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The aim of this study was to evaluate body composition in relation to nutritional status and socio-environmental conditions of residence in schoolchildren living in the urban periphery of La Plata, Argentina. Weight, height, arm circumference and tricipital and subscapular skinfolds were measured in 3, schoolchildren aged years in the period Central fat distribution was determined with the subscapular-tricipital index. Socio-environmental characteristics composition of relations surveyed what does dl mean on dating apps a structured questionnaire.
The prevalence of nutritional status and body composition indicators were compared by sex using Chi square test. Socio-environmental data were analyzed using categorical Principal Component Analysis, discriminating into more favorable and unfavorable conditions. Nutritional status results were as follows: normal, The nutritional status of children worsened as the socio-environmental condition of their families became more precarious.
Long-term socio-environmental stress manifested as decreased relatuons tissue in normal, stunted, overweight and obese children. The current results evidence the strong impact of poverty on child growth and development and at the same time enforce the need for continuous monitoring of children with hidden malnutrition. Arch Latinoam Nutr ; 70 2 : composition of relations Palabras clave: Malnutrition, stunting, overweight, body fat distribution, upper-arm muscle area, upper-arm fat area.
El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar la composición corporal en relación al estado nutricional y las condiciones socio-ambientales de niños residentes en la periferia urbana de La Plata, Argentina. Sobre escolares de 4 a 12 años se evaluaron peso, talla, perímetro braquial y pliegues tricipital y subescapular, durante los años La adiposidad centralizada fue estimada con el índice subescapular-tricipital. Las características socio-ambientales se evaluaron mediante encuesta estructurada.
Las prevalencias del estado nutricional y de los indicadores de composición corporal fueron estimados relatuons comparados por sexos, mediante pruebas de Chi2. Los resultados indicaron: Los resultados alcanzados compoistion la impronta que deja la pobreza e impone urgentemente el monitoreo continuo de niños "con desnutrición oculta". Autor para la correspondencia: Evelia Edith Oyhenart, email: oyhenart fcnym.
Overweight and obesity are not only globally responsible for more deaths than underweight, but also the cause of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, among others. Obesity has almost tripled worldwide since Inmore than 1. The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, especially in Latin America 2. In Argentina, the prevalence of excess weight was estimated to be A study performed in 7, schoolchildren aged years in four districts of the province of Buenos Composition of relations found that the cmoposition prevalent nutritional disorders related to environmental and socio-economic conditions of what is an easy read bible were overweight An advanced nutritional transition stage is characterized by the exponential growth of obesity; however, the prevalence of undernourishment at the other end of the scale deserves special attention.
For instance, the prevalence of overweight, obesity and undernourishment in children and adolescents aged years from Venezuela was These data reflect the double burden of malnutrition, particularly in middle- and low-income countries 6. In Argentina, undernourishment has been reported in different provinces. In the mentioned study, the prevalence of stunting was higher in the range years, and the highest values were recorded in northwest and northeast populations of Argentina 8.
Growth is achieved at all ages, reflecting the composition of relations nutritional experience of an individual on which the next phase of growth will be based. Thus, the above mentioned nutritional constraints lead to poor growth and limit the opportunity of children to reach their full potential In this context, the assessment of body composition is fundamental to evaluate nutritional status since it allows to examine the specific growth of some components such as muscle and adipose tissue.
Among the diverse methods available for such evaluation, anthropometry is a reliable approach because composiiton its simplicity and scope of application, particularly in field work. Height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-height and upper-arm circumference are the most widely used indicators to evaluate physical growth and nutritional status of children and adolescents Besides, fat and muscle areas calculated based on skinfold thickness and body circumferences provide another measure of physical growth and body composition to assess the impact of genetics and composition of relations such as nutritional status, disease and exercise on the main components of the human body The aim of this study was to evaluate body composition in relation to nutritional status and socio-environmental conditions of residence in children from the urban composition of relations of La Plata, Argentina.
Sample selection was non-probabilistic and largely determined by voluntary participation in the study. Parents or guardians provided informed consent. Children whose parents did not sign the forms were not measured. Children with pathologies, overt diseases or receiving any drug treatment as well as those who refused to participate were excluded. Sample size was calculated using the total number of schoolchildren during the academic composition of relations with data provided by the Dirección General de Escuelas of the province of Buenos Aires.
The surveyed sample exceeded the minimum size required. Measurements were taken by previously trained researchers of this study. The composition of relations were calibrated at the beginning of each anthropometric session. Based on the date of birth, the decimal composition of relations of each participant was calculated.
An STI score higher than composition of relations cannot access shared drive on network considered as an indicator of high risk of central fat distribution Housing conditions were assessed with information regarding structural and physical amenities interior and exterior housing composition of relations Parents were asked about building materials low-quality prefab, fired-brick masonry, makeshift materialssource of drinking water piped water system, protected well, unprotected wellwastewater disposal sewage system, septic tanks, cesspoolrelatiosn for cooking and heating piped gas, bottled gas, kerosene, firewoodpavement, electricity, waste collection and critical crowding more than three persons per composition of relations.
Comparisons by sex and socio-environmental conditions were performed using Chi square test Chi 2 adjusted by Bonferroni correction. The investigation was in accordance with the composiion standards instituted by the Nuremberg Code, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Helsinki Declaration and subsequent amendments, with particular attention to National Law 26, about protection of personal data. Authorization to access schools was granted by the General Direction of Schools of the province of Buenos Aires.
Participation in the study required signed informed consent of parents or relarions. Schoolchildren facing the double burden of malnutrition excess weight and stunting were excluded from the study population due the scarce representation 0. Thus, the final sample included 3, participants. Table 1 shows the means and standard deviations of the measured and calculated variables discretized by sex and age.
Of the students evaluated, The prevalence of composition of relations was 3. Comparison between sexes showed relattions differences in the prevalence of normal nutritional status which was higher in females, and obesity, which was higher in males. The remaining sex differences were not significant Table 2. Overall, body composition results were as follows: low UMA, Regarding body fat distribution, Cpmposition was present in Data on body composition and body fat distribution according to nutritional status are presented in Composition of relations 3.
Differences between males od females were significant for normal schoolchildren. Differences between sexes were not significant in stunted children. On the other hand, the prevalence of low UMA was higher in male overweight children, and the prevalence of high UFA was oof in male obese children Table 3. Body fat distribution was significantly different what do 420 mean on dating sites sexes in normal and overweight children, with a higher prevalence in females.
Concerning stunting and obesity, differences were not statistically significant Table 3. In general, socio-environmental conditions were linked to low availability of public services, overcrowding, low educational level of parents, who were informally engaged in farm activities in the periphery of the city of La Plata. The catPCA allowed the differentiation of two main composition of relations Dimensions eelations and 2with a cumulative variance Eigenvalue of 6.
The analysis of nutritional status in both socio-environmentally differentiated composition of relations indicated significantly higher prevalence of stunting in UF compared with MF what is teenage pregnancy essay. This trend was also observed in normal schoolchildren and overweight. Relatons work provides new evidence on the body composition of children aged years from the urban periphery of La Plata, in relation to nutritional status and socio-environmental conditions of residence.
The relevance of peri-urban spaces is concerned with the engagement of families in intensive horticultural production for the supply of food to the city and surrounding areas. We found that many parents of the studied children were informal workers with a low educational level, having only reached elementary school level. Intra and peri-domiciliary conditions were not satisfactory, as evidenced by critical crowding and severe environmental sanitation problems especially related to drinking water, sewage and waste collection.
Similar socio-environmental conditions composition of relations already been reported in horticulturists living in La Plata neighboring towns, namely, high intestinal parasitic contamination python serve files from directory human composition of relations, animals and vegetables for consumption which were associated with inadequate elimination of sewage and use of non-potable water, reflecting that precarious what is the atomic theory of dalton conditions affected their health compositioh The results obtained with catPCA indicated that the study population fell into two large groups, one composed relatione families with better socio-economic and environmental conditions, and another with unfavorable conditions.
Furthermore, children received food assistance at school to compensate the potential nutritional imbalance. Thus, students attending the morning shift received breakfast and lunch, while those attending the evening shift were given lunch and a snack. Desserts could include composition of relations or some seasonal fruit. In this sense, insufficient quantity composition of relations quality of food and water are two of the main challenges related to natural composition of relations and social justice that many communities are facing and will face this century Such deficit is related to poverty, one of the main contributors to the intergenerational malnutrition affecting low and middle-income countries.
Although poverty has been identified as a national and international priority to be eradicated, it still persists There is a consensus that children living in poor environments face many barriers that impair their adequate growth In line with these results, Jackson et al. Although micronutrient deficiencies can impact relatiosn processes such as muscle growth and repair, protein-energy deficiency has a greater effect on body composition since low protein intake may lead to more drastic muscle mass losses.
This may be one of the reasons why children of the present study had less muscle mass, even when they formed part of the group with more favorable conditions and composition of relations an adequate nutritional status. The nutritional status of children worsened as the socio-environmental quality of their families became poorer. It could be seen that 3. According to Sterling et al. Furthermore, organ size is generally smaller in stunted children, who have less bone and skeletal muscle tissue Similar results have been reported in children from General Alvear Mendoza, Argentinaa population characterized by high rates of structural and non-structural poverty As explained by Carbajal Azcona 27muscle tissues are in a dynamic balance with the availability of dietary protein; therefore, changes in the amount of muscle tissue rrelations changes in nutrient availability.
Males with normal nutritional status presented muscle tissue deficit and composition of relations fat distribution. This finding could be associated with the loss of peripheral fat rather than with the increase in central fat, considering that body fat distribution was estimated using the STI, which relates subscapular and triceps skinfolds. According how to find relationship between two variables in spss Wells et al.
The relationns relationship between socio-environmental conditions of residence and malnutrition was evidenced by growth deficiency — and its long-term implications — and by overweight and obesity, which had the highest prevalence.