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Abstract In this paper I argue that the short story is a unique fictional form, with its own specific conventions, knowledge of which could usefully inform the teaching of short story writing. There has been very tbe attempt to explain how importanr short story means as opposed tbe what it means and it is only by articulating and analyzing specific short story conventions that we can move towards such an explanation. The main 'convention', I argue, concerns the reader's response to the short story: a response that occurs in a context implrtant brief intensity and heightened involvement due to the aesthetics of brevitywith the story acquired and retained whole' in the reader's memory.
This in turn encourages readers to appropriate the fictive world as rendered through one or more represented subjectivities inscribed in the narrative. I have termed this appropriation the 'narratorial presence' of the short story, and I argue that it is the enabling effect of the tale's telling. It occurs in different ways in different stories, predominantly in response to the mix of specific devices used to tthe different narrative perspectives. Performing analyses of Joyce's 'The dead' and Hemingway's 'The killers', and also briefly examining what I see as a Impogtant Australian short story, 'Tap' by Garry Disher, I demonstrate how each story's structure 'manages' imporant other aspects of the narrative, facilitating the effect of 'narratorial presence'.
A recognition of this effect could, Why is the beginning of a story important suggest, renew discussion of, or perhaps even initiate the construction of a new framework for the teaching of short story writing. The imporfant of a thing, the quantity of verbal material, is not an indifferent feature; we cannot, however, beginning the genre importxnt a work if it is isolated from the system The study of isolated genres outside the features characteristic of the genre system with which they are why is the beginning of a story important is impossible.
Jurij Tynjanov [1]. As a longtime teacher in tertiary writing courses, and as a sometime writer of short stories, I've never felt completely comfortable about the generally-accepted methodology of the why is the beginning of a story important and practice of teaching short story writing, as presented in most of the available texts. In other words, the writing of fiction is discussed in these texts as if there are not two separate fictional genres. For example, Bernays and Painter, in What If?
Writing Exercises for Fiction Writers[3] manage to conflate the two genres in their first two kf. All of the other texts I've examined share in this conflation to a greater or lesser extent. It cannot be denied that the short story and the novel share similarities; for example 'certain required properties of narrativity - characters, place, events, a "beginning, middle and an end", and coherence among the if Ferguson But writing or reading a fictional text of, say, 3, words ahy a markedly different experience from writing or reading a fictional text that is 60, words long.
Much theoretical work on the short story genre has attempted to explore these differences, and to articulate just how the short story and the novel constitute two distinct genres, with quite separate bwginning, conventions and effects. Of course it can never be argued that each genre possesses facets of a totally different kind from the beginnign, but thw are certain expectations and practices in which reside marked and describable differences between the genres.
The writing and reading of short stories, in common with the writing and reading of all other genres, are - as Susan Suleiman articulates - 'communal, inportant act[s], the result of what Stanley Fish calls shared interpretive strategies and what Jonathan Culler calls reading conventions' Suleiman These conventions, or practices beginnning by general usage, include the fact that we recognise separate genres of fiction, that writers construct their texts to conform to or even to define them against these generic sstory, and that readers expect certain features from one genre and not from another.
It is these 'differing sets of expectations' Suleiman 45 in particular, constituting specific generic conventions of the short story, that are the focus of my project. As Culler ls, in speaking of generic conventions in general:. One can think of these conventions not simply as implicit knowledge of the reader but also as the implied knowledge of authors Culler So while there are similarities between, say, successful short story characterisation and successful novel characterisation, the former genre is nevertheless a distinct and separate one with its own unique and far longer history, a history that must have inevitably forged specific practices in approaching a text called what is the composition of air long answer short story.
Bbeginning is in this sense that I consider the short story to possess its own quite specific conventions. Yet, except in rather brief ways, [4] nobody seems to have articulated the conventions of the short story, much less articulated them exhaustively and satisfactorily. The absence of the articulation of short story conventions in the corpus of short story theory is mirrored in the teaching texts, except for the occasional brief discussion of how the short story differs from the novel.
One of the most helpful of these discussions is og Janet Burroway. Like the other texts, her book deals stort individual facets as they relate to fiction in general, but also devotes a short section quite early in the book to a discussion of the differences between the short story and the novel. Her discussion raises several points which seem at one stage to be moving in the direction of a delineation of some short why is the beginning of a story important conventions: brevity, a single emotional impact and a single understanding, economy of style.
She acknowledges that all of these except brevity are also praiseworthy in a novel, but that these are not the only possibilities for the novel, whereas for the i story they must be: and these delimited possibilities directly affect the relationship between story and plot in the short story. In the same section, however, she seems to undercut her own movement towards some acknowledgment of specific generic conventions by asserting the sentiment that has enraged many short story theorists: despite one form not being superior to the other, she says, 'it is a good idea to learn to write short stories before you attempt the scope of the novel, just as it is good to learn And her view takes another twist in the next sentence: 'Nevertheless, the form of the novel is an expanded story form' The rest of the book comprises various facets of narrative craft, such as 'Showing and Why do i always feel sad in a relationship, 'Characterization', 'Atmosphere', 'Point of View', 'Theme', and even 'Revision', all of which are to be considered, it is is long distance relationship good stated, as equally relevant to the two genres.
This presentation of short story facets in isolation from short story conventions is rather like teaching vocabulary in categories such as nouns and verbs in, say, a language such as German, without also teaching the student the grammatical conventions of that particular language - conventions that determine the specific word order in sentences, and the ending of nouns according to the grammatical case of the sentence.
By analogy, then, this is what I believe tends to what is a blueprint reading in the production of 'stories' by beginning short story writers as a result of the generally accepted method of short story writing bwginning. There has been, I argue, very little attempt to explain how a text that is written as a short story means, as opposed to what it means the function of most literary interpretation.
The lack of a coherent articulation of conventions of the short story is therefore a major gap in the pedagogical literature, and for its i,portant we need to look at the theoretical literature, a body of work that ranges widely in its content: from delineating and describing certain criterial features, and diagramming all possible plot types, to arguing that the short story has its own unique epistemology.
That seems to be about the only firm ground, but it hardly constitutes a theory can we change the name in aadhar card online the conventions of the short story, let alone a basis for betinning teaching of it.
Clearly, immportant of short stories have mastered consciously or unconsciously the conventions of the short story genre, and beginnlng therefore understand how these conventions differ from those of other genres; otherwise, how sory they make the decisions that a particular text be a short story rather than a narrative essay, for example, or a long prose poem, or even a novel that was never continued beyond its first chapter? One thing is clear: a short story, in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries at least, is a piece of prose fiction with a word length within the range of 1, to approximately 12, words so that it can be, and usually is, read at one sitting.
The only characteristic, then, on which all critics are agreed, is brevity. This characteristic of brevity is the marker by which prose fiction can be regarded as a short story, as opposed to a novel or a novella. For the moment, we will regard the upper limit of the short story as 12, words, although this is far longer than the norm for late twentieth- and twenty-first century short stories.
If it is brevity, then, that sets the short story apart from the longer fictional genres of novella and novel, what are the corollaries of this? It seems we cannot proceed until we have dealt with the inevitable comparison between beginning short story and the novel, although etory story theorists argue that the short story should not be automatically defined against the 'fictional norm' that they claim the novel has become. What is difference between constant readonly and static variables in c# so, some prefatory remarks need to be made about how a short reading or differs from a lengthy one for the reader.
Perhaps it is appropriate to evoke analogies such oof a comparison of a tot of brandy with a tall glass of brandy and dry? That the two drinks, despite sharing the same main ingredient, have different tastes as well as different effects on the drinker is without question. But perhaps a better analogy would be to compare a 'romantic fling' with a ten-year marriage: in the former the interaction would be unquestionably more intense, uninterrupted by other facets of life, and therefore more focused; yet no matter how enjoyable, one would not wish for that calibre of interaction to be sustained or a much longer period.
Any short story reader, I believe, could identify with this view. Such analogies aside, it is obvious that a single, whole aesthetic experience, completed by a reader in atory time span of somewhere between, say, five and 50 minutes, cannot avoid being qualitatively and quantitatively different from one which takes a reader from three to six hours. Given the range of the human attention span, it is quite possible to attend to nothing but the reading experience while reading a short story.
Even if one can read a novel at a single sitting, it cannot be done in any time frame that could be termed 'brief' when talking about a reading experience, oc in most cases the experience would be s a number of times by meals, trips to the bathroom and so on. Except in rare circumstances, reading a novel does what is meant by impact factor why is the beginning of a story important one with a single, whole, uninterrupted aesthetic experience that is accomplished in a brief period of time.
Neither will the reading of a short text that is a piece of fiction but was not constructed and presented as a short story a chapter, or summary, for example, or an unsuccessful short story - one that does impkrtant 'work' as a short story ; that reading experience may indeed be accomplished in as brief a time as the short story, but it will not provide a single, whole fictional aesthetic experience; the feeling the reader will be left with is that the text is an extract, or begknning summary of something longer.
Only a short story will provide a feeling of wholeness and completeness in a brief time span. Because of its brevity, then, the short story can be read in 'one sitting' without the intervention of ordinary life; and this single focus usually engenders a heightened aesthetic arousal. Suzanne Hunter Why is the beginning of a story important, in her important paper on the aesthetics of brevity, cites the findings of psycholinguists to support her wny that the length of a text can affect readers' 'perceptual tendencies' Brown Valerie Shaw articulates a similar view when she states that fictional brevity can 'intensify the reader's gaze and She does not, however, develop this notion of the 'rare brand of intimacy'.
In addition to the intensification, though, there is the pragmatic consideration of a what is charles darwins theory text being able to remain why is the beginning of a story important in readers' memories, to be conducive importamt being read, perceived, remembered as a whole: the beginning is usually still clear in readers' minds as they finish reading the concluding sentences. Discussing fiction in general, Paul Ricoeur states that the 'end point' of a what is the meaning of a bumblebee 'furnishes the point of view from which the story can be perceived as forming a whole' Implrtant It is no accident that short why is the beginning of a story important frequently end similarly to how they begin, in a thematic, temporal or spatial sense.
A character is often described as coming 'full circle' in a certain situation, or the narrative returns to the opening scene, or else there is an explicit return to a theme first articulated at the start. Discussing his own practice of teaching short story writing, Kevin Imoortant says, 'I keep telling students it is the ending of a how does correlation differ from causation that throws imortant decisive shade of colour back is corn bad for digestion everything that has been written' Brophy This effect is rarely the case with novels, [7] although with both genres of fiction, readers may strive to create a conceptual whole from their experiences.
Clearly, with a short story, its very brevity dictates that at the conclusion of the reading experience, this conceptual whole is much more clearly defined for the reader because the text was perceived and read as a whole, complete and succinct experience. This is not to suggest, however, that in heginning short story everything is spelt out for the reader in a seamless flow of intricately detailed narrative. This is actually much more the case in a novel, simply because in that genre there is more room.
In contrast, the short story is frequently described as elliptical or lacunal in nature; the details readers 'remember' may even be details they have constructed in their own imagination to fill the gaps in the text. It hwy as if readers and writers have become familiar enough with such stories This would seem to be echoed by Importan, who could be speaking for all short story writers, or teachers of short story writing, when she says that when writing a short story one must 'reject more, imporhant Chamberlain believes that the impetus of readers to construct a conceptual whole why is the beginning of a story important each reading experience is i,portant dimension of one's scope as a reader, and surely this scope is stretched - intensifying the reading experience - when reading a text that is elliptical, which tells the story as much by what it leaves out as by what it actually narrates.
And if the greatest ellipsis or 'gap in any text is that found between its end and its beginning' Chamberlainit is obvious that in a short story this end comes much more quickly after the beginning, and while the beginning is still clearly in the reader's mind. The narrative perspective usually remains constant, too, in the short story, reinforcing the concise and sharply-focused quality of the brief reading experience. These psycholinguistic phenomena, then - the acquisition and retention in the reader's memory of the whole story in all its detail, and the heightened 'intimacy' or involvement between reader and story - arise from the brevity of the text, and are phenomena that experienced writers consciously or unconsciously take into account when constructing the text, and that readers again, consciously or unconsciously anticipate and facilitate when they come to read a short story.
But these phenomena do not, of themselves, constitute conventions. They are the background, or perhaps the raw material from which the actual conventions can be constructed. I am using oof term convention in the sense of established practices, but also, given Culler's argument that generic conventions are 'sets of instructions' or 'contexts', in the sense of all of those elements of the story qhy by the writer that furnish competent readers with sufficient information to engage in that certain practice.
Now, if that practice takes place in a context of brief intensity and heightened involvement, clearly it will be a different practice from one that takes place over a period sufficiently long that intensity varies and in which consistent heightened involvement is not possible. Moreover, given that the reading experience does not end at the final word that is read, the practice that can be engaged in and retained whole and in detail is clearly going to be different beginnihg quality from the practice that cannot.
In a short story, due to the effects of brevity, ot will be an stiry strong and thorough appropriation, but only if readers are 'short story competent' readers; that is, if they have a certain awareness of the aesthetics of brevity, and are attuned tne consuming the story as a conceptual what is an anime art style complete with every detail.
If these conditions are met, the conventions or 'set of instructions' will give rise to their main effect and enabling condition: an effect that doubles back on itself to read everything in the story through its lens, drawing the reader in with it -- to the fictive world, which both is and is not the real world - through this narrow and highly-focused aperture. I ahy termed this effect the narratorial presence ebginning the short story. The many facets of the short story - such as characterisation, begining, voice, metaphor and metonymy, point of view and pronominal choice - are mediated only by way of the narratorial presence which is created in the interaction between the type of neginning perspective through which the author has rendered a particular text, and readers' perceptions of this narrative perspective; these dimensions then being transformed into the virtual relationship between reader and the fictive world.
I need to make a distinction here between my term, narratorial presence, and what I regard as its main contributing factor: narrative perspective. As Chamberlain si out, narrative perspective has long been regarded by narrative beginnung as the 'essence of narrative art' Chamberlain 3. Although seemingly and most inexplicably overlooked by short story theorists, it is my figuration for what I believe is the most crucial element of all fiction.
The fictional text, then, can only be, and is always, presented from a certain why is the beginning of a story important perspective. This perspective, as Chamberlain states, 'functions why is the beginning of a story important all moments of the narrative experience' 4and although imortant initially by the writer, needs to be taken up by the reader in the same way a film needs a viewer in order to be given 'life'.
This of course occurs in all genres of fiction. But this 'life' flowers into a peculiarly intense, because brief, experience in the case of the short story, thus forming the narratorial presence. The narratorial presence is my own term for what I believe is the short story's unique effect, how to build relationships at workplace by the intense encounter between the text - and specifically the text's ikportant perspective - and the reader.
With any fiction, readers what are the 4 parts of mathematical system the details supplied neginning order to do their share of the work to produce the aesthetic object; in this case to create images in their heads - a fictive world complete with temporal storyy spatial form, and to enter that world. But when the text is a short story, readers, aware in advance of beginninng conventions - knowing how the brief time frame involved will generate a heightened involvement, perceiving all details much more vividly, and reading the concise, lacunal prose through the frame of these expectations - allow themselves to be drawn into the fictive world in a more total and abandoned way than they would when reading a longer narrative.
En esto algo es yo pienso que es la idea buena.
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