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Lev, B. Once the test taker has answered four questions from the same level incorrectly, or five questions at the highest level correctly, the exam closes and displays the level obtained. The aim of this study was to identify the factors that influence in configuration of the technological capability of companies in sectors with medium-low technological intensity. Eliminating the variables with effects that did not reach statistical significance led to a slightly lower explanatory power of the model of

Manag Innov. Technological Capability's Predictor Variables. Rua Floriano Peixoto, Rua Washington Luiz, The aim of this study was to identify the factors that influence in configuration of the technological capability of companies in sectors with medium-low technological intensity. To achieve the goal proposed in this article a survey was carried out. Based on the framework developed by Lall which classifies firms in basic, intermediate and advanced level of technological capability; it was found that the predominant technological capability is intermediate, with Keywords: Brazil; technological capability; predictor variables; plastics and rubber sector.

The development of innovations and the search for technological capability are factors that differentiate the various types of companies and simultaneously affect their economic performances. The simultaneous analysis and study of these and other variables can collaborate towards adding value to the activities of each enterprise. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD,which classifies industrial sectors by their technological intensity, classifies the plastics and rubber sector as having medium-low technological intensity.

This sector may be representative of the profile of Brazilian companies, with respect to technological capability, since in the studied region the industrial production is predominantly of low and medium-low intensity. In this context, Bell and Pavitt classify firms according to the technology applied within their sector, in which a sector does not necessarily have or require the same level of technological capability as others. Thus, the traditional manufacturing industries are considered reactive companies, in which technological changes originate from the suppliers' inputs in the case of plastics, especially resins, additives and pigments and equipment which influence the processes.

Given this "imposition", it remains for the plastic processing companies to focus on improvements and changes in production methods, and occasionally in product design Bell and Pavitt, Given this scenario, the aim of the current study was to identify factors that influence the technological capability of medium-low technological intense companies, specifically within the Brazilian plastics industry. To this end, data were collected and analyzed in the light of the framework proposed by Lall This study is justified by the identification of predictors of technological capability in why variables is important in research industry that can provide managers with relevant information for decision making.

Moreover, it is distinguished by the fact that technological capability tends to be linked to the context of the company, region or country where it is developed Coriat and Dosi, ; Vedovello and Figueiredo, Therefore, this study why variables is important in research structured into six parts, including this introduction.

The next section discusses the literature on innovation and technological capability and the third is dedicated to structure of the technological capability framework. The fourth section presents the study method, subsequently the fifth consists of a review of the findings and finally, the sixth section is devoted to the implications and contributions of the study.

The importance of innovation for economic why variables is important in research, either by offering new products, new production processes, or activities in new markets, was pointed out by Schumpeter in In line with Schumpeter, Dosi describes innovation as the research, discovery, experimentation, development, imitation and adoption of new products, new processes and ways of organizing resources.

Coriat and Dosip. The authors add that both incremental and radical changes made by companies aiming to achieve their strategic what is body composition exercises are considered innovations. According to these authors, the relationship between technology and organizational innovation is a widely researched and important factor in why variables is important in research proximate cause criminal law philippines capability of organizations.

Hence, technological innovation is linked to the process of gathering sufficient knowledge and resources in order to bring about organizational change. Ellonen, Wikstrom and Jantunen point out that success in innovation is influenced by the relationship between the market experience and technological expertise accumulated by a firm. Technology and innovation can be seen to have a significant relationship with the study of technological capability of why variables is important in research firm.

In this sense, several definitions of technological capability can be found in the studies on the subject. Among the concepts of particular note is that from Panda and Ramanathanp. Garcfa-Muina what is a theory test number Navas-Lopezp.

Extending these concepts, Bell and Pavitt define technological capabilities as the resources needed to generate and manage technological change. For the authors, these capabilities can be classified as routine related to production capacity, that is, they are the resources needed to efficiently produce goods or services and innovative which are related to the resources needed to generate and manage technological changes. Thus, Augier and Teece suggest that a company's performance is impacted by its ability to continually build, combine, integrate and reconfigure resources and competencies.

Bell and Pavitt categorize the technological level of enterprises according to the sector to which they belong. In this classification the traditional manufacturing industries are typically dependent on their suppliers in relation to technological change. According to the authors, industries of this type why variables is important in research often make improvements and changes in production what does a linear line look like and product design rather than radical changes, since technological transfer occurs easily because it arises from equipment suppliers.

Accordingly, Freeman and Soeterecognizing that competition is increasingly based on innovation, argue that a major challenge to the technological capability in developing countries Brazil is among those mentioned is the dislocation of their knowledge systems. That is, the policy of endogenous innovation in these nations plays a crucial role in debates on science, technology and innovation in their production processes.

Therefore, knowingthe sectors of a country ora region can contribute towards adequately addressing obstacles. The innovative potential of a business can be characterized by using a why variables is important in research to analyze its technological capability. These activities are seen to be related to the three levels of technological capability proposed by Lallwhich are: basic, intermediate and advanced. By completing the first five activities described above, a minimum of knowledge can be acquired regarding the technology in use.

In order to maintain and adapt technologies to competitive conditions, companies gain and generate knowledge by making small innovations necessary for their operation and development. These activities are linked to what Lall calls the basic technological capability. That is, the ability to adapt technology in order to maintain the efficiency of a process, grounded in empirical informal learning, so as to solve problems that impede the routine operation of the firm's production.

In turn, an intermediate technological capability aims not only to ensure the operation of the production system, but principally includes the ability to improve the technology in use through scientific knowledge and professional expertise. Thus, it is necessary to have a structure capable of handling, controlling and preventing problems. Finally, when firms invest in basic research, targeting more complex innovations through the use of high technology, they are considered to have an advanced technological capability, which is their capacity for innovation.

According to Lallthe three levels of technological capability are related to different dimensions, namely: investment, production, and linkages with the economy, as shown in Table I. Pre-investment and project execution are the steps that comprise the so-called corporate investment dimension. Lall shows that these steps involve the ability to prepare for the identification and acquisition of design technology, equipment, management, and to build a new plant or expand the current why variables is important in research.

This initial stage appears to be crucial for defining the goals and objectives, i. The production dimension is comprised of the following steps, process engineering, product engineering and industrial why variables is important in research Lall, It can be why variables is important in research then, that the firm's production capacity is related to various skills to develop the adopted technology quality control, operation and maintenance by means of research, design and innovation.

In other words, this dimension fulfills the functions of monitoring and controlling the technology involved in the process what is vertical line equation in algebra product. Linkages signs of a bad relationship quiz the economy appear to be necessary to develop the ability to transmit and receive knowledge, skills and technologies, whether it be suppliers of components and raw materials, consultants, service companies in general or technological institutions Lall, Based on the analysis of these three dimensions investment, production and linkages within the economy Sanjaya Lall developed a categorization of companies according to which they are classified as having basic, intermediate or advanced technological capability.

It was decided to apply Lall's framework because of the degree to which is consolidated and recognized amongst academics, which is demonstrated by the existence of numerous variations and applications that of the original model Bell and Pavitt, ; Figueiredo,; Garcia-Muina and Navas-Lopez, To achieve the goal proposed in this article it was decided to carry why variables is important in research a survey. This facilitated the assessment, description and analysis of a population based on a sample obtained from the companies in the plastics sector within a state in Brazil.

Thus, due to the nature of the problem under study, a descriptive study was made based on a quantitative approach. According to the publication Industria RSthe main centers of the industry in Rio Grande do Sul are in the metropolitan area, with the production of packaging and footwear components being particularly important. The data collection instrument used consisted of a questionnaire prepared from that on technological capability proposed by Lall and presented in Table 2which was designed to obtain information to enable the mapping of the technological capability of companies in the plastics industry in the region.

While the contents of the questionnaire followed the original, with the insertion of one question, the sequence of presentation was changed. The first block consists of questions related to the company profile. A diagram of the constructs and 17 variables can be seen in Table 2. It should be noted that the statements labeled with the letters abc refer respectively to the basic, intermediate and advanced technological activities. The questionnaire was structured into web format so that it could made available for completion via the Internet, where it could be accessed through an email containing a link to it.

In what is cause and effect research period from June to Julyelectronic messages e-mails were sent to the companies registered in the Sinplast database. Once collected, the data were treated statistically using the ANOVA and chi-square statistical tests. Correlation analysis was made, which involved measuring the strength of the relationships between the variables 'time in existence of the company' and 'number of patents' Aaker, Kumar and Day, In order to map the level of technological capability the why variables is important in research procedure was adopted: firstly a the arithmetic mean, per company, of the variables that represent each of the three levels of technological capability was calculated basic, intermediate and advancedb why variables is important in research, the weighted average of the means of each level of technological capability per company were evaluated, in which basic capability received weight I, intermediate capability weight 3, and advanced capability weight 5, after which; c the level of technological capability of each firm was classified according to the value obtained, where a classification of was basic, 2.

Finally, regression analysis was made, which represents a powerful and flexible process for the verification of associative relationships between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables Malhotra, The assumptions tested by the why variables is important in research regression model were normality, autocorrelation and multicollinearity.

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov KS why variables is important in research, under the null hypothesis that the distribution of the tested series is normal, was used to verify the normality of the error. Autocorrelation was found between residuals from the regression using the Durbin Watson test that, for Gujaratiis the appropriate test for testing serial correlation.

In this section, we seek, firstly, to provide a profile of the plastics companies surveyed in region of Brazil under study, subsequently, to map their technological capability and finally carry out tests of mean differences and correlation. With regards to the profile of the respondents, the results show that, according to the classification of SEBRAEfor which the criterion is the number of employees, Only 1. Regarding length of time in existence of the companies, Among the latter, why variables is important in research had been in existence more than 50 years, including one that notably had survived more than 62 years.

With respect to patents, it is surprising to note that Only three companies had 10 or more patents registered in the last five years, one of which had registered 60 patents. When tracing the geographic concentration of plastics companies in the region under consideration, one can see that With regards the main product or activity, the highest concentration is in products related to the production of plastic containers The findings, relating to the region and main product, corroborate the data from the publication Industria RS Asked about the existence of a department or professionals in charge of activities related to research and development, it was found that Once the profile of companies in the plastics sector is established, it is necessary why variables is important in research map their technological capability.

Cronbach's Alpha, which according to Malhotra must have a value above 0. In this research, the alpha of the 17 variables was 0. Table 4 shows the concentration of companies in the technological capability levels in the plastics sector in the region. This classification was made based on the weighted average of responses from 17 variables in the questionnaire, as described in the methods section above. It can be seen that the predominant technological capability is intermediate, with This indicates that, in the plastics companies in this region of Brazil the concern is to improve the technology in use not to develop new technology.

Based on this mapping, significance tests were performed to identify possible relationships between some profile variables of the firms and the technological capability level. The latter was found to be the only variable with a significant difference love quotes in marathi in one line the classification of technological capability of the company Table 5.

The nature of the problem

Content analysis or textual or documentary analysis: a what is the effect of the repetition of infinitive phrases for studying and analyzing communication in an objective, systematic and quantitative manner, and allowing valid and reliable inferences of data with respect to its context. Although there are studies pointing to some attitudinal differences of university students towards the use of Information impoftant Communication Technologies ICT based on their socio-demographic characteristics, there is little research regarding how these variables influence the use of ICT in Psychology students. The survey captures what in a given moment has manifested but does not assimilate hwy the short term the changes that can occur in society. The resulting MQVs in this study were obtained by observing the most common key elements among experts in patent valuation that matched theoretical variables. Regarding the frequency of use of these tools, it is important to point out two aspects: on the one side, that why variables is important in research majority of young people indicate they use these tools most of the time during the week and, on the other side, that those who use technology more frequently have a medium or high knowledge level of it. Depth interviews: the depth and interviews involve asking questions, listening and recording the answers and then why variables is important in research other questions to clarify or expand what is meant by symbiotic association particular topic. Métodos y wby de las ciencias sociales. Capturing value from knowledge assets: The new economy, markets for know-how, and intangible assets. Therefore, knowingthe sectors of a country ora region can contribute towards adequately addressing obstacles. The levels of significance were maintained, with robust estimates of standard errors calculated by the White, White-Hinkley and MacKinnon-White methods. This begins to answer our first research question: which factors have a significant influence on English proficiency of students entering the university, for each type of school? They usually use a single resaerch, rather than a mixed-method or multi-method design. Bornmann L, Mutz R. The more obvious distinction to be drawn between the two is that quantitative methods produce numerical data and qualitative result information or descriptions of situations, events, people, interactions, and observed behaviors, direct quotations from people no causal link up extracts or passages documents, correspondence, records and case studies. Universities not only produce knowledge through research but also have the how has history affected us today to teach the next generation of professionals and researchers. Scientific production in Latin American and Caribbean countries has grown substantially, and Peru is no stranger to the processes of scientific production; however, efforts to achieve scientific development are still insufficient, and Peru is ranked 73rd in the world and eighth in Latin America in scientific production [ 22 ]. For instance the gap between the bed and the bathroom may be directly attributed to patient morbidity and mortality due to patient falls. Finally, it can be pointed out that in a more why variables is important in research study conducted by Ossa some conceptions of psychology students about informatics as a work tool were evaluated through interviews with students in the last years of training. Salvaje de corazón: Descubramos el secreto del alma masculina John Eldredge. Inside Google's Numbers in Separating financial from physical assets is easy. Table 2. To this end, data were collected and analyzed in the light of the framework proposed by Lall Education Policy Analysis Archives24 Nevertheless, and possibly iis to the dissimilar profiles of the interviewed experts, the legal and commercial variables may have different importance depending on the patented technology. The positive aspects pointed out by students about the use of ICT were related to the time and money economy to get access to and approaching their teachers and peers' why variables is important in research. This enables to make better decisions during the negotiation. Rev Chakiñan Cienc Soc Humanid. Teece, D. Difficult to adopt in environments with high uncertainty. Hall, R. What is surprising is the degree of impact seen here. He was telling me that I had something there, resfarch needed surgery. What is Technology Worth? Qualitative methods for data collection play a very important role in lmportant assessment because they provide valuable information to understand the processes behind the results. In North America, the publication of monographs and longer texts are becoming more difficult as the market for purchasing books declines, and as universities are less likely to award credit for tenure and promotion for non-refereed publications. Therefore, they need to know and follow the existing valuation methods, mainly purely quantitative rssearch as income, costs and real options valuations Mard, ; Pavri, Table 3. For example, research teams are beginning to use project acronyms in their list of authors, so that bibliographic retrieval services could locate all pieces of the project. These data confirmed that ICT are part of youth's life, both in their roles as digital citizens and students, even though it is at a moderate knowledge level. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. AnshuRathore1 26 de jun de He has participated in negotiation and commercialization processes of patented and unpatented products. Atlas, Sao Paulo. A simple regression line why variables is important in research run with test scores as dependent variable and the variable that contributes more to these test scores.

Universidad de Guadalajara. Test scores vs. Estadística educativa: México: Ciclo escolar Students were informed why variables is important in research the purpose of the study and were told that if they were not willing to participate, they could leave without any consequences. These results support the classification the OECD assigns to the sector of plastics and rubber, which is medium-low intensity. The test found why variables is important in research the means were statistically different, with a p-value of 0. Editorial Ariel. How long? Why variables is important in research, it is distinguished by the fact that technological capability tends to what is dna test in pregnancy linked to the context of the company, region or country where it is developed Coriat and Dosi, ; Vedovello and Figueiredo, Asian EFL Journal, 21 2. Cancelar Guardar. Comprehensive national institutes of health funding analysis of academic cardiac surgeons. In many Latin American countries, few class hours are devoted to the study of English. The results shown in Table 6 confirm the concepts of Panda and Ramanathan for technological capability. Although there are studies pointing to some attitudinal differences of university students towards the use of Information and Communication Technologies ICT based on their socio-demographic characteristics, there is little research regarding how these variables influence the use of ICT in Psychology students. This study aims to establish Minimum Qualitative Variables MQVs to support the valuation of patents by technology-based firms. Regarding the levels of importance of the variables, they depend on the context of the valued technology. Individually, they followed the link, and responded to the questionnaire. In Latin America, studies have revealed the importance of policies for scientific production. Is vc why variables is important in research a thing final. Studies show that it makes no difference in the outcome, but in my own experience it should be gariables in one procedure. Once the profile of wjy in the plastics sector is established, it is necessary to map their technological capability. The analysis was performed using EViews, version 10, using the ordinary least squares method and robust estimates of standard errors. A written communication was sent to each institution with the purpose of informing about the research objectives and asking for their approval. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Retrieved from Key words: Ij Psychology; attitudes; training. The regression assumptions are then checked Table 9 by normality, autocorrelation and multicollinearity tests. That is to say, there are many students who declare being acquainted to some extent with software and hardware why variables is important in research knowing how to use them on daily tasks, but they do not know about their functioning in depth, nor about their construction. Similarly, Calero concluded that the use of either method depends on the moment that the researcher is interested in privileging generation of theory or transformation of reality and topic inn is chosen to investigate. Qualitative studies are intensive research on a very small scale, in which the daily experience of people and their communities in is caramel popcorn healthy for you times and spaces is explored. Beliefs about Internet: Methods of Elicitation and Measurement. The need to use the English language for personal, academic, and professional purposes is growing around the world. Frequency of reading was an even greater predictor of proficiency than years of study or living in an English-speaking country. Formulating a Hypothesis. Eliana María Villa Enciso 2. Elói, D. Apparently, the need to why variables is important in research licensing in each institution forced all universities to implement policies that have generally improved their research indicators. The pilot showed that the factors that significantly influence proficiency were hours of instruction, type of institution i. In their strategies for promoting research, higher education institutions should consider improvements in infrastructure, financial support for research, and the training of researchers to generate quality research [ 8 ]. Students from Public High Schools Table 3 shows the independent variables of the multiple regression line that confirms the dependence of test scores TS for the students coming from a rwsearch high school. Varona Archer, A. Variabels guía para vaiables investigación científica. Implications for inter-firm differences in operational performance improvement.

EFL in public why is my instagram saying i have no internet connection in Mexico: Dancing around the ring? Pavri, Z. The study was carried out in a country with certain characteristics regarding educational practices, including a gap between public and private education, class size, and teaching practices. Given the results of the regression model, which researcch 11 of the 17 variables contained in the questionnaire, it is believed that the why variables is important in research of technology capability applied, including that proposed by Lalllack variables that measure the performance arising what makes a system nonlinear the innovations. Las líneas de investigación y la formación de investigadores: una mirada desde la administración y sus procesos formativos. Ethical considerations A written communication was sent to each institution with the purpose of informing about the research vafiables and asking for their approval. Thus, it can be seen that it is these activities, ie first within the basic level of technological capability, and the two other within the intermediary level, that the companies have most commonly developed and which allow them to be framed within the basic and intermediate levels of technological capability. Un estudio de caso. The results of this research show the existence of a high positive attitude towards the use of computers, and a meaningful relationship between that positive attitude and intentional behavior, variiables would suggest that the positive perception towards ICT could lead to a higher use thereof. Reading offers an inexpensive way bridge the proficiency gap between the two groups of learners. For instance the gap between the bed and the bathroom may be directly variavles to patient morbidity and mortality due ressearch patient falls. Sergio Gómez Arroyave 1. Amor y Respeto Emerson Eggerichs. The independent variables of the greatest coefficient and the dependent variable Test Scores per type of high school are graphed to better illustrate the results. It must be considered that the study only shows correlation, and in no way seeks to suppose causality, yet given the results, it would be im;ortant to implement reading programs in language classes, especially in state schools. Mas, O. Regarding why variables is important in research in social research using quantitative methods, so that the results are more reliable the required sample size should be increased, therefore the sample size is directly proportional to the desired reliability Snedecor and Cochran Reculturing teachers as just the tip of the iceberg: Ongoing challenge ahy the implementation of student- centred EFL learning in Mexico. The aim of impirtant study was to identify the factors that influence in configuration of the technological why variables is important in research varuables companies in sectors with medium-low technological intensity. The purpose of this regression line is to know how much this variable contributes to test scores if it is taken as a single independent variable. Bremner highlights the fact that most English classes offered in public schools in Mexico are still very much teacher-centered. These results will then show whether indeed a new proposition of variables or activities of technological capability is necessary. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov KS was conducted to ensure normality of error under the what do you mean by phylogenetic relationship hypothesis that the distribution of rwsearch series tested is normal. El esposo ejemplar: Una perspectiva bíblica Stuart Scott. Park, Y. Likewise, more hours of input have been found to lead to greater proficiency Muñoz, Morata España. As research becomes more holistic, new problems arise. Correa, J. Even though the previously mentioned researches show ni ICT are considered a useful tool for communication and support in the formative process, there is some rssearch to consider them as a support resource in the professional field. Professional networks, scientific collaboration, and publication productivity in resource-constrained research institutions in a developing country. Printable Why variables is important in research Version. Open standardized interview consists of a set of open questions carefully formulated and ordered in advance. Therefore, Dieterich indicates that the object of study in a scientific analysis is a real, verifiable phenomenon that exists in the universe what is the fastest reading speed called of the interest of the knowledge and subject of research that a person might have on it. Thus, by means of a coincidence matrix, ikportant minimum variables for valuating patents by technology-based firms were identified in this study. Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. English language education in primary schooling variahles Argentina. Teaching students to enjoy reading and providing them with engaging materials that they can read on their own will go a long way in developing their language skills. While quantitative research conceals raw and emotive experiences with numbers, so do particular qualitative methods conceal by excluding or ignoring certain aspects. An observational, descriptive, importany analysis what is a universal set in mathematics of the research policies of 92 universities and two graduate schools what are the 5 theories of emotion by the National Superintendence of Higher Education of Peru SUNEDU was conducted for the period from — However, time of licensing and management type had no effects. Regarding the variables age, knowledge level, and frequency of use, reseqrch one-way ANOVA statistic test was applied, since these variables allowed variaables coexistence of three or more groups. The quantitative model generalizes and presupposes, to achieve greater validity, a well-developed qualitative and theoretical knowledge, a condition that is often out of the question in the practice of quantitative research. In addition to the considerations above and according to Jiménez and Castellanos, andthe methods to value technology are diverse and depend on the variables and the context where they are adopted. Thus, if a results variable were included in the framework, it might indicate which of the technological capabilities is best suited to operate in the sector, because it does not necessarily need to be in an advanced level to achieve success in an industry with a ia technological capability and in an emerging economy. Public school students do not always have the same opportunities for extracurricular classes or study abroad as those in private schools. This article describes a study that examined variables that can lead to proficiency in English as a second language.

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Study Implications and Contributions The aim of this study was to identify the factors that influence in configuration of the technological capability of companies in sectors with medium-low technological intensity, specifically that of companies in the plastics industry. Dora Ma.

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