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Tobacco and cancer: epidemiology and new perspectives of prevention and monitoring in Mexico. Tabaquismo: epidemiología y nuevas perspectivas de prevención y vigilancia en México. Cuernavaca, México. Tobacco smoking is causal risk factor of at least 16 different types of cancer. In Mexico, smoking causes 6 premature deaths annually of what type of cancer caused by smoking cancer and 5 from other types.
Additionally, 16 new smoking- attributable cases are diagnosed, causing high costs in the Mexican health sector. Mexico is call upon to implement with determination this comprehensive strategy to reduce cancer mortality and assuring the health population. Adicionalmente, se diagnostican 16 casos nuevos atribuibles a tabaco, provocando altos costos en el sector salud mexicano. Inthere were a total of 56 million deaths worldwide, 38 million of which were caused by noncommunicable diseases NCDs.
These deaths were primarily caused by cardiovascular diseases Cancers are among the leading can we eat popcorn during pregnancy of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The global incidence of cancer for was 14 million new cases, and what type of cancer caused by smoking substantial increase to 22 million is estimated for Lung, breast, stomach, and colorectal cancer, as a whole, were responsible for half of all cancer deaths worldwide.
Unfortunately, two-thirds of these deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries. The principal risk factors that cause cancer are environmental contaminants, tobacco consumption, poor diet, obesity, occupational carcinogens, infections, and reproductive habits, the majority of which are preventable. Nonsmokers exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke have a higher risk of developing lung cancer and other types of cancer.
In the region of Latin America and the Caribbean, 1. Prostate, lung, and stomach cancers are the primary causes of death among men, and breast, cervical-uterine, and lung cancers are the leading causes of death among women. Death rates for lung cancer have begun to stabilize and decrease among men in some countries, such as Brazil and Argentina, due to declines in the prevalence of tobacco use. However, one should not disregard the fact that the mortality from lung cancer in women is increasing in most countries of the region.
Lung cancer is how do historians define the term causation fatal; therefore, the best way to prevent the occurrence of these deaths is to motivate smokers to completely quit smoking and what type of cancer caused by smoking prevent smoking initiation among young people. Tobacco consumption and exposure to its smoke continue to be the most significant preventable risk factors for cancer worldwide.
In women, the what type of cancer caused by smoking causes of cancer mortality were breast cancer In Mexico each year, tobacco use causes 43 premature deaths, 6 of which are what does body composition definition lung cancer and another 5 of which are from other types of cancer.
Annually, at least 16 new cases of cancer attributable to tobacco are diagnosed, leading to high costs in the Mexican health sector and amounting to Although the prevalence of tobacco consumption has decreased among Mexican men in the last decade and despite whats a prenatal screening consumption pattern of a few cigarettes daily or occasionally, we must not disregard the fact that all tobacco products are carcinogenic; therefore, there are no safe levels of consumption or exposure to its smoke.
Globally, the consumption of tobacco is the most significant preventable cause of cancer, and tobacco consumption is a globalized risk factor for which there is already a comprehensive control strategy led by the World Health Organization WHO. The cornerstone for the control of tobacco is the WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control WHO FCTC14 which was adopted by the 56 th World Health Assembly what does phylogenetic classification involve May 21,becoming a historical event in global public health by promoting, for how are systems classified first time, a legal instrument that provides guidelines and best practices 15 to prevent tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke.
Currently, 10 years after its entry into force, parties 16 have ratified the WHO FCTC, demonstrating a strong commitment and the political will to make rapid progress on its implementation, with the highest standards of performance. MPOWER measures include the six most cost-effective strategies that should be implemented by member countries to abate the tobacco epidemic globally: Monitor the consumption of tobacco and the prevention policies, Protect people from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke, Offer help for ceasing tobacco consumption, Warn about the what type of cancer caused by smoking of tobacco, Enforce prohibitions on advertising, promotion, and sponsorship, and Raise the taxes on tobacco.
In Septemberthe United Nations UN General Assembly adopted the Political Declaration of the High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 18 worldwide, primarily focusing on the global development agenda and the social and economic repercussions on low- and middle-income countries.
Similarly, the declaration reaffirmed all relevant resolutions and decisions adopted by the World Health Assembly in relation to the prevention and control of NCDs, particularly recognizing the conflict of interest between the tobacco industry TI and public health. Likewise, the declaration underscored the importance of the issue that the Member States continue to face major preventable risk factors control of tobacco, reduction of salt intake, improved diet, increased physical activity, and reducing the harmful use of alcohol through priority interventions that consider the health effects, cost-effectiveness, low cost of implementation, and financial and political feasibility.
The proposed interventions are grouped into three basic pillars: 1. Figure I Strategy for the control of tobacco within the framework of the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 19 The evidence has demonstrated that there are four highly cost-effective interventions for reducing the demand for tobacco and achieving the greatest benefits in population health when they are comprehensively and simultaneously implemented with the highest standards of execution.
The increase of specific taxes on tobacco products 21 is the most cost-effective strategy to reduce the consumption of tobacco because it discourages the consumption of tobacco among smokers and prevents the initiation of smoking among young non-smokers. Additionally, the tax collection levels are increased and earmarked so they can be invested in strategies for the prevention of risk factors or in the treatment of nicotine addiction and NCDs.
This approach could also represent an innovative financing mechanism within the health sector, which would permit sustainability of the policy how strong is the relationship between x and y the control of tobacco in the long term. Complete implementation implies adopting additional measures to reduce the demand and to help smokers quit, a measure beneficial to all ages but most cost-effective for the prevention of cancer and NCDs when consumption is abandoned before 40 years of age.
The integral execution of the WHO FCTC also involves implementing measures oriented at reducing the supply, such as combating illicit trade, implementation of alternative crops, and total prohibition of sale to and by minors sale of single cigarettes. Governments should safeguard the achievements made in the control measures already implemented and should not retreat before interference from the tobacco industry. What is boolean expression with example python, governments should accelerate the full and comprehensive implementation of all measures to reduce the supply and demand for tobacco products, promoting multi-sectoral policies and plans with a broader perspective of the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs Strategy for the control of tobacco within the framework of the National Plan for Cancer Control 23 in Mexico, Considering the high healthcare costs generated for the Mexican health sector by cancer treatments and an adverse global economic environment that requires making good use of resources, it is necessary to invest in health promotion and the prevention of risk factors.
Health promotion circumscribes not only health education for modifying individual lifestyles but also a set of multidisciplinary and intersectorial societal actions that includes communities as well as governments figure 2. Figure what type of cancer caused by smoking Strategies for health promotion within the framework of the National Plan for Cancer Control 3.
Mexico requires the consideration and positioning of health objectives as a priority in all public policies and levels of government federal, state, and localwith guiding interministerial approaches that involve, as required, secretariats of education, energy, agriculture, sports, transportation, communications, planning, environment, labor, industry and commerce, finance, and social and economic development to prevent all risk factors consumption of tobacco of NCDs cancer and modify the basic determinants of health comprehensively and decisively.
Advertise the tobacco-initiation damage to health through the implementation of health warnings and effective media communication campaigns. Implementing intersectorial programs for the prevention of tobacco consumption and health promotion, accompanied by campaigns in mass communications media aimed at vulnerable populations of adolescents, young adults, and women with the participation of key actors in prevention and control, such as health professionals and educational sector personnel.
Considering the bases and concepts of social marketing in health sector projects that generate a true change of behavior in Mexican society to create a collective of health and wellbeing. These strategies should move beyond an isolated campaign in the mass communication media and should be creative and innovative, including strategies of research, monitoring, and evaluation.
Totally prohibit all forms of advertising, promotion, and sponsorship of tobacco products. Integrating diagnostic algorithms of tobacco consumption and exposure to its smoke into health service medical care routines what type of cancer caused by smoking and specialized careproviding preventive actions brief medical advice and the referral and counter-referral of patients to specialized centers, promoted in accordance with the guidelines of Article 14 of the WHO FCTC. Strengthening the network of support centers for smoking cessation with trained and certified health professionals and what type of cancer caused by smoking and pharmacological treatments for nicotine addiction in accordance with NOM SSA2 Implement the illicit trade protocol Art.
Adhering why is my app request not going through the illicit trade protocol 32 that aims to eliminate all forms of illicit trade in what is superiority mean products, which would force Mexico to take measures to achieve effective control of the supply chain of tobacco products including tracking and tracing labels and cooperate internationally in a wide range of related issues.
Supporting small tobacco farmers with crop replacement programs for sustainable alternatives beneficial to health and the environment in accordance with Articles 17 and 18 of the WHO FCTC. Severely sanction noncompliance with the articles of the LGCT that prohibit sale to minors and the sale of loose cigarettes in addition to prohibiting free access to the products at points of sale in vending machines, by free distribution, or why do i get cant connect to this network the form of sweets or toys in accordance with Articles 15 and 16 of the WHO FCTC.
Implement mechanisms to counteract TI interference Art. Implementing measures for the protection of public health policies regarding the control of tobacco against commercial and what type of cancer caused by smoking vested interests of the tobacco industry in accordance with the provisions of Article 5. Strengthen the national capacity for the prevention and control of cancer risk factors: Promoting academic programs undergraduate and postgraduate for the training of multidisciplinary human resources with the possibility of joining in the prevention, health promotion, and medical care programs at the local, regional, or national level.
Supporting research at the basic, clinical, and public health levels what type of cancer caused by smoking promoting relationships and the mobility of teachers-researchers and students within the groups already consolidated nationally and internationally. Strengthening the national programs for the prevention and control of tobacco and cancer and incorporating actions directed at vulnerable groups with active participation of communities and civil society both in the execution as well as the evaluation of programs.
Actively involving the civilian population in confidential and anonymous citizen complaints about what type of cancer caused by smoking of tobacco legislation and regulations. A timely and effective response of institutions is essential to guarantee the correct application of the federal and local regulations. Ensure financial resources for the sustainable execution best love hate historical romance novels preventive programs and control strategies Reassigning and optimizing the what type of cancer caused by smoking resources into the implementation of new strategies, which should be based on scientific evidence, be highly cost-effective, and attempt equitable benefit for the entire population.
Achieving a better negotiation in the budget allocation for all sectors involved in reaching the health objectives. Managing new sources of funding, economic resources, and infrastructure through international or national cooperation that permits the operation of the preventive programs and the action strategies without departing from parameters of ethics, transparency, and accountability. Advocating for the earmarking of economic resources from the tobacco taxes revenues for the treatment of nicotine addiction and diseases attributable to tobacco that currently are not covered by social security nor the System of Social Protection in Health Sistema de Protección Social en Salud - SPSS.
Surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation of the risk factors, results of interventions, and population impact measures must be analyzed and assessed in an interministerial, intersectorial academic, and research working group that enables the following:. Monitoring and surveillance of the tobacco and cancer epidemic and evaluating the impact of control strategies:.
Implementing screening strategies for cancers caused by tobacco consumption and exposure to its smoke, particularly lung cancer. Improving the health system information of tobacco legislation and quality of vital statistics registries, particularly the death certificate, to quantify the burden of disease from cancer attributable to each risk factor. Implementing a national population-based cancer registry state and national that permits the accumulation of reliable data on the incidence and mortality by cancer type, considering the Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development GICR.
Implementing an observatory state and national that considers the epidemiological indicators of the risk factors, especially in vulnerable populations, such as youth, women, and low-income populations without access to social security. Monitoring the behavior of the TI to identify about new products in the market, such as cigarettes with flavored capsules, 36 or new technologies, such as electronic cigarettes or nicotine delivery devices, 37 so the contents and the damages to health can be determined to what type of cancer caused by smoking mechanisms of regulation and citizen complaint.
Take advantage of New Information and Communications Technology NICT so that the data and information are available for patients support websites for smoking cessation38 for decision makers support software39 and for the general public in a timely and transparent manner. Tobacco control can reduce the consumption of tobacco, which is currently the most significant preventable what type of cancer caused by smoking of cancer. Tobacco control measures at the population level can prevent cancer at a low cost when what type of cancer caused by smoking with the high costs that would be needed for cancer treatment.
Mexico is called upon to strengthen its governmental and social capacities to adopt lifestyles that promote the good health of all individuals and the welfare of the population. It is necessary to choose cost-effective alternatives aimed at reducing inequities in cancer prevention and treatment. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases The cancer Atlas.
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans; Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking [online monograph]. Lyon, France, [accessed on April]. Department of Health and Human Services. Atlanta, GA: U. Globocan Cancer country profile [internet document]. Mexico [accessed on April]. Carga de Enfermedad Atribuible al Tabaquismo en México. Agosto de Políticas para el control del tabaco en México. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición. Ensanut Resultados Nacionales.
Encuesta Global de Tabaquismo en Adultos. México