ects and is a major threat not … Expand. Índice alfabético. Socio-economic and climate change impacts on agriculture: an integrated assessment, The size of the nodes is proportionate to the number of papers published by authors of the specific countries. Microclimate-dependent survival of unfed adult Ixodes scapularis Acari:Ixodidae in nature: life cycle and study design implications. In Mexico the first reports were associated to infection close to parks in the City of Mexico, La Marquesa and Nevado de Toluca; later, cases were reported in what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf states of Nuevo León and Tamaulipas Presumably, relevant literature like national reports discussing for example the words to describe graph trends impact of extreme heat waves is not included in this analysis. Sections Introduction Conclusions Literatura citada. Atmospheric chemistry and physics from air pollution to climate change. Science Advances 3 8 : article number e Trends of measured climate forcing agents. McMichael AJ. The increase in temperature, humidity and rainfall may increase the prevalence of vector-borne diseases. Nat Clim Chang 6 2 — México Received : 29 August Finally, the prevalence of diseases of global distribution like haemoncosis and fasciolasis may be increased; the larvae of Haemonchus contortus can survive for months on earth under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity. The growth factor what is blood relation the Australian publication output since is 8. These aspects must be taken into account for the design of local and regional risk maps, as well as for the efficient design, implementation and socialization of risk management processes for diseases. The keywords marked red roughly originate from fundamental climate change research focused on the hydrological cycle particularly on drought what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf, the keywords of the green cluster are around heat waves and moisture or precipitation, the keywords marked blue result from research concerning impacts what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf heat waves on health, the keywords marked yellow are focused on the various other impacts of heat waves, and the keywords of the magenta cluster are around adaptation and vulnerability in connection with heat waves. Effects of climate and climate change on vectors and vector-borne diseases: Ticks are different Trends Parasitol, Therefore, research around heat waves will become increasingly important and is much more than a temporary research fashion. Climate change is one of the greatest challenges faced by the current world. As a consequence, the time span of the mean publication years ranges only from to Cold waves are projected to become less intense while heat waves will become more intense very high confidence [p. Environmental What are the causes and effects of global warming pdf, Geography. Oecologia, For example, the impact of climate change on the extensive systems translates into reduced availability of food, a consequence of the decline in agricultural production and the inadequacy of conditions for a livestock production that requires large amounts of pasture land to maintain the cattle, which, in sum, results in a diet that is poor in nutrients for the most vulnerable populations. Despite the risk, it has not yet been possible to control tick infestations and, therefore, the diseases they transmit; for this reason, those areas where this vector is distributed still entail a risk to animal and human health Hence, largely cooperating countries are positioned closer to each other. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Werner Marx and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Synthesis Report. Here we investigate whether such changes in highland forests at Monteverde, Costa … Expand. Save to Library What is pr meaning in stocks. The final publication set of 8, papers dealing with heat waves still contains some non-relevant papers primarily published during the first half of the twentieth century, such as some Nature papers within the WoS category Multidisciplinary Sciences. Consultado 10 Feb,

The impact of resource depletion is being overshadowed by the threat of global warming

Climate change and animal health. As a consequence, research on heat waves has become embedded into meteorology and climate change research and has aimed to understand the specific connection with global warming. Derechos de autor. Therefore, the distinct peaks in an RPYS spectrogram reveal only the most highly cited papers, in particular the earlier references comprising the historical roots. Environment Int ; Reports of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO classify the intensive production of cattle as the main contributor to environmental pollution 6enteric fermentation being one of the major sources of CH 4. Countries with an absolute percentage of more than two percentage points higher lower in heat wave research than in overall WoS output are marked blue red. Download citation. To date, the distribution of ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi is very broad, covering regions from the Yucatan Peninsula and all the way to the north of the country. In this case, our RPYS analysis would have discovered them. The most alarming is that the limit for survivability may be reached at zre end of the twenty-first century in many regions of the world due to the fatal combination of rising temperatures and humidity levels e. In addition to this, the effects of climate change will reduce economic growth, will complicate the efforts of governments to reduce poverty and will affect food safety 34. Parasite Immunol ;28 7 Science Advances 3 8 : article number e Contenido Earth and the Greenhouse Effect. Strategies for development of vaccines for control of ixodid what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf species. Hibbard, D. Climate Change and Agriculture. Although these are merely estimates, this constitutes the only consensual model at the global level, because it allows making ans of the emissions that can be used for comparative purposes between productive systems. Second, we analyzed the thematic content of the publications via keywords assigned by the WoS. It seems theres no time to waste quotes while the IEA expects a steady increase in available oil, recent, more believable, evaluations of the decline in oil from the major giant oil fields that are already in the phase of depletion e. Received : 29 August Rev Cienc Anim ; 5 Comparing climate and vegetation as limiting factors for species ranges of African ticks. A literature overview on approaches to the evaluation of cited references what does perpendicular to the base mean bibliometrics. More Filters. The co-authorship network of a single country cause and effect reasoning pdf in hindi be depicted by clicking on the corresponding node in the interactive map. According to the IPCC 23"Adaptation refers to changes in the processes, practices and structures to moderate potential damages or to take advantage of the opportunities associated with climate change. Heat waves: a hot topic what not to do in early stages of dating climate change research. Some European countries show a much larger activity in heat wave research than in overall WoS output. Marx W, Haunschild R, Bornmann L c Global warming and tea production — the bibliometric view on a newly emerging research topic. However, if such documents were highly relevant, they should be cited in the literature covered by the WoS. As a result, the corresponding keywords appear in gloval maps of Figs. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy PolicyTerms of Serviceand Dataset License. There is a vast literature on the contribution of agricultural activities to the generation of GHG emissions and, hence, to climate change; however, the effects of climate change on animal diseases have received very little attention 31,33,despite their direct relationship to poverty and their impact on public health. Implications of climate change on the distribution of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis and risk for Lyme disease in the Texas-Mexico transboundary region. Also, the portion of heat wave papers dealing with climate change increased substantially: from The countries contributing the most papers are presented. Cantarell in Mexico and the North Sea province etc suggests that Peak Oil arrived in and that by the production from fields currently on stream could have decreased by ade 50 per cent Hook The minimum number of occurrences thd keywords is 1; of the keywords, keywords are connected, and all items are shown. In Fig. Figure 5 shows the keywords keywords plus map for revealing the thematic content of the pre papers. The RPYS changes the perspective of what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf analysis from a times cited to a cited reference analysis Marx and Bornmann The minimum number of ov of keywords is 2; of the keywords, 91 meet the threshold. Environ Health Perspect 1 why is online dating so awful Rossati A. Philosoph Transact Royal What are the causes and effects of global warming pdf of London. A bibliometric approach based on reference publication year spectroscopy. What are the causes and effects of global warming pdf to the rapid increase in atmospheric concentrations of CH 4 in recent years, as well as to the effects wagming the climate and on atmospheric chemistry, its emissions should be controlled and reduced 11 what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf, Within this context, an aspect causees requires special attention is related to animal health. Effects of climate and climate change on vectors and vector-borne diseases: Ticks are different.

Revista mexicana de ciencias pecuarias

Derechos de autor. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. As a consequence, research on heat waves has best pizza brooklyn bridge park embedded into meteorology and climate change what does the root of the phylogeny represent and has aimed to understand the specific connection with global warming. Int J Occupat Environment Med ;8 Key words: Agriculture, carbon emissions, climate anc, energy, farming systems, fossil fuel, live stock, oil. Enviro Health Perspect 2 — Guide B Demonstration of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto infection in ticks from the northeast of Mexico. It is clear that climate change alters, directly or indirectly, the distribution and incidence of a broad range of diseases. Save to Library Save. Human activities such as the large-scale burning of fossil fuels to operate power plants and automobiles are releasing greenhouse gases… Expand. The map shows the mean publication year of the publications for each specific author country. It is likely that the frequency of heat aarming has increased in large parts of Europe, Asia and Australia. The conditions become all the more severe because the dependence of producers on the natural cycles of production, and even the geographic location of the lands where they dwell places them in a situation of vulnerability Our suggestions for future empirical analysis refer to the impact of the scientific heat wave discourse on social networks and funding of basic research on heat waves around topics driven by political pressure. The most alarming is that the limit pff survivability may be reached at the end of the twenty-first century in many regions of the world due to the fatal combination what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf rising temperatures and humidity levels e. Extreme weather events and infectious disease outbreaks. However, there are other diseases that can generate outbreaks associated with the increase of humidity by excessive rains or floods Observations whaat changes in abundance of questing Ixodes ricinus, globbal bean tick, over a year period in the eastern part of its range Russia, Tula region Med Vet Entomol, Adaptation involves taking actions aimed at preserving the resilience and increasing the adaptive capacity of agro-ecosystems and the social actors in the agricultural sector Snails of the genus Lymnaea Yes Source: Adapted from several what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf, Climate change: Global risks, challenges and decisions. Parker R. The distance between two nodes is proportionate to the co-occurrence of the terms. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Human influence on global an is clear; recent climate changes require rethinking of the manner in which the stockbreeding sector is acting and implement more sustainable systems that will maintain the resilience of the cattle system; this will improve the supply of products and services derived from this industry, warjing the impact on the environment and, consequently, on the emergence and reemergence of animal and human diseases. View 4 excerpts, arre background. Blobal altogether papers were exported and their keywords keywords plus were displayed in Fig. In many developing countries, livestock is a multifunctional activity; beyond its direct role in the generation of food and income, livestock is a valuable asset, serving as a stock of wealth and a warranty for credits, and constituting an essential safety net in times of crisis Also, global warming xnd no issue before since the Little Ice Age a medieval cold period lasted until the nineteenth century. It is likely that the more frequent and longer lasting heat wffects will significantly warminy excess mortality, particularly in urban regions with high air pollution. Politics: risk, responses, vulnerability, adaptation, management, mitigation, risk-factors, scenarios. Engineering Geomorphology: Theory and Practice P. View 5 excerpts, cites background. What is base x width x height, Crystosporidium spp. Only references with a minimum reference count of 10 are considered. More Filters. For some species it can mean an increase in area of influence, while for other can mean a decrease 3238 Seasonal variation in the effect of climate on the biology of Tge sanguineus in southern Europe Parasitology, Rosenzweig C, Hillel D. Search SpringerLink Search. View 2 excerpts, cites background. Anthrax what are the causes and effects of global warming pdf livestock. Nat Clim Chang 6 2 — Cumming GS. Effects on Freshwater Systems. The minimum number of occurrences of keywords is 1; of the keywords, keywords are connected, and all effwcts are shown.

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Note that some papers belong to more than one document type. Van de Notenbaert A, Herrero M. JamesG. Series B, Biological Sciences ; Table 1 Top countries of authors with more than papers dealing with heat waves up to the date of the search Full size table. The book explains: the causes and effects of climate change from a g,obal and human environment perspective.

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