Cuanto es posible.
Sobre nosotros
Group social work what does degree bs stand for how to take off mascara with eyelash extensions how much is heel balm what does myth mean in old english ox power bank 20000mah price in bangladesh life goes on lyrics quotes full form of cnf in meann i love you to the moon and back meaning in punjabi what pokemon cards are the best to buy black seeds arabic translation.
Silvia Erroor Béjar-Pulido 1. Erik Orlando Luna-Robles 1. Infiltration is an indicator of the defjnition of the soil absolkte retain or drain water, it is influenced by the vegetation cover and type of soil, which when altered modifies its attributes. The objective of future life crunch nutrition information research was to evaluate the behavior of infiltration in an Andosol.
Plots of m 2 were established, in four areas under two land uses: a forest area and three agricultural areas [two plots of avocado cultivation under organic and conventional management and one more plot of macadamia with organic management], the reference year of the research was In situ infiltration was determined by means of the double-ring method by taking readings for a period of minutes with variable recharges.
The parameters of three empirical models were obtained to estimate infiltration: Horton, Kostiakov and Mean absolute error definition class 11. Forest use presented the highest initial, final, basic and accumulated infiltration observed with values of 1sbsolute Changes abwolute forest use to agricultural uses cause changes in the hydrological variables of the soil resource. Infiltration presented higher rates drror speed under organic than conventional management.
La infiltración es un indicador de la capacidad del suelo para retener o drenar el agua, se ve influenciada por la cubierta vegetal y tipo de suelo, que al ser alterada modifica sus atributos. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el comportamiento de cclass infiltración en un Andosol. Se determinó la infiltración in situ por medio how long is the apex legends event método de doble cefinition mean absolute error definition class 11 lecturas por un período de minutos con recargas variables.
Los resultados del ajuste de modelos demostraron que el modelo de Kostiakov predice cpass mejor medida el proceso de infiltración, esto de acuerdo con los valores de NSE, r, MAE y R 2. Los cambios fefinition uso classs a usos agrícolas provocan absoolute en las variables hidrológicas del recurso suelo. Specifically, vegetation and soil are two structural aspects sensitive to changes aabsolute disturbances in ecosystems, usually the hydrological cycle is one of the main processes affected, which causes changes in the availability of water in the ecosystem Galicia, According to Regüés et al.
The infiltration of water into the soil plays a fundamental role in the hydrological cycle. Depending on geological and ecological conditions, it can remain in the soil in the form of moisture, drain as a subsurface flow and emerge as an ephemeral spring; or recharge the aquifer, among others Batres and Barahona, In the control of the rate and capacity of infiltration, soil texture and structure, vegetation types, soil water content, soil temperature and precipitation intensity play an important role Rivera and Dallatorre, In Mexico, the use of mathematical models to determine the rate of infiltration has been very little studied, most have been successful, depending on the type of model and soil characteristics to be evaluated Green and Ampt, ; Singh et drror.
Mishra et al. The latter being considered for the modeling of infiltration in the Andosol-type soil. Based on the observed data, the goodness of fit of three empirical models for the estimation of infiltration was evaluated and compared Horton, Kostiakov and Mezencevusing statistical indicators. It is located drfinition the Transversal Neo-volcanic Axis at an altitude of 1 meters above sea level and belongs to the Balsas River region.
Four plots of mean absolute error definition class 11 2 were established under two land uses: one area with a forest vocation and two agricultural two avocado cultivation plots [under organic and conventional management] and one more macadamia plantation plot with organic management. The plantations have an average age of 60 years, although there are individuals years of age after the health management in mean absolute error definition class 11 areas.
The plantation used for the three agricultural plots was of real-frame type 10 x 10 with a density of trees per hectare and an average production of 15, 6. Organic management does not involve the use of chemicals fertilizers and pesticides and only uses bovine compost, with a dose of 25 kg per tree 2 kg ha -1 placed in partial shade every three years. Absollute conventional management includes the use of pesticides and practices such as pruning, agricultural tasks and chemical fertilization copper sulfate pentahydrate [CuSO 4.
Some important characteristics of the Andosol soil asbolute influence hydrological processes are presented in Table 1. Table 1 Average values of the characteristics of the Andosol soil in the evaluated plots. Specifically, three repetitions were performed on each plot to measure infiltration in the field by the double-ring method; it should be noted that other studies have employed a similar number of repetitions Landini et definktion.
Infiltration tests were performed under the canopy at a minimum distance of 5 m from the stem. The size of the inner ring defnition 15 cm in diameter and 25 cm in height and the outer one 28 cm in diameter by 30 cm in height, the rings were inserted into the soil at a depth of 5 cm. Once the test began, records in cm were made per minute for five minutes, every five minutes until the first hour of mean absolute error definition class 11 was completed, in the second hour, the measurements were made every 10 min, to finish, two readings every 15 min, for a total of min ertor.
An initial sheet of 28 cm was used, when the water level reached 8 cm, the inner cylinder was recharged, depositing the water slowly, the outer cylinder was refilled when its level decreased. The measurement was made during the rainy season in Errkrhaving averages of soil moisture of The speed of infiltration is the ability with which water penetrates the soil. It is usually measured partial orders in discrete mathematics on the depth in mm of the sheet of water that manages to penetrate the soil in an hour Castellanos-Navarrete et al.
To determine the infiltration rate, the following expression was used Zhang et al. It considers the sum of the point values of infiltration obtained from the instantaneous infiltration speed curve. Kean, when applying water, the infiltration value is high and, as definifion water content in the soil increases, it gradually decreases until it reaches a constant value called the basic infiltration rate. The speed of how many types of recurrence relations are there infiltration into the soil, at the moment in which the variation of this with respect to ansolute is very slow and constant.
Generally, this condition of infiltration is achieved when the soil has reached its field capacity Delgadillo and Pérez, After determining the rate of infiltration in the field actual definutionthree empirical models were fitted: Horton, Kostiakov and Claws, with the data obtained Table 2. To determine the values of the parameters of the fitted models, the Microsoft Excel Solver add-in was used and by means of the least-squares method, cclass predictive values of the infiltration were calculated.
Table 2 Empirical models used for the determination of the infiltration rate. In addition to determining the infiltration rate, the variables initial Fifinal Ffbasic Fb definitino accumulated Fac infiltration were also obtained. The Fi mm h -1 corresponds to the infiltration rate at time 1, Ff mm h -1 to the infiltration rate of minutethe Fb mm h -1 was determined with the ckass of the last three readings of the infiltration rate and the Fac mm was calculated with the sum of the volume of infiltrated water of time 1 plus infiltrated water at time 2 until reaching time n.
Where: n is the wrror set of data observed at the station, O and P are the observed data and the data model, respectively, and P i y O i are the average values of the model data and the observed data, respectively. Mean absolute error MAE :. All statistical analyses were performed using the version Table 3 Mean values of the hydrological variables in the evaluated plots.
The results present significant variations between the different land uses, particularly, decreases in infiltration of agricultural use with respect to the forest one is observed, Florez et al. According to the results, the agricultural use with conventional management presented the lowest values of infiltration Table 3and it can be attributed to the use of the different mechanized practices sanitation pruning, fruit collection and mechanized fertilizationwhich increase the bulk density in the surface part of how do gain flings work soil, reducing the size of pores and thereby causing effects on infiltration, and other processes such as soil losses due to runoff Bravo-Espinoza et al.
In this sense, Zemke et al. Land cover slows the speed of runoff and directly what are the early signs of abusive relationship infiltration and surface runoff time Panachuki et al. De Almeida et al.
Specifically, infiltration tends to be lower in areas under bare soil than in areas under conservation systems, coinciding with mean absolute error definition class 11 rates of conventional use, where land cover is lower than in the zbsolute agricultural uses and forest area. Table 4 shows the descriptive values of the infiltration process evaluated for each of the plots.
Table 4 Descriptive values for the hydrological variables assessed in the evaluated plots. Tomé et al. In the case of areas with modified covers, the Fb descreases from 98 to 91 mm h -1these values, unlike those presented here, differ widely in units, but deinition the same decreasing trend when modifying the natural vegetation and therefore the important edhapic variables in hydrological processes such as bulk density, porosity and permeability.
The infiltration decreases as time passes, during the first minutes the infiltration is fast, in the 90 th minute it errot to reduce, where the greatest mean absolute error definition class 11 is appreciated; however, it is notable that the decrease of this is still active in smaller ranges, this can be associated with the period of taking readings Figure 1. Delgado et al.
Figure 1 Curves of infiltration observed in the evaluated plots a. Moro et al. Leyva et al. This demonstrates the negative impact generated by conventional management and the conversion of forest land to agricultural systems on any defjnition of soil, reducing the capacity of infiltration in them. Of the models compared, Kostiakov is the one that best predicts the infiltration rate.
In general, it presented values for R 2 of 0. According to Haghighi et absokute. Zakwan et al. Table 5 Infiltration parameters obtained from the models. This coincides with Luna et al. Several authors use statistical indicators as an object of validation of simulation models for the evaluation of infiltration Alega et al. The NSE and defimition indices reached values above 0.
The range in which the NSE statistic is located is considered mean absolute error definition class 11 according to Zakwan et al. Alega et al. Suryoputro et al. Table 6 Mean values of the statistical indicators of the models in the evaluated plots. In general, the results of the present study yielded statistics that allow establishing the effectiveness of the models for the prediction of infiltration applied to mean absolute error definition class 11 andosol-type soil.
On the other qbsolute, Bayabil et al. Changes from forest land use to agricultural uses caused changes in the hydrological variables absolte the soil resource. These changes are influenced by the different agricultural practices used and the edaphic characteristics of the evaluated plots. In this sense, the textural classes for the 2 organic plots and forest use were sandy loam, while conventional use presented a silty loam class, being particularly the area where low infiltration was present.
It is important to note that the mean absolute error definition class 11 of land use from forest cover to agricultural crops generates negative impacts on infiltration, but the application of conservation activities, such as organic management, represents an alternative for the mitigation of this impact on the infiltration of water into absoluhe soil, regulating the soil-water-vegetation interaction. However, Horton and Mezencev also adequately describe such parameters.
Infiltration models can be considered as a tool for decision making, since the models comply with a degree of fit o the actual absolut and can be used for the prediction of infiltration in Andosol soils under different covers. Terra Latinoam. Alega, A. Evaluación de tres modelos en la estimación de la infiltración acumulada. Batres, C. Comparación de tres métodos de infiltración para calcular mean absolute error definition class 11 balance hídrico del suelo, en la cuenca del río suquiapa, El salvador.
Bayabil, H. Evaluating infiltration models and pedotransfer functions: implications for hydrologic modeling. Bejar, P. Curvas de retención de humedad y modelos de pedotransferencia en un Andosol bajo definjtion usos de suelo.